Jump to content

Fiat S.p.A.

Coordinates:45°01′57″N7°40′01″E/ 45.032580°N 7.666934°E/45.032580; 7.666934
Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the former holding company ofFCA Italy.For its successor, seeFiat Chrysler Automobiles.For the operational car manufacturer, seeFiat.

Fiat S.p.A.
Company typeSocietà per azioni
IndustryAutomotive
Media
Founded11 July 1899 inTurin,Italy
FounderGiovanni Agnelli
DefunctOctober 12, 2014;9 years ago(2014-10-12)
FateMerged into successorFiat Chrysler Automobiles,taking control of the Fiat Group
SuccessorFCA
Fiat Automobiles S.p.A.
HeadquartersTurin,Italy
Key people
Gianni Agnelli
John Elkann(chairman)
Sergio Marchionne(CEO)
ProductsAutomobiles,commercial vehicles,auto parts,newspapers, production systems
Production output
4.2 million units(mass market brands – new cars and LCVs)(2012)[1]
RevenueIncrease€83.957 billion(2012)[1]
Increase€3.814 billion(2012)[1]
Total assetsIncrease€82.119 billion(end 2012)[1]
Total equityIncrease€13.173 billion(end 2012)[1]
OwnerExor(30.05%)
Number of employees
214,836(end 2012)[1]
Subsidiaries
Companies[2]

FiatS.p.A.,orFabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino(Italian Automobile Factory of Turin), was an Italianholding companywhose original andcoreactivities were in theautomotive industry,and that was succeeded byFiat Chrysler Automobiles NV(FCA). The Fiat Group contained many brands such as Ferrari, Maserati, Fiat, Alfa Romeo, the Chrysler Group, and many more. On 29 January 2014, it was announced that Fiat S.p.A. (the former owner of Fiat Group) was to be merged into a new Netherlands-based holding companyFiat Chrysler Automobiles NV(FCA), taking place before the end of 2014.Fiat Chrysler Automobilesbecame the new owner of Fiat Group.[3]On 1 August 2014, Fiat S.p.A. received necessary shareholder approval to proceed with the merger (which followed board approval).[4]The merger became effective 12 October 2014.[5][6]

Fiat was founded in 1899 by a group of investors, includingGiovanni Agnelli.During its more than century-long history, Fiat has also manufactured railwayenginesand carriages,military vehicles,farmtractors,and aircraft. In 2013, Fiat (together with Chrysler) was the second largest European automaker by volumes produced, and theseventh in the worldahead ofHonda,PSA Peugeot Citroën,Suzuki,Renault,andDaimler AG.

Over the years, Fiat has acquired numerous other automakers: it acquiredLanciain 1968, became a shareholder ofFerrariin 1969, took control ofAlfa Romeofrom the Italian government in 1986, purchasedMaseratiin 1993, and became the full owner ofChrysler Group LLCin 2014. Fiat Group currently produces vehicles under twelve brands:Abarth,Alfa Romeo,Chrysler,Dodge,Ferrari,Fiat,Fiat Professional,Jeep,Lancia,Maserati,Ram Trucks,andSRT.

In 1970, Fiat employed more than 100,000 in Italy when its production reached the highest number, 1.4 million cars, in that country.[7]As of 2002, Fiat built more than 1 million vehicles at six plants in Italy and the country accounted for more than a third of the company's revenue.[7]

Fiat-brand cars are built in several locations around the world. Outside Italy, the largest country of production is Brazil, where the Fiat brand is the market leader.[8][9]The group also has factories in Argentina, Poland and Mexico (where Fiat-brand vehicles are manufactured at plants owned and operated by Chrysler for export to the U.S., Brazil, Italy and other markets) and a long history of licensing manufacture of its products in other countries - in the1960s,Fiat notably set up joint ventures in Eastern Europe with the best known beingVAZ(Lada) in the formerSoviet Union.It also has numerous alliances and joint ventures around the world, the main ones being located in Serbia, France, Turkey, India and China.

Gianni Agnelli,the grandson of founder Giovanni Agnelli, was Fiat's chairman from 1966 until 1996; he then served as honorary chairman from 1996 until his death on 24 January 2003, during which timeCesare Romitiserved as chairman. He was succeeded briefly by Paolo Fresco, who served as chairman, and Paolo Cantarella, as CEO.Umberto Agnellithen took over as chairman from 2003 to 2004. After Umberto Agnelli's death on 28 May 2004,Luca Cordero di Montezemolowas named chairman, with Agnelli heirJohn Elkannbecoming vice chairman (at the age of 28), and other family members also serving on the board. On 1 June 2004, Giuseppe Morchio was replaced bySergio Marchionneas CEO.

History

Fiat 3 ½ CV (1899)
Corso Dante plant
Fiat tractor in a 1919 American magazine article
Lingottofactory (1928)
Advertisement, 1939
Mirafiori plant
Lingottofactory (2008)

Giovanni Agnelli, with several investors, founded the Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino (F.I.A.T.)società per azioni (S.p.a.),[10]Italian Automobile Factory of Turin,in 1899. Itsacronymousname was changed to upper- and lower-caseFiatin 1906.[11]Agnelli led the company until his death in 1945, whileVittorio Vallettaadministered the firm's daily activities. Its first car, the3 ½ CV,of which only 24 copies were built, all bodied byAlessioof Turin,[12]strongly resembled contemporaryBenz,[13]and had a 697 cc (42.5 cu in) boxer twin engine.[13]In 1903, Fiat produced its first truck.[14]In 1908, the first Fiat was exported to the US.[14]That same year, the first Fiat aircraft engine was produced. Also around the same time, Fiat taxis became popular in Europe.[15]

By 1910, Fiat was the largest automotive company in Italy — a position it has retained since. That same year, a new plant was built inPoughkeepsie,NY, by the newly founded American F.I.A.T. Automobile Company.[16][17]Owning a Fiat at that time was a sign of distinction. The cost of a Fiat in the US was initially $4,000[18]and rose up to $6,400 in 1918,[19]compared to $825 for aFord Model Tin 1908,[20]and $525 in 1918, respectively.[21]DuringWorld War I,Fiat had to devote all of its factories to supplyingthe Allieswith aircraft, engines, machine guns, trucks, and ambulances. Upon the entry of the US into the war in 1917, the factory was shut down as US regulations became too burdensome.[citation needed]After the war, Fiat introduced its first tractor, the 702.[22]By the early 1920s, Fiat had a market share in Italy of 80%.[23]

In 1921, workers seized Fiat's plants and hoisted the red flag of communism over them, to which Agnelli responded by quitting the company. However, theItalian Socialist Partyand its ally organization, theItalian General Confederation of Labour,in an effort to effect a compromise with the centrist parties ordered the occupation to end. In 1922, Fiat began to build the famousLingottocar factory—then the largest in Europe—which opened in 1923. It was the first Fiat factory to use assembly lines; by 1925, Fiat controlled 87% of the Italian car market.[24]In 1928, with the509,Fiat included insurance in the purchase price.[25]

Fiat made military machinery and vehicles during World War II for theItalian armyandRegia Aeronautica,and later for the Germans. Fiat made fighter aircraft like the biplaneCR.42 Falco,which was one of the most common Italian aircraft, along withSavoia-Marchettis,as well as light tanks, obsolete compared to their German and Soviet counterparts, and armoured vehicles. The best Fiat aircraft was theG.55fighter, which arrived too late and in too limited numbers to impact the outcome of the war.

