Fergana
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Fergana
Fargʻona / Фарғона | |
|---|---|
       | |
  Fergana Location in Uzbekistan  Fergana Fergana (West and Central Asia) | |
| Coordinates:40°23′11″N71°47′11″E/ 40.38639°N 71.78639°E | |
| Country |  Uzbekistan |
| Region | Fergana Region |
| Established | 1876 |
| Government | |
| • Type | City Administration |
| • Hakim (Mayor) | Vosiljon Nazarov |
| Area | |
| • Total | 95.6 km2(36.9 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 590 m (1,940 ft) |
| Population (2022)[1] | |
| • Total | 299,200 |
| • Density | 3,100/km2(8,100/sq mi) |
| Area code | (+998) 73 |
| Website | ferghana |
Fergana(Uzbek:Fargʻona,Фарғона,pronounced[farʁɒna]), orFerghana,alsoFarghanais a district-level city and the capital ofFergana Regionin easternUzbekistan.[2]Fergana is about 420 km east ofTashkent,about 75 km southwest ofAndijan,and less than 20 km from theKyrgyzstanborder. The modern city was founded in 1876.
History[edit]
Fergana first appears in written records in the 5th-century. However, archeological evidence demonstrates that the city had been populated since theChalcolithicperiod. Like many otherCentral Asianplaces in the sixth and seventh-centuries, Fergana was ruled by theWestern Turkic Khaganate.Although it was still predominantly inhabited by eastern Iranians, many Turks had also started to settle there.[3]The city of Fergana was refounded in 1876 as agarrisontown and colonial appendage toMargilan(22 kilometres or13+1⁄2miles to the northwest) by theRussian Empire.[citation needed]
Fergana Regionis one of the centers of ancient culture inUzbekistan.Photographs ofStone Agesettlements and rocks found in the area show that stone tools have been used by people in the valley sinceancient times.Excavations of theGreat Fergana Canalhave played an important role in the study ofarchaeologicalmonuments in the region. During the excavation of the canal, monuments from theBronze Age,slaveryandland ownershipwere discovered and studied. Finds from the 5th century BC and early medieval period in the town ofQuvaare well studied. Historical sources from the 10th to 11th century state that this city was the largest and most prosperous in the valley afterAkhsikath.Archaeological materials confirm that the city ofMargilanwas a largevillagein the 10th century and took on the appearance of ahamletin the 11th and 12th centuries.
The monuments found in the settlements of theChust culture,engaged in sedentaryagricultureandanimal husbandry,are important for the study of theFergana Valley.Archaeological excavations show that theFergana Regionhas long been inhabited by people engaged inhunting,farming,animal husbandry, and at later stages of the existence ofhuman society,culturebegan to develop.
It was initially namedNew Margelan(Russian:Новый Маргелан), then renamed Skobelov (Скобелев) in 1907 after the first Russian military governor of the Fergana Valley,Mikhail Skobelev.In 1924, after theSoviet Union's reconquest of the region from theBasmachi movement,the name was changed toFergana,after the province of which it was the centre.[4]
The industrial base of Fergana was developed in the 20th century. Industry in the city included textile manufacturing and a nitric fertiliser plant. Some of the industrial development was a result ofEvacuation in the Soviet Unionduring World War II.[5]
Fergana has been a center for oil production in the Fergana Valley since the region's firstoil refinerywas built near the city in 1908. Since then, more refineries have been added, and Fergana is one of the most important centers of oil refining in Uzbekistan.Natural gasfrom western Uzbekistan is transported bypipelineto the valley, where it is used to manufacturefertilizer.TheGreat Fergana Canal,built almost entirely by hand during the 1930s, passes through the northern part of the city and was completed in 1939. During its construction, the canal and the city were widely photographed by the noted photographerMax Penson.With a western loan Fergana is able to modernize its refinery and also reduceair pollution[6]emissions.
