Fieldata
Classification | 7-bit or6-bitbasic Latinencoding |
---|---|
Preceded by | ITA 2 |
Succeeded by | US-ASCII |
FIELDATA(also written asFieldata) was a pioneering computer project run by theUS ArmySignal Corpsin the late 1950s that intended to create a single standard (as defined inMIL-STD-188A/B/C[1][2][3][4]) for collecting and distributing battlefield information. In this respect it could be thought of as a generalization of theUS Air Force'sSAGEsystem that was being created at about the same time.
Unlike SAGE, FIELDATA was intended to be much larger in scope, allowing information to be gathered from any number of sources and forms. Much of the FIELDATA system was the specifications for the format the data would take, leading to acharacter setthat would be a huge influence onASCIIa few years later.[1][5]FIELDATA also specified the message formats and even the electrical standards for connecting FIELDATA-standard machines together.
Another part of the FIELDATA project was the design and construction of computers at several different scales, from data-input terminals at one end, to theatre-wide data processing centers at the other. Several FIELDATA-standard computers were built during the lifetime of the project, including the transportableMOBIDICfromSylvania,and theBASICPACandLOGICPACfromPhilco.Another system,ARTOC,was intended to provide graphical output (in the form ofphotographic slides),[6][7][8]but was never completed.
Because FIELDATA did not specify codes for interconnection and data transmission control, different systems (like "STANDARD FORM","COMLOGNET Common language code","SACCOMNET (465L) Control Code"[9][5]) used different control functions. Intercommunication between them was difficult.[1]
FIELDATA is the original character set used internally inUNIVACcomputers of the1100 series,each six-bit character contained in six sequential bits of the 36-bit word of that computer. The direct successor to the UNIVAC 1100 is theUnisys2200 seriescomputers, which used FIELDATA (althoughASCIIis now also common with each character encoded in 1/4 of a word, or 9 bits). Because some of the FIELDATA characters are not represented in ASCII, the Unisys 2200 uses '^', ' "' and '_' characters for codes 004oct,076octand 077octrespectively.
The FIELDATA project ran from 1956[citation needed]until it was stopped during a reorganization in 1962.[citation needed]
FIELDATA characters
[edit]Military
[edit]Tag Bit (1) | Indicator Bits (2) | Detail Bits (4) | Binary Bits (1+6) | Decimal | Octal | Glyph | Name | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Supervisory code (tag bit 0) | ||||||||
0 | 00 | 0000 | 0:000000 | 0 | 000 | Blank / Idle (IDL) | ||
0 | 00 | 0001 | 0:000001 | 1 | 001 | Control Upper Case (CUC) | ||
0 | 00 | 0010 | 0:000010 | 2 | 002 | Control Lower Case (CLC) | ||
0 | 00 | 0011 | 0:000011 | 3 | 003 | Control Tab (CHT) | ||
0 | 00 | 0100 | 0:000100 | 4 | 004 | Control Carriage Return (CCR) | ||
0 | 00 | 0101 | 0:000101 | 5 | 005 | Control Space (CSP) | ||
0 | 00 | 0110 | 0:000110 | 6 | 006 | a | The first two rows of the supervisory code are not used in all applications, only where "Alpha betic supervisory information" is required.[10]COMLOGNET omits them, while SACCOMNET includes additional control characters in place of the supervisory letters.[5] | |
0 | 00 | 0111 | 0:000111 | 7 | 007 | b | ||
0 | 00 | 1000 | 0:001000 | 8 | 010 | c | ||
0 | 00 | 1001 | 0:001001 | 9 | 011 | d | ||
0 | 00 | 1010 | 0:001010 | 10 | 012 | e | ||
0 | 00 | 1011 | 0:001011 | 11 | 013 | f | ||
0 | 00 | 1100 | 0:001100 | 12 | 014 | g | ||
0 | 00 | 1101 | 0:001101 | 13 | 015 | h | ||
0 | 00 | 1110 | 0:001110 | 14 | 016 | i | ||
0 | 00 | 1111 | 0:001111 | 15 | 017 | j | ||
0 | 01 | 0000 | 0:010000 | 16 | 020 | k | ||
0 | 01 | 0001 | 0:010001 | 17 | 021 | l | ||
0 | 01 | 0010 | 0:010010 | 18 | 022 | m | ||
0 | 01 | 0011 | 0:010011 | 19 | 023 | n | ||
0 | 01 | 0100 | 0:010100 | 20 | 024 | o | ||
0 | 01 | 0101 | 0:010101 | 21 | 025 | p | ||
0 | 01 | 0110 | 0:010110 | 22 | 026 | q | ||
0 | 01 | 0111 | 0:010111 | 23 | 027 | r | ||
0 | 01 | 1000 | 0:011000 | 24 | 030 | s | ||
0 | 01 | 1001 | 0:011001 | 25 | 031 | t | ||
0 | 01 | 1010 | 0:011010 | 26 | 032 | u | ||
0 | 01 | 1011 | 0:011011 | 27 | 033 | v | ||
0 | 01 | 1100 | 0:011100 | 28 | 034 | w | ||
0 | 01 | 1101 | 0:011101 | 29 | 035 | x | ||
0 | 01 | 1110 | 0:011110 | 30 | 036 | y | ||
0 | 01 | 1111 | 0:011111 | 31 | 037 | z | ||
0 | 10 | 0000 | 0:100000 | 32 | 040 | β | Dial 0 (D0) | Graphical in COMLOGNET variant.[5] |
0 | 10 | 0001 | 0:100001 | 33 | 041 | # | Dial 1 (D1) | |
0 | 10 | 0010 | 0:100010 | 34 | 042 | t | Dial 2 (D2) | |
0 | 10 | 0011 | 0:100011 | 35 | 043 | Dial 3 (D3) | ||
0 | 10 | 0100 | 0:100100 | 36 | 044 | Dial 4 (D4) | ||
0 | 10 | 0101 | 0:100101 | 37 | 045 | @ | Dial 5 (D5) | Graphical in COMLOGNET variant. |
0 | 10 | 0110 | 0:100110 | 38 | 046 | % | Dial 6 (D6) | |
0 | 10 | 0111 | 0:100111 | 39 | 047 | ¢ | Dial 7 (D7) | |
0 | 10 | 1000 | 