In 1945, theNational Liberation Committeeremoved the Agnelli family from leadership roles in Fiat because of its ties to Mussolini's government. These were not returned until 1963, when Giovanni's grandson,Gianni,took over as general manager until 1966 and as chairman until 1996.[26]

Fiat launched a nuclear research program in the 1950s.[27]It was the first private company in Europe to host its own nuclear reactor.[27]

Gianni Agnelli

Gianni Agnelli (in the center) and the Fiat board of directors meet Italian PresidentSandro Pertini(at his right) during an official visit to the newSevel Val di Sangrofactory, 1981.

Among the younger Agnelli's first steps after gaining control of Fiat was a massive reorganization of the company management, which had previously been highly centralized, with little provision for the delegation of authority and decision-making. Such a system was effective in the past, but lacked the responsiveness and flexibility needed by Fiat's steady expansion, and the growth of its international operations in the 1960s. The company was reorganized on a product-line basis, with two main product groups—one for passenger cars, the other for trucks and tractors—and a number of semi-independent division and subsidiaries. Top management, freed from responsibility for day-by-day operations of the company, was able to devote its efforts to more far-reaching goals. In 1967, Fiat made its first acquisition when it purchasedAutobianchi;with sales amounting to $1.7 billion, it outstripped Volkswagen, its main European competitor, and in 1968 produced some 1,750,000 vehicles while its sales volume climbed to $2.1 billion. According toNewsweekin 1968, Fiat was "the most dynamic automaker in Europe...[and] may come closest to challenging the worldwide supremacy of Detroit." Then, in 1969, it purchased controlling interests in Ferrari and Lancia. At the time, Fiat was aconglomerate,owningAlitalia,toll highways, a typewriter and office machine manufacturer, electronics and electrical equipment firms, a paint company, a civil engineering firm, and an international construction company. Following up on an agreement Valletta had made with Soviet officials in 1966, Agnelli constructed theAvtoVAZplant in the new city ofTogliattigradon theVolga.This began operation in 1970, producing a local version of theFiat 124as theLada.On his initiative, Fiat automobile and truck plants were also constructed in industrial centers ofYugoslavia,Poland, Bulgaria, and Romania. In 1973, Fiat establishedComau,an industrial automation company out of the various suppliers which had equipped the AvtoVAZ plant in Russia. Comau became an industry pioneer in the use ofRoboticsfor vehicle assembly – a technology with which Fiat would become synonymous for in the 1970s, with its "Robogate" system for bodyshell manufacture, and the laterFIREfamily of robot-assembled engines in the 1980s.

Despite offering a relatively competitive range of cars, Fiat was not immune from the financial pressures that the auto industry confronted following the 1973oil price shock.Towards the end of 1976 it was announced that the Libyan government was to take a 9.6% shareholding in the company in return for a capital injection worth an equivalent of £250 million.[28]The size of the Libyan investment is apparent when it is compared to the £310 millionIMFloan that the Italian government was trying to negotiate at the time.[28]Other aspects of the Libyan agreement included the construction of a truck and bus plant atTripoli.[28]Chairman Agnelli candidly described the deal as "a classic petro-money recycling operation which will strengthen the Italian reserves, provide Fiat with fresh capital and give the group greater tranquility in which to carry out its investment programmes".[28]Equally noteworthy was the fact that despite the dilutive effect of the Libyan investment on existing shareholders, the company's largest shareholder, the Agnelli family, retained a 30% stake in the recapitalised business.[28]

In 1979, the company became a holding company when it spun off its various businesses into autonomous companies, one of them being Fiat Auto. That same year, sales reached an all-time high in the US, corresponding to theIranian Oil Crisis.However, when gas prices fell again after 1981, Americans began purchasingsport utility vehicles,minivans,andpickup trucksin larger numbers (marking a departure from their past preference for large cars). Also, Japanese automakers had been taking an ever-larger share of the car market, increasing at more than half a percent a year. Consequently, in 1984, Fiat and Lancia withdrew from the United States market. In 1989, it did the same in the Australian market, although it remained in New Zealand.

In 1986, Fiat acquired Alfa Romeo from the Italian government. Also, in 1986 15% of Fiat company stock was still owned by Libya, an investment dating back to the mid-seventies. US foreign policy under President Reagan's administration canceled a Pentagon contract to produce earth movers with Fiat and pressured the company into brokering a buyout of the Libyan investment. In 1992, two top corporate officials in the Fiat Group were arrested for political corruption.[29]A year later, Fiat acquired Maserati. In 1995 Alfa Romeo exited the US market. Maserati re-entered the US market under Fiat in 2002. Since then, Maserati sales there have been increasing briskly.

Paolo Fresco

Paolo Fresco became chairman of Fiat in 1998 with the hope that the veteran ofGeneral Electricwould bring more emphasis on shareholder value to Fiat. By the time he took power, Fiat's market share in Italy had fallen to 41%[citation needed]from around 62% in 1984.[citation needed]However, aJack Welch-like management style would be much harsher than that used by the Italians (e.g., precarious versus lifetime employment). Instead, Fresco focused on offering more incentives for good performance, including compensation using stock options for top and middle management.

However, his efforts were frustrated by union objections. Unions insisted that pay raises be set by length of tenure, rather than performance. Another conflict was over his preference for informality (the founder, Giovanni Agnelli, used to be a cavalry officer). He often referred to other managers by their first name, although company tradition obliged one to refer to others using their titles (e.g., "Chairman Fresco" ). The CEO of the company, Paolo Cantarella, ran the day-to-day affairs of the company, while Fresco determined company strategy and especially acted as a negotiator for the company. In 1999, Fiat formedCNH Globalby mergingNew Holland NVandCase Corporation.

In 2003, Fiat shed its insurance sector, which it was operating through Toro Assicurazioni to the DeAgostini Group. In the same year, Fiat sold its aviation business,FiatAviotoAvio Holding.In February 2004, the company sold its interest in Fiat Engineering, as well as its stake inEdison.

Sergio Marchionne

Sergio Marchionne,chief executive officer of Fiat Group

Sergio Marchionnewas appointed CEO of Fiat in 2004 and initially he impressed investors.[30]At the end of the 2005 financial year, the company saw its first profit in 17 quarters of €196M for the first 9 months of FY2006.[31]

Marchionne reduced Fiat's managerial bureaucracy refocused the business on markets and profit. While chairman, Luca di Montezemolo, dealt with politicians and unions, Marchionne rebuilt the car business. The success of theGrande Puntomodel was in large part responsible for the turnaround in Fiat's fortunes, but the award-winning 500 cemented it. Fiat formed a joint venture with India'sTATA Motors,which has subsequently ended,[32]and with China'sChery Motorswhich didn't conclude. In 2005 Fiat courted Ford,[33]and returned to China with a joint ventureGAC Fiatcreated in 2010. Under Marchionne Fiat also re-entered several large markets that it had exited years before, such as Mexico and Australia.