Climate[edit]
Fergana has acool arid climate(KöppenBWk). Winters are cold and short, with a daily average low temperature of −2.6 °C (27.3 °F) and a daily average high of 4.8 °C (40.6 °F) in January; summers are hot, with an average low temperature of 20.6 °C (69.1 °F) and an average high of 35.1 °C (95.2 °F) in July. Annual precipitation is less than 188.1 millimetres or 7 inches, and most of this falls in winter and spring.
| Climate data for Fergana (1991-2020, extremes 1881-present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.3 (61.3) |
23.1 (73.6) |
29.0 (84.2) |
34.4 (93.9) |
39.2 (102.6) |
41.3 (106.3) |
42.2 (108.0) |
41.4 (106.5) |
37.1 (98.8) |
32.6 (90.7) |
29.0 (84.2) |
17.6 (63.7) |
42.2 (108.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.8 (40.6) |
8.0 (46.4) |
15.4 (59.7) |
22.5 (72.5) |
28.1 (82.6) |
33.2 (91.8) |
35.1 (95.2) |
33.9 (93.0) |
29.2 (84.6) |
21.4 (70.5) |
12.9 (55.2) |
6.3 (43.3) |
20.9 (69.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.5 (32.9) |
3.2 (37.8) |
9.9 (49.8) |
16.3 (61.3) |
21.4 (70.5) |
25.9 (78.6) |
27.8 (82.0) |
26.3 (79.3) |
21.2 (70.2) |
14.1 (57.4) |
7.1 (44.8) |
1.9 (35.4) |
14.6 (58.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.6 (27.3) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
5.3 (41.5) |
10.6 (51.1) |
15.0 (59.0) |
18.7 (65.7) |
20.6 (69.1) |
19.1 (66.4) |
14.3 (57.7) |
8.4 (47.1) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
9.2 (48.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −25.8 (−14.4) |
−25.5 (−13.9) |
−17.9 (−0.2) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
1.2 (34.2) |
7.4 (45.3) |
10.1 (50.2) |
7.8 (46.0) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−7.4 (18.7) |
−22.8 (−9.0) |
−27.0 (−16.6) |
−27.0 (−16.6) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 16 (0.6) |
22 (0.9) |
25 (1.0) |
23 (0.9) |
22 (0.9) |
14 (0.6) |
5 (0.2) |
4 (0.2) |
4 (0.2) |
14 (0.6) |
19 (0.7) |
22 (0.9) |
190 (7.7) |
| Average rainy days | 4 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 13 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 90 |
| Average snowy days | 7 | 5 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 1 | 5 | 19 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 81 | 76 | 67 | 61 | 56 | 48 | 48 | 52 | 56 | 66 | 74 | 82 | 64 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 90.0 | 105.3 | 162.3 | 214.6 | 269.9 | 314.3 | 340.4 | 315.6 | 276.2 | 206.5 | 128.4 | 89.7 | 2,513.2 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[7] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2:NOAA[8] | |||||||||||||
Population[edit]
As of January 1, 2014, the city had a population of 340,600,[9]making it the 3rd largest city in theFergana Valley.
The town wasRussianfor the first time after its foundation. In 1911 its population consisted of 11,892 people. Of themRussianswere 7,534 (63%),Sartswere 2,590 (22%).[10]According to the 1926census,of the 14,275 inhabitants in the city, there were 7,942 Russians (55%), 667 wereUkrainians(4.6%), and 514 wereJews(3.6%), while there were only 3,011Uzbeks(21.0%).[11]
As of 2013, Fergana is virtuallymono-ethnic- of the city's 350,600 residents, 316,268 are Uzbek (90.0%).
In addition to Uzbeks, 12,084 Russians (3.4%), 3,114Tajiks(1.1%), 2,028Koreans(0.7%), and 626Tatars(0.2%) also live in Fergana. There are alsoAzerbaijanis,Armenians,Jews,Germansand representatives of othernations.
Demographics[edit]
The population of Fergana city is approximately 321,800 as of 2024, was 314,400 as of 2023, and 299,200 as of 2022.[1]Uzbeksare the largest ethnic group, with Russian-speakers comprising about 25% of the city's population.[5]
Sport[edit]
Thanks to independence,Uzbeksport is developing. Sports are becoming more and more popular in all regions of the country. The fact that in recent years world and Asian champions in various sports have appeared inFergana Regiontestifies to the fact thatphysical cultureandsportsare becoming more and more popular among Fergana residents, especially among theyouth.In 1991 there were only 17stadiumsin Fergana region, now there are 46,759 football fields and 33 moderntennis courts.Many sportsfacilitieshave been built in Fergana, such as Istiklol tennis complex, Kimyogar complex, swimming pool and Istiklol stadium, equipped with equipment that fully meets the world standards.