In December 2008, Marchionne announced Fiat had to become one of the top five automakers to survive in the long run. Under Marchionne's leadership, Fiat returned to Canadian and American markets with the new 500. However, since 2009, Marchionne has presided over a business that has experienced a loss in European market share from 9.3 to 6.2 percent.[34]In December 2013, Marchionne announced that he intended to discontinue theGrande Puntoso that the company could focus on "cool, high margin"Fiat 500 (2007)variants and theFiat Panda.[35]

In 2010,John Elkannbecame the Chairman of Fiat SpA and shareholders approved a plan to demerger Fiat's capital goods businesses. Agricultural and construction equipment manufacturerCNH GlobalNV, truck makerIveco,and the industrial and marine division ofFiat Powertrain Technologieswere spun off into a new group on 1 January 2011. The parent company,Fiat IndustrialS.p.A., was listed on the Milan stock exchange on 3 January 2011.[36]

In 2010, credit rating agencyFitchcut Fiat's debt rating to BB− after it had accumulated a debt of around€9,300,000,000. In 2013, Fiats debt rating was cut again, this time byMoody's,to Ba3[37]over concerns European demand was lower and debt was falling slower than expected.[38]TheFinancial Timesestimate of Fiat's debt at the time was almost€28,000,000,000.[39]

Acquisition of Chrysler

On 20 January 2009, Fiat S.p.A. andChrysler LLCannounced their intention to form a global alliance. Under the terms of the agreement, Fiat would take a 20% stake in Chrysler and gain access to its North American distribution network in exchange for providing Chrysler with technology and platforms to build smaller, more fuel-efficient vehicles in the US and providing reciprocal access to Fiat's global distribution network.[40][41]Agreements were signed on 30 April 2009,[42]with Fiat's future shareholding capped at 49% until all government loans had been repaid.[43][44]

In addition, the proposed agreement would entitle Fiat to receive a further 15% (without cash consideration) through the achievement of specific product and commercial objectives. No cash or financial support was required from Fiat under the agreement. Instead it would obtain its stake mainly in exchange for covering the cost of retooling a Chrysler plant to produce one or more Fiat models for in the US. Fiat would also provide engine and transmission technology to enable Chrysler to introduce smaller, fuel-efficient models in the NAFTA market. The deal was engineered by Fiat chief Sergio Marchionne. The principal objective of the partnership was to provide both groups with significantly enhanced economies of scale and geographical reach at a time when they were struggling to compete with larger and more global rivals such asToyota,Volkswagenand alliance partnersRenault S.A.andNissan.[45]

Fiat would not have to pay any money for its 20% of Chrysler. On 7 June 2009, theIndiana State PolicePension Fund, the Indiana Teacher's Retirement Fund, and the state's Major Moves Construction Fund asked the US Supreme Court to delay the sale of Chrysler to Fiat while they challenge the deal. The funds argued that the sale went against US bankruptcy law because it unlawfully rewarded unsecured creditors ahead of secured creditors.[46]On 9 June 2009, the Supreme Court lifted the temporary hold, clearing the way for Fiat to acquire Chrysler.[47]SeeIndiana State Police Pension Trust v. Chryslerfor more information. On 10 June, the Supreme Court announced that Fiat was now an owner of the new Chrysler a.k.a.Chrysler Group LLC.

Marchionne was appointed CEO of Chrysler following its emergence from bankruptcy proceedings. Under his leadership, Chrysler has taken on a structure similar to that of Fiat and has released, in quick succession, a large number of completely redesigned or refreshed vehicles.[citation needed]Fiat launched its500,which had been available in Europe since 2007, in theUnited StatesandCanadain 2011, marking the company's return to theAmerican auto market,which it had been absent from since 1984. Prior to this, Fiat's main presence on the continent was Mexico, where it offers a greater variety of products than in the United States and Canada.

On 10 January 2011, Fiat announced that it had increased its share in Chrysler from 20% to 25% following the achievement of the first of three performance objectives.[48]On 11 April 2011, it announced achievement of the second performance objective, increasing its stake a further 5% to 30%.[49]On 24 May 2011, Fiat announced that it had paid Chrysler US$1,268 million for a further 16% interest, increasing its stake total stake to 46% (fully diluted). The transaction coincided with Chrysler refinancing its debt to the U.S. and Canadian governments.[50]On 25 May autonews reported that Fiat could buy government stakes in Chrysler as soon as the end of July 2011, increasing its total stake to 54%.[51]

In May 2011, it emerged that Fiat could actually increase its stake in Chrysler Group to more than 70 percent through the exercise of further options.[52]

In a regulatory filing dated 22 July 2011, the Michigan-based automaker reported that Fiat held a 53.5% interest (fully diluted). Fiat and Chrysler have both stated that they expect that interest to reach 58.5% by the end of 2011 as result of achievement of the third of the three performance objectives.[53]On 5 January 2012 Fiat released press info that the ownership has increased to 58.5%.[54]The stake was further increased to 68.49% in July 2013.[55]On 1 January 2014, Fiat announced it would be acquiring the remaining shares of Chrysler owned by theVEBAworth $3.65 billion.[56]The deal was completed by 21 January.

On 29 January 2014, it was announced that Fiat S.p.A. would be merged into a new company, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV, incorporated in the Netherlands with tax domicile in the UK. Fiat Chrysler Automobiles will become the owner of Fiat Group.[3]On 1 August 2014, Fiat S.p.A. received necessary shareholder approval to proceed with the merger (which followed board approval).[4]FCA will be listed on the New York Stock Exchange with an additional listing on the Mercato Telematico Azionario in Milan to follow.

Activities

Fiat Group revenues by sector in 2009

The group's activities were initially focused on the industrial production of cars, industrial and agricultural vehicles. Over time it has diversified into many other fields, and the group now has activities in a wide range of sectors in industry and financial services. It is Italy's largest industrial concern. It also has significant worldwide operations, operating in 61 countries with 1,063 companies that employ over 223,000 people, 111,000 of whom are outside Italy.

Fiat's main shareholders include 30.1% byExor S.p.A.(controlled by the Agnelli family), 24.9% by EU institutional investors, 11.2% by outside EU institutional investors and 2.6% byBaillie Gifford & Co.,a Scottish investment management company.[1]

Principal subsidiaries

Fiat's principal operating subsidiaries (direct and indirect) include: Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A. (FGA),Chrysler Group LLC,Fiat Automoveis, S.A. (subsidiary of FGA); FGA Capital S.p.A. (a JV held 50% by FGA and 50% byCrédit AgricoleCF),Ferrari S.p.A.,Maserati S.p.A.,Magneti Marelli S.p.A., Teksid S.p.A., Comau S.p.A., Itedi-Italiana Edizioni S.p.A. (see 2010 Annual Report[57])

Alliances and joint ventures

Fiat has undertaken numerous joint ventures and alliances. Commencing in 1978, theType Four platformwas an alliance between Alfa Romeo, Fiat, Lancia and Saab and resulting in a range of cars on sale in the mid-1980s.

In 2000 a number of joint ventures were established withGeneral Motorsfollowing GM buying 20% of Fiat while Fiat bought 6% of GM. Complications with the relationship saw these JVs being wound back by 2005.[58]Resulting projects included theGM Fiat Small platformandFiat-GM Powertrain.

In 2005, Fiat formed an alliance withFordto create a new small car, resulting in theFiat 500andFord Ka.[59]

In 2012, Fiat formed an alliance withMazdato develop and build a new rear wheel drive roadster for the Alfa Romeo and Mazda brands.[60]

Automotive

Global locations of Fiat Group automobile production sites, 2008. Including own plants, joint ventures and license production. Excluding Chrysler.
AFiat 1500at a vintage car event in Germany in May 2014
Fiat 500Lin production from 2012
Lancia Delta
Alfa Romeo 159
Maserati GranTurismo
Ferrari 458 Italia

Fiat is the largest vehicle manufacturer in Italy, with cars ranging from small Fiatcity carsto sports cars made by Ferrari, and vans and trucks such as theDucato.Besides Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A., Fiat Group automotive companies includeChrysler Group LLCandMaserati S.p.A.The Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A. companies include:Abarth & C. S.p.A.,Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A.,Fiat Automobiles S.p.A.,Fiat ProfessionalandLancia Automobiles S.p.A.

Ferrari S.p.A.is 90% owned by the Fiat Group.[61]The company also ownsAutobianchibut the marque has been dormant since 1995, andInnocenti,which ceased production in 1996.

TheEuropean Car of the Yearaward, Europe's premier automotivetrophyfor the past 50 years, has been awarded twelve times to the Fiat Group, more than any other manufacturer, most recently with theFiat 500in 2008.[62]

Previous Fiat Group models which have won European Car of the Year:Fiat 124(1967),Fiat 128(1970),Fiat 127(1972),Lancia Delta(1980),Fiat Uno(1984),Fiat Tipo(1989),Fiat Punto(1995),Fiat Bravo/Brava(1996),Alfa Romeo 156(1998),Alfa Romeo 147(2001) and theFiat Panda(2004).

Trucks and buses

Fiat Industrial Vehicles(Fiat Veicoli Industriali) was Fiat's truck and bus division. It was created in 1903 with the launch of the 24HP model. By 1908 the company produced around 120 trucks, and by the end of 1918 production had grown to 17,000.

The operation closed in 1974 when Fiat createdIVECOwithOM,Lancia,MagirusandUnic.

Iveco was demerged intoFiat Industrialat the beginning of 2011.[63]

Commercial vehicles

On 17 April 2007, Fiat Automobiles'light commercial vehicleunitFiat Veicoli Commercialiwas rebranded asFiat Professional.[64]Some of Fiat's light commercial vehicle products include theFiat Ducato,Fiat ScudoandFiat DoblòCargo.

Agricultural and construction equipment

For Fiat branded Agricultural & Construction equipments from 1917 to 1991, seeFiat Trattoriand from 1992 to 2014, seeCNH Global.

Components

The major Italian component makerMagneti Marelliis owned by Fiat, and it in turn owns other brands such as AL-Automotive Lighting, Carello, Cromodora, Cofap, Ergom Automotive, Jaeger, Mako Elektrik, Paraflu, Seima, Siem SpA, Solex, Veglia Borletti, Vitaloni and Weber.

Metallurgical products

Fiat ownsTeksid S.p.A.,the largest iron foundry group in the world with a production capacity of approximately 600,000 tons annually. The company was established in December 1978, and designs and produces cylinder blocks, cylinder heads, exhaust manifolds, drive shafts, camshafts and other components for automobiles and commercial vehicles. Teksid, which is specialized in casting and processing iron, has plants in France, Portugal, Poland, Brazil, Mexico and China. Since 2007, Teksid S.p.A. runs also Teksid Aluminum S.r.l. a company specialized in casting and producing auto components from aluminum alloys.

Production systems

Production systems are made mainly throughComau S.p.A.(now Comau Systems), which bought the American Pico, Renault Automation and Sciaky and produces industrial automation systems. In the 1970s and 1980s, the company became a pioneer in the use of industrial robotics for the assembly of motor vehicles. Fiat assembly plants are among the best automated and advanced in the world.

Services

An insurance company, Toro Assicurazioni, allowed Fiat to control a relevant part of this market (also with minor companies likeLloyd Italico) and to interact with some associated banks. Toro Assicurazioni was acquired by the giant insurance companyAssicurazioni Generaliand is no longer part of the Fiat Group.

Construction

Ingest Facility and Fiat Engineering work in various fields of construction, while IPI is a mediation company that also deals with the management of real estate properties.

Information technology

Fiat Group is present inITfields and in communications with ICT—Information & Communication Technology, Global Value, TeleClient, London and Atlanet.

Publishing and communication

Fiat Group also has interests in several major publishing houses and national and local newspapers, such asLa Stampa(created in 1926), Itedi, and Italiana Edizioni. A specialised advertising space reseller is Publikompass, supported by the Consorzio Fiat Media Center. Fiat is also has one of the largest shareholdings inRCS MediaGroup.

Other activities

Fiat Gesco, KeyG Consulting, Sadi Customs Services, Easy Drive, RM Risk Management and Servizio Titoli are minor companies that work for public services, delivering services in economics and financial fields. Other activities include industrial securitisation (Consorzio Sirio), treasury (Fiat Geva), Fiat Information & Communication Services.

Fiat supports theFondazione Giovanni Agnelli,an important foundation for social and economic research.Palazzo Grassi,a well-known historic building inVenice,now a museum and formerly supported by Fiat, was eventually sold to the French businessmanFrançois Pinaultin January 2005.

Aviation and motorcycles

Fiat G91T training aircraft
Main articles:Fiat Aviazione,Avio,andPiaggio Aero

Fiat, as Fiat Aviazione, was an important aircraft manufacturer, focused mainly on military aviation. After World War I, Fiat consolidated several Italian small aircraft manufacturers, likePomilioandAnsaldo.Most famous were Fiat biplanefighter aircraftof the 1930s,Fiat CR.32andFiat CR.42.Other notable designs were fightersCR.20,G.50,G.55and a bomber, theFiat BR.20.In the 1950s, the company designed theG.91light ground attack plane. In 1969, Fiat Aviazione merged withAerferto createAeritalia.

In 1959,Piaggiocame under the control of the Agnelli family. In 1964, the aeronautical and motorcycle divisions split to become independent companies. The aeronautical division was named IAM Rinaldo Piaggio. Today the aeronautical companyPiaggio Aerois controlled by the family ofPiero Ferrari,which also holds 10% of the carmakerFerrari.

Main article:Vespa

The motorcycle division, Vespa, thrived until 1992, when Giovanni Alberto Agnelli became CEO—but Agnelli was already suffering from cancer, and died in 1997. In 1999,Morgan Grenfell Private Equityacquired Piaggio.

Fiatartillery tractorin the journalHorseless Age,1918

Weapons

Fiat builtartillery tractorsfor the French and Italian armies inWorld War I.

Società Anonima Fabbrica Armi Torino(SAFAT) was a wholly owned subsidiary of FIAT in the 1930s, designing and manufacturing weapons for the Italian armed forces. After losing a competition to produce a series of new machine-guns for theRegia Aeronautica,SAFAT was sold to the winning competitor –Società Italiana Ernesto Breda,formingBreda-SAFAT.

Rail transport

Fiat Ferroviaria's history goes back to before World War II, when Fiat provided motive power used for both Diesel and electric locomotives andrailcars(littorine) not only in Italy, but other parts of Europe, and in South America. Fiat produced, among the rest, the successfulPendolinotilting trains,the first working prototype four-car set being run in the mid-1970s.

Fiat Ferroviaria was later sold toAlstomin 2000.

Recreation

The Fiat Group owned theSestriereskiing facilities; the village in theAlpsis a creation of the Agnelli family. The Sestriere skiing facilities were sold by the group in 2006.