Culture[edit]
Architecture[edit]
Fergana has a high proportion ofRussians,Soviet KoreansandTatarscompared to other Fergana Valley cities. With its wide, tree-lined boulevards andRussian Empire-era buildings, and theRussian languagespoken frequently on the streets, the city has a distinctly different feel from the rest of the region.[12]
-
-
Chapel toAlexander Nevsky -
City center -
River
Main sights[edit]
- Museum of Local Studies — with displays of natural history, photographs, and local handicrafts
- Regional Theatre — in 1877 the house of GeneralMikhail “Old Bloody Eyes” Skobelev
- Fergana State University — built in 1902
Notable people[edit]
- Shamshad Abdullaev— male Soviet and post-Soviet Uzbek author and poet
- Anastasiya Miroshnichenko— female artistic gymnast
- Xudoyberdi To'xtaboyev— male Soviet and post-Soviet Uzbek author
- Ziroatkhon Hoshimova—First Lady of Uzbekistan
- Peter Mikhailovich Kulakov— male Soviet and post-Soviet television evangelist for theSeventh-day Adventist Church
- Ida Mayrin— Uzbek-Israeli Olympic rhythmic gymnast
- Yadgar Nasriddinova— female Soviet Uzbek engineer and member of theSupreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
- Abdulla Qahhor— Soviet Uzbek writer
- Hamza Hakimzade Niyazi— Imperial Russian and Soviet poet and playwright
- Saida Mirziyoyeva— politician, eldest daughter of thePresident of Uzbekistan
- Furqat— poet in the Russian Empire exiled toChinese Turkestan
Sports clubs[edit]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- Hill, John E. (2009)Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE.John E. Hill. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina.ISBN978-1-4392-2134-1.
- Watson, Burton. Trans. 1993.Records of the Grand Historian of China: Han Dynasty II.Translated from theShijiofSima Qian.Chapter 123: "The Account ofDayuan,"Columbia University Press. Revised Edition.ISBN0-231-08166-9;ISBN0-231-08167-7(pbk.)
- Jean-Marie Thiébaud,Personnages marquants d'Asie centrale, du Turkestan et de l'Ouzbékistan,Paris, L'Harmattan, 2004.ISBN2-7475-7017-7.
References[edit]
- ^ab"Hududlar bo'yicha shahar va qishloq aholisi soni"[Urban and rural population by district] (PDF) (in Uzbek). Fergana regional department of statistics.
- ^"Classification system of territorial units of the Republic of Uzbekistan"(in Uzbek and Russian). The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics. July 2020.
- ^Bosworth 1999.
- ^Dates of renaming taken from Adrian Room,Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historical Sites,McFarland, 1997,ISBN0-7864-1814-1(pbk) p.124
- ^abFlynn, Moya; Kosmarskaya, Natalya; Sabirova, Guzel (November 2014). "The Place of Memory in Understanding Urban Change in Central Asia: The Cities of Bishkek and Ferghana".Europe-Asia Studies.66(9): 1501–1524.doi:10.1080/09668136.2014.957926.S2CID153602375.
- ^Uzbekistan's Fergana Refinery is upgraded with EBRD finance 1997Archived2007-12-13 at theWayback Machine
- ^ КЛИМАТ УЛАН-БАТОРА(in Russian). Pogoda.ru.net.Retrieved4 January2015.
- ^"Climate Normals for Fergana".National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Retrieved1 November2023.
- ^https://web.archive.org/web/20141014235825/http:// stat.uz/upload/str2.jpg[bare URL image file]
- ^Статистический обзор Ферганской области за 1911 год. Скобелев. 1914.
- ^Цыряпкина Ю. Н. Русские в Узбекистане: языковые практики и самоидентификации (на примере полевых исследований в Фергане)//Томский журнал лингвистических и антропологических исследований. 2015 год. № 3(9), с. 20
- ^"Fergana travel guide".Caravanistan.Retrieved2019-09-26.
Sources[edit]
- Bosworth, C. Edmund(1999)."Farḡāna".Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition.New York.
{{cite encyclopedia}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
External links[edit]
- Official website(in Uzbek)
- Official website(in English)
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