Enterprises outside Italy

Seelist of Fiat Group assembly sites

Fiat was a key player in developing motor industries for a number of countries from the 1950s, particularly in Eastern Europe, Spain, Egypt, Ethiopia and Turkey. TheAutoVAZstate worksLadaproducts in Tolyatti (Togliatti), Russia, were Fiat based, as were SEAT products of Spain. Lada is now controlled byRenault,and SEAT byVolkswagen.A small number of Fiats were built in Bulgaria. Among Fiat's earliest foreign assembly plants was one inPoughkeepsie, New York,between 1910 and 1917.[65]

United States

American-made Fiat Type 55 Fleetwood Roadster

TheAmerican F.I.A.T. Automobile Companywas founded by American licensees in 1909 as a response to 45 percent tariffs on imported automobiles.[65]The plant was finished in the spring of 1910 and the first car rolled off the production line in September 1910; all Poughkeepsie Fiats were built with parts shipped from Italy although they usually received locally made bodywork by companies like Holbrook, Quinby, orFleetwood.[66]American F.I.A.T. focused on the larger and more luxurious end of the range, with the smaller Types 51 and 52 (Tipo1 and 2) only available to order as fully built-up imports.[67]

The first model offered was theType 54,corresponding to the EuropeanTipo 4.This has a 5,699 cc (348 cu in) four-cylinder engine (itself called "Tipo 54A"[68]) and rode on a 124 in (3.15 m) wheelbase; it was manufactured until 1914 or 1915. This was joined by the large and expensiveType 56in 1912, a seven-passenger touring car reserved for the American market.[69]This model has a six-cylinder version of the Type 54 engine, displacing 8,549 cc (522 cu in) and mounted in a chassis with a 135 in (3.43 m) wheelbase. In 1913 theType 55arrived (although some Type 55s appear to have been sold in 1912), slightly shorter than the Type 56 with a 128 in (3.25 m) wheelbase but with a massive 9,017 cc (550 cu in) four-cylinder engine. This car was largely identical to the EuropeanTipo 5and was also manufactured for export. In 1914 the fourth and final American Fiat was introduced, the smallerType 53- the equivalent of the ItalianTipo 3 Ter.This has a 4,396 cc (268 cu in) four-cylinder engine and a 116 in (2.95 m) wheelbase. The Tipo 53 was built until 1916, while the 55 and 56 were manufactured until 1917, although late 55s seem to have been sold as "1918s" and they did appear in new-car catalogues that year. Fiat Italy took over the American operation in 1917 and reduced the lineup to the Type 55, now sitting on a 140 in (3.56 m) wheelbase.[65][70]NACC tax horsepowerfigures were 30 hp for the Type 54, 45 for the Type 56, 42 for the Type 55, and 25 hp for the Type 53. Actual outputs were higher, ranging from 40 hp (30 kW) for the Type 53 to 75 hp (56 kW) for the big Types 55 and 56.[66]

Output was never very large, Fiats being very expensive cars at the time, with annual production averaging around 350 cars.[65]Once the United States entered the war, no more car parts were arriving from Italy and production was halted. There were plans for restarting production after the war but they came to naught and the plant was sold toDuesenbergin February 1918.[70]Duesenberg proceeded to transfer the machinery to their plant in Elizabeth, NJ, to build aircraft engines. At the beginning of 1928 the facilities changed hands again, now belonging to truck manufacturers Larrabee Motor Truck Co. who transferred their activities there fromBinghamton.[71]The building went on to serve various functions, being part of theMarist Collegecampus for a while, and was torn down in 1997.[16][17]

Fiat Automóveis (Brazil)

The 1979 Brazilian Fiat 147 was the first modern car to run on purehydrousethanol fuel(E100).

Fiat Automóveis S.A., a subsidiary of Fiat S.p.A.,[72]began making automobiles in Brazil in 1976 beginning with the production of theFiat 147,the Brazilian version of the ItalianFiat 127,produced until 1986. More than 10,000,000 units have been produced in Fiat Automóveis factory inBetimsince 1976,[73]plus 232,807 units in the Fiat Argentina plant ofCórdoba.The original factory, located in the city ofBelo Horizonte,cost $250 million to build. The state ofMinas Geraishad a 10–20% stake in the company and also provided special economic benefits to Fiat.[74]

Launched in July 1979, the 147 was the first mass-produced car that ran onethanolas fuel instead of petrol.[75][76][77]The performance slightly increased and fuel consumption was 30% higher but the cost of the alcohol was a quarter of the gasoline because, at that time, petrol had become expensive as a consequence of the1979 oil crisis.This version was nicknamedcachacinha(littlecachaça) because it had the scent of that Brazilian drink.

Fiat Siena Tetrafuel1.4, amultifuelcar that runs as aflexible-fuelon gasoline,E20-E25 gasohol,ethanol (E100); or as abi-fuelwithCNG

In October 1984 Fiat Automóveis introduced theFiat Uno,which continued on sale until the end of 2013 as the renamed Fiat Mille, resulting in total production of 3.6 million vehicles.[78]Production of theFiat Palioworld car began in 1996.

After the successful 2003 introduction offlexible-fuel vehiclesin the Brazilian market,[79]Fiat Automóveis launched its first flex model in March 2004, theFiat Palio,followed by theSienaandPalio Weekend.[80]Fiat sold 665,514 vehicles in Brazil in 2008,[81]allowing the carmaker to continue as the market leader for seven years in a row.[82]Flex fuel automobiles represented almost 100 percent of the car sales in 2008, and 92 percent of all light-duty trucks sold.[83]

In 2006 Fiat introduced theFiat Siena Tetra fuel,a four-fuel car developed underMagneti Marelliof Fiat Brazil.[84][85]This automobile can run as aflex-fuelon 100% ethanol (E100); or onE20-E25 blend,Brazil's normal ethanol gasoline blend;[86]on pure gasoline (though no longer available in Brazil since 1993,[87][88]it is still used in neighboring countries); or just onnatural gas (CNG).The Siena Tetrafuel was engineered to switch from any gasoline-ethanol blend to CNG automatically, depending on the power required by road conditions.[89]

Fiat Argentina

Fiat has been present in Argentina since the beginning of the 20th century. There was a Fiat manufacturing plant in Córdoba at least as far back as 1954 when Fiat entered into a joint venture with two local companies to manufacture tractors. The company was known as Fiat-Concord until 1980. In 1959 the construction of a car plant inCaseroswas approved, and 1960 saw the production there of the first Argentinian produced Fiat passenger car, aFiat 600,after theFiat 1100Export and after in 1963 theFiat 1500.In 1977 appears the Fiat 133, just a rebadged Seat 133 but made in Argentina. By 1978 a car manufacturing facility was well established inCórdoba,producingFiat 128sas well as two models which from the Italian perspective belonged in earlier decades, the125(with some derivates) and the600R.[90]

In 1980 a joint venture withPSAcalledSevel Argentinawas begun, which lasted until 1995. The current day automobile manufacturing started with a new factory opened inCórdobaon 20 December 1996.[91]From April 1997 the Siena and Palio models production started.

Production was suspended in the early 2000s as the Argentinean economy went downhill. In 2008 Fiat invested new money and the production of Fiat Siena saloon and the Fiat Palio was started. In October 2009, a Fiat Siena HLX becomes the 2 million unit produced by Fiat in Argentina. The Fiat Auto Argentina S.A. is Fiat S.p.A. owned company.[92]

Fiat Automobili Srbija

Its first enterprise came in 1955, when it agreed to a deal withYugoslavcarmakerZastavato assemble Fiats for Eastern Europe. The first cars produced by Zastava were its versions of theFiat 1300andFiat 1400.By 1970, Zastava was producing parts for the newerFiat 124andFiat 125models, which were assembled in Poland. TheZastava 750,launched in 1962, was Zastava's version of the iconicFiat 600minicar.It outlived the car on which it was based, with production lasting until 1981. Zastavas were not popular outside of Eastern Europe before the 1980s, although they were exported to the US and several European countries under the Yugo brand during the 1980s.

The most famous product launched by Zastava is theZastava 101,a front-wheel drive car based on theFiat 128,also available as ahatchbackversion never sold in Italy. With the demise of theZastava 750in 1981, the minicar gap in the Zastava range was filled by theZastava Koral,which was best known in Britain and America as the Yugo Tempo or Yugo 45/55. It was based on the 1971Fiat 127,which was due to be replaced by theFiat Unoin 1983. Hostility towards Yugoslavia in the wake of the 1992 civil unrest saw a swift ending of imports to both Britain and America. The Zastava factory inKragujevacwas later bombed, but was rebuilt after the war ended, and production continued at another factory inKragujevac.

In 1987, Zastava came up with a new car design. TheZastava Florida— also known as a Yugo, and in other markets as the Yugo Sana — was styled byGiorgetto Giugiaroat theItalDesignstudio, later featured a range of more modernPeugeotengines. Sales continued in its homeland, with an update at the end of the 1990s. Zastava did not launch another new car for another 16 years. The 2003Zastava 10model was another Fiat design—this time the second generationPunto,and in 2009 was renamed Fiat Punto Classic

A new memorandum of understanding between Fiat and the Serb ministry of economic and regional development about the acquisition of Zastava's Kragujevac plant in 2008 led to a new company being set up in which the Italians would have a 70 percent stake and the Serb government 30 percent.[93]The factory was renamed from "Zastava Automobili Srbija" to "Fiat Automobili Srbija". In 2010 and 2011, FAS (Fiat Automobili Srbija) underwent large-scale reconstruction for production of theFiat 500Lin 2012.[94]

Polski Fiat/FSO (Poland)

Main article:Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych
Fiat 500 and 126

Fiat automobiles have been made in Poland since 1920. In 1932, thePolskie Zakłady Inżynieryjne (Polish Engineering Works, PZInż)started the production ofFiat 508,produced until 1939 also as a military vehicle. In 1936 the licence was extended to include theFiat 518model. In 1965, the Polish communist government signed a deal with Fiat to produce selected Fiat models in Poland at theFSOfactory inWarsawthat had been built in 1951. Production of the new car—thePolski Fiat 125p—began in 1967. It was visually identical to theFiat 125,but it made use of older Fiat mechanicals which dated back to 1960. The car sold well in its homeland and was soon exported to Western Europe. 1978 saw the appearance of a new five-door hatchback, theFSO Polonez,that made use of Fiat 125prunning gear.After 1982, Fiat withdrew its licence; since then FSO badge was reinstated with thePolski Fiat 125psurviving until 1991, and the Polonez production ending in 2002. FSO was taken over byDaewooof South Korea in 1995, and become independent again in late 2000, after Daewoo went bankrupt and was taken over by General Motors.

Fabryka Samochodów Małolitrażowych(FSM) inBielsko-BiałaandTychywas a joint venture between FSO and Fiat, and manufactured theFiat 126(p)in 1973 and theCinquecentoin 1991. In 1992 Fiat owned 90% of FSM (called Fiat Auto Poland, since 1993) and since then it producedCinquecento,Uno,Seicento,SienaandPalio Weekendmodels with the capacity up to 200.000 cars a year. In 2003, FSM become the sole producer ofFiat Panda,and in 2007, theFiat 500and the relatedFord Ka.[95]Capacity was increased with production reaching over 600,000 in 2009, but dropped below 300,000 in 2013, resulting in the workforce being cut by a third.[96]

AutoVAZ Lada (Russia)

Main article:Lada

In 1966, Fiat helpedUSSRstate industries build a new car factory (AvtoVAZ) on theVolgariver. A planned city calledTolyatti(named afterPalmiro Togliatti,formerItalian Communist PartySecretary) was developed around the factory, which started producing a "people's car" similar to theVolkswagen BeetleandCitroën 2CVof Germany and France. The new Soviet car, called theLada,was a more spacious offering, infour-door saloonandfive-door estatevariants. Fiat installed British machine tools supplied by Herbert-BSA[97]ofBirminghamfor the manufacture of many Lada parts. The 124's design was mechanically upgraded to survive treacherous Russian driving conditions and extremely cold winters. Imports to Western Europe, Canada, and some third world countries sold well owing to their low price. This car was upgraded to become theLada Riva(marketing name in some markets) in 1980. Lada has gone on to develop some of its own models. Thefour-wheel driveLada Nivauses some Fiat based components, e.g. engine and gearbox, but the body and four-wheel drive system are VAZ designs.

Bulgaria

1967–1971 producedPirin-FiatinLovech,Bulgaria.

Tofaş (Turkey)

Tofaşis joint venture owned by Fiat SpA andKoç Holding(37.8% Fiat Group Automobiles, 37.8% Koc and 24.3% others).[98]The Fiat 124 was produced under licence byTofaşas theTofaş Murat.This was replaced by a version of theFiat 131,known as theTofaş Şahin.Today theFiat Lineacar is amongst those manufactured by the Fiat-Tofas joint venture in Turkey, and the company has 12.1% of the Turkish car market as of 2007.[99]

SEAT (Spain)

In Spain,SEAT—Sociedad Española de Automóviles de Turismo (Spanish Touring Car Company)—was established with Fiat assistance in 1950, producing Fiat models under its own brand name until 1981, when Fiat withdrew its support. In 1982 SEAT signed a cooperation agreement with the German manufacturerVolkswagenand by the end of 1986 after a purchase of a majority stake SEAT had become part of theVolkswagen Group.However, production of some Fiat-based models continued, ending with the Fiat-basedMarbellain 1998.

Ethiopia

TheFiat 131,known as theHolland CarDOCC.

Egypt

Following theEgyptian Revolution of 1952,PresidentGamal Abdel Nasserordered the EGID (General Intelligence Agent) to establish a state owned automobile company.Nasrwas founded in 1960 in Helwan, Egypt. It began producing some Fiat based models, but later produced theTofaş Şahinunder license by Tofaş. The last Fiat 128 model was built in 2008, while the Şahin is still in production in Egypt.

Currently theEl-Mashreq Company,a part of theSeoudi Groupis the main manufacturer of Alfa Romeo and Fiat vehicles for the Egyptian market.Arab American Vehicles(AAV) also manufactured Fiats in Egypt. They assembled theFiat Ritmoat the behest of Nasr.

India

Fiat India Automobiles Private Limited(FIAPL) is a joint venture between Fiat andMumbaibasedTata Motors,founded in 1997. Fiat builds thePalio Stile,Linea andPunto.[100]The Fiat plant is situated in Ranjangaon near Pune in Maharashtra and also manufactures theTata Indica.[101]

Although not a subsidiary of Fiat,Premier Automobilesof Mumbai was licensed to manufacture versions of theFiat 500for the Indian market. This was followed by theFiat 1100in 1954. In 1973, the Fiat label was replaced with the Premier name.

Pakistan

Raja Motors are the authorized manufacturers of Fiat motor vehicles in Pakistan since 1948. The manufacturing started with VESPA scooters in 1948. The project was expanded in 2001 to facilitate assembly-cum-manufacturing of theFiat Uno.The production facility is located in Landhi Industrial Area,Karachi,Pakistan.

Sri Lanka

In 1973, entrepreneurUpali Wijewardena's Upali Motor Company began assembly of the local variant of Fiat 128, known as UMC-Fiat 128.[citation needed]Production ended with the introduction of the open-market economy in 1978.

North Korea

The North Korean car manufacturer and dealerPyeonghwa Motorsassembles two Fiat models under licence since 2002: Hwiparam (whistle)—based on theFiat Siena,Bbeokgugi (owl)—based on theFiat Doblò.

China

Fiat entered into a 50:50 joint venture withGAC Groupin 2010 to createGAC Fiat Automobiles Co,with a factory in Changsha completed in 2012 producing a localised version of theDodge Dartsold as the Fiat Viaggio.

See also

References

  1. ^abcdefg"Annual Report 2012"(PDF).Fiat.Retrieved25 April2013.
  2. ^"Group Brands".fiatspa.Retrieved25 May2013.
  3. ^ab"Fiat S.p.A. approves merger plan for the formation of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles"(PDF)(Press release). Fiat S.p.A. 15 June 2014.Retrieved26 February2015.
  4. ^abSnavely, Brent (4 August 2014)."Merger opens new chapter for Fiat Chrysler Automobiles".USAToday.Retrieved26 February2015.
  5. ^Wayland, Michael (7 October 2014)."Fiat Chrysler Automobiles merger to become official Sunday".The Detroit News.Retrieved26 February2015.
  6. ^"Fiat says merger into Dutch-registered FCA effective October 12".Reuters.7 October 2014.Retrieved26 February2015.
  7. ^abTommaso Ebhardt and David Rocks (30 January 2014)."Maserati Boom Signals Fiat 'Arrivederci' to Italian Past".Bloomberg.
  8. ^"Fiat n.1 in Brasile (a maggio)"(in Italian). autoblog.it. 29 June 2007.Retrieved9 January2013.
  9. ^Garcí, Enrique (29 June 2007)."Ventas Mayo 2007: Brasil"(in Spanish). Auto blog. Archived fromthe originalon 27 February 2012.Retrieved9 January2013.
  10. ^Szczesny, Joseph R. (1 May 2009)."Here Come the Fiats: Vrooom".Time.Archived fromthe originalon 3 May 2009.Retrieved7 May2009.
  11. ^Wingard, George F. (August 2012). "The Big-Block Fiats 1904–1914".Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance program:148–153.
  12. ^"Chi Siamo (italian)".fiat.it.Archived fromthe originalon 16 January 2013.Retrieved1 March2013.
  13. ^abGeorgano, p. 24 cap.
  14. ^abJennings, Bob."Fiat centenary something to crow over".drive.au.Archived fromthe originalon 5 October 2008.Retrieved9 March2008.
  15. ^"Fiat, a joint-stock company that soon become famous".allaboutitaly.Archived fromthe originalon 24 December 2008.Retrieved25 January2008.
  16. ^abMcCourt, Mark J."1913 Fiat Type 56".Hemmings Motor News.Retrieved24 June2019.
  17. ^ab"Inside the Poughkeepsie Fiat factory".Hemmings Motor News.Retrieved18 May2013.
  18. ^Kimes, Beverly Rae; Clark, Henry Austin Jr., eds. (1985).The Standard Catalogue of American Cars 1805–1942(2nd ed.). Krause Publications. p.38.ISBN978-0-87341-111-0.
  19. ^Kimes/Clark (1985), p. 39
  20. ^Kimes/Clark (1985), p. 551
  21. ^Kimes/Clark (1985), p. 556
  22. ^"Case New Holland, Family history".themanufacturer.Archived fromthe originalon 20 February 2009.Retrieved12 March2008.
  23. ^"Fiat SpA".britannica.Retrieved24 October2012.
  24. ^Georgano, p.151
  25. ^Georgano, p.8
  26. ^Williams, Daniel (25 January 2003)."Fiat's Giovanni Agnelli, The Italian Prince".The Washington Post.
  27. ^abCurli, Barbara (2023)."Atoms for Industry: The Early Nuclear Activities of Fiat and the Atoms for Peace Program in Italy, 1956–1959".Journal of Cold War Studies.25(3): 68–88.doi:10.1162/jcws_a_01159.ISSN1520-3972.
  28. ^abcdeRoger Bell, ed. (11 December 1976). "MotorWeek: Fiat's Arabian connection".Motor:18.
  29. ^Cowell, Alan (19 April 1993)."Corruption at Fiat Is Admitted by Chairman".The New York Times.Retrieved14 October2012.
  30. ^"Sergio Marchionne steps down as Fiat CEO".autoblog.Retrieved20 January2009.
  31. ^"FIAT S P A, Form 20-F, Filing Date Jun 30, 2006".secdatabase.Retrieved15 May2018.
  32. ^"After split with Tata Motors, Fiat begins its solo India ride".Economic Times.11 April 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 12 January 2014.Retrieved30 January2014.
  33. ^"Sergio Marchionne, Fiat's turnaround man".The Economist.1 December 2005.Retrieved13 April2008.
  34. ^Matlack, Carol (9 December 2013)."Fiat Looks to Maseratis, Jeeps, and the Cute Little 500 for a Jump-Start".Bloomberg Business Week. Archived fromthe originalon 11 December 2013.Retrieved11 December2013.
  35. ^"Fiat Reportedly Plans to Invest €9 Billion on New Models Built in Italy, Will Kill Punto".carscoops. 9 December 2013.Retrieved11 December2013.
  36. ^Simpson, Ian (16 September 2010)."Fiat shareholders approve corporate split".Reuters.Archived fromthe originalon 2 January 2016.Retrieved31 October2010.
  37. ^Snavely, Brent (25 February 2013)."Fiat downgraded by Fitch".Detroit Free Press.Retrieved25 April2013.
  38. ^Jie, Ma (10 October 2012)."Moody's lowers credit rating".Bloomberg.Retrieved25 April2013.
  39. ^"Financial Times estimate of Fiat Debt".Financial Times.Retrieved25 April2013.
  40. ^"Fiat confirms plan to acquire 35% stake in Chrysler".autonews /.Archived fromthe originalon 24 January 2009.Retrieved20 January2009.
  41. ^"20.01.2009 Fiat to take equity stake in Chrysler as alliance is announced".italiaspeed /2009.Retrieved20 January2009.
  42. ^"Press release".Fiat.Retrieved9 January2013.
  43. ^"Clarifications on certain issues relating to the Chrysler-Fiat Alliance"(PDF).fiatgroup /en-us/mediacentre.Retrieved6 December2010.
  44. ^"Fiat May Increase Chrysler Stake to 51% Before IPO".Bloomberg BusinessWeek.Archived fromthe originalon 6 January 2011.Retrieved4 January2011.
  45. ^Meichtry, Stacy; Stoll, John (20 January 2009)."Fiat Nears Stake in Chrysler That Could Lead to Takeover".The Wall Street Journal.
  46. ^Court asked to stop Chrysler sale,BBC, 7 June 2009
  47. ^Anderson, Mark H.; King, Neil Jr. (10 June 2009)."Supreme Court Won't Block Chrysler-Fiat Deal".online.wsj /article.Retrieved9 June2009.
  48. ^"Fiat increases ownership of Chrysler Group LLC"(PDF).Fiat.Retrieved9 January2013.
  49. ^"Fiat increases ownership of Chrysler Group LLC"(PDF).Fiat.Retrieved9 January2013.
  50. ^"Fiat increases its interest in Chrysler"(PDF).fiatspa.Retrieved25 May2011.
  51. ^"Fiat may buy government stakes in Chrysler soon, source says".autonews.Archived fromthe originalon 19 April 2013.Retrieved25 May2011.
  52. ^"SEC filings reveal Fiat can take its stake in Chrysler Group to over 70 percent".italiaspeed.Retrieved11 May2011.
  53. ^Sunshine, James."SEC in Chrysler Bailout, Taxpayers Likely To Lose Up To $1.3 Billion: Treasury".italiaspeed.Retrieved11 May2011.
  54. ^"Fiat increases its interest in Chrysler Group LLC to 58.5%"(PDF).fiatspa.2012.Retrieved5 January2012.
  55. ^"Fiat ownership stake in Chrysler to increase to 61.8% | Auto news | Detroit Free Press".freep. 4 July 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 17 July 2012.Retrieved28 July2012.
  56. ^"Fiat to take total control of Chrysler in $3.65bn deal".The Telegraph.London. 1 January 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 12 January 2022.Retrieved1 January2014.
  57. ^"2010 Annual Report"(PDF).Fiat S.p.A.Retrieved9 January2013.
  58. ^"GM pays $2bn to evade Fiat buyout".BBC News.14 February 2005.Retrieved7 February2014.
  59. ^"Fiat and Ford forge car alliance".BBC News.9 September 2005.Retrieved7 February2014.
  60. ^"Fiat".BBC News.23 May 2012.Retrieved23 May2012.
  61. ^"Group Structure".Fiat.Retrieved13 July2011.
  62. ^"Fiat Cinquecento named European Car of the Year".telegraph.co.uk/motoring.London. 24 November 2007.Archivedfrom the original on 12 January 2022.Retrieved21 October2009.
  63. ^"Fiat Industrial Cuts 2013 Goals on Iveco's European Sales".Bloomberg.30 April 2013.Retrieved4 February2014.
  64. ^""Fiat Professional" is the new brand name for Fiat Light Commercial Vehicles ".fiatgroupautomobilespress.Archived fromthe originalon 14 February 2009.Retrieved9 March2008.
  65. ^abcdPrintz, Larry (22 May 2018)."For a brief spell, Fiat built cars in America".The Hagerty Group. Archived fromthe originalon 24 June 2019.
  66. ^abDragone, Alex."The 9 Liter 1912 FIAT Type 55 Fleetwood Roadster".Dragone Classic Motorcars. Archived fromthe originalon 24 June 2019.
  67. ^Nicholson, Tim (May 1971),Isotta-Fraschini: the noble pride of Italy,New York, NY: Ballantine Books Inc., p. 14,ISBN0-345-02289-0
  68. ^"Modèles Fiat: Planche 05",fiat.modeles.free.fr(in French)
  69. ^Nicholson,p. 102
  70. ^abVaughan, Daniel (April 2019)."1912 Fiat Type 55 News and Information".Conceptcarz.Archived fromthe originalon 10 April 2019.
  71. ^Stromberg, Austin W., ed. (January 1928)."Larrabee Co. Buys Fiat Plant".Power Wagon.XL(277): 16.
  72. ^"Fiat Automóveis s.a. • Betim, Minas Gerais Brazil".hoovers.Retrieved24 September2011.
  73. ^"Fiat comemora a marca de 10 milhões de carros produzidos no Brasil | Carplace – Portal do Automóvel".Carplace.virgula.uol.br. 2 June 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 6 July 2011.Retrieved1 January2011.
  74. ^Bloomfield, Gerald (1978).The World Automotive Industry.Problems in Modern Geography. Newton Abbot, Devon, UK: David & Charles. p.249.ISBN0-7153-7539-3.
  75. ^Veja, Revista(13 June 1979)."O petróleo da cana"(in Portuguese). Editora Abril. Archived fromthe originalon 6 October 2008.Retrieved18 April2009.
  76. ^Lemos, William (5 February 2007)."The Brazilian ethanol model".ICIS news.Retrieved18 April2009.
  77. ^Milton Briquet Bastos (20 June 2007)."Brazil's Ethanol Program – An Insider's View".Energy Tribune. Archived fromthe originalon 10 July 2011.Retrieved18 April2009.
  78. ^"Fiat Uno production finally ends".Honest John.3 January 2014.Retrieved28 April2014.
  79. ^Adam Lashinsky and Nelson D. Schwartz (24 January 2006)."How to Beat the High Cost of Gasoline. Forever!".Fortune.Retrieved18 April2009.
  80. ^Joel Leite (4 January 2005)."Fiat em 2004: 17 lançamentos"(in Portuguese). WebMotors. Archived fromthe originalon 6 July 2011.Retrieved18 April2009.
  81. ^"Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno Tipo e Empresa—Nacionais e Importados – 2008 (Tabela 05)"(PDF)(in Portuguese). ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brasil). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 6 July 2011.Retrieved18 April2009.Sales include 564,402 automobiles and 101,212 light-duty trucks, including imports.
  82. ^Christine Lepisto (7 January 2009)."Por 7 anos consecutivos a Fiat é líder de vendas no Brasil!"(in Portuguese). MotorClube. Archived fromthe originalon 25 February 2009.Retrieved19 April2009.
  83. ^"Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2008 (Tabela 08)"(PDF)(in Portuguese). ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brasil). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 6 July 2011.Retrieved18 April2009.Sales include 564.108 flex automobiles and 92.999 light-duty trucks, including imports from Argentina.
  84. ^Lepisto, Christine (27 August 2006)."Fiat Siena Tetra Power: Your Choice of Four Fuels".Treehugger. Archived fromthe originalon 19 September 2008.Retrieved24 August2008.
  85. ^"Nouvelle Fiat Siena 2008: sans complexe"(in French). Caradisiac. 1 November 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 1 July 2008.Retrieved31 August2008.
  86. ^"Portaria Nº 143, de 27 de Junho de 2007"(in Portuguese). Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento.Retrieved5 October2008.This decree fixed the mandatory blend at 25% starting 1 July 2007
  87. ^"Lei Nº 8.723, de 28 de Outubro de 1993. Dispõe sobre a redução de emissão de poluentes por veículos automotores e dá outras providências"(in Portuguese). Casa Civil da Presidência da República. Archived fromthe originalon 20 May 2011.Retrieved5 October2008.See article 9º and modifications approved by Law Nº 10.696, 2 July 2003
  88. ^Julieta Andrea Puerto Rico (8 May 2008).Programa de Biocombustíveis no Brasil e na Colômbia: uma análise da implantação, resultados e perspectivas(Thesis) (in Portuguese). Universidade de São Paulo.doi:10.11606/D.86.2007.tde-07052008-115336.Retrieved5 October2008.PhD Dissertation Thesis, pp. 81–82
  89. ^Agência AutoInforme (19 June 2006)."Siena Tetrafuel vai custar R$41,9 mil"(in Portuguese). WebMotor. Archived fromthe originalon 10 December 2008.Retrieved14 August2008.The article argues that even though Fiat called it tetra fuel, it actually runs on three fuels: natural gas, ethanol, and gasoline, as Brazilian gasoline is an E20 to E25 blend.
  90. ^"Bunte Mischung: Wo und welche Fiat-Modelle in aller Welt produziert werden".Auto, Motor und Sport.7:15. 29 March 1978.
  91. ^"Historia de Fiat en Argentina".auto-historia.ar(in Spanish).Retrieved21 May2009.
  92. ^"Fiat Argentina to resume production of own model".Reuters.30 May 2007.Retrieved21 May2009.
  93. ^"Fiat signs agreement with Serb govt to acquire Zastava's Kragujevac plant".forbes /feeds.30 April 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 19 October 2008.Retrieved21 October2009.
  94. ^"Fiat opens 500L production line in Serbia".Reuters.16 April 2012.Retrieved24 July2012.
  95. ^"Ford Ka".Top Gear.December 2008.Retrieved30 January2014.
  96. ^"UPDATE 2-Fiat Poland to slash workforce as slack demand bites".Reuters.7 December 2012.
  97. ^"Main".Bsamachinetools. Archived fromthe originalon 8 May 2009.Retrieved27 April2009.
  98. ^"Fiat and PSA Citroën reveal new van family".fiat.co.nz.Archived fromthe originalon 15 October 2008.Retrieved18 April2009.
  99. ^"Automotive Group".koc.tr.Archived fromthe originalon 19 July 2008.Retrieved18 April2009.
  100. ^"Techno season at FIAT Caffé"(PDF).Fiat India.12 July 2012.Retrieved21 February2013.
  101. ^"About Us".fiat-india.Archived fromthe originalon 2 July 2008.Retrieved3 July2008.

45°01′57″N7°40′01″E/ 45.032580°N 7.666934°E/45.032580; 7.666934

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiat_S.p.A.&oldid=1229173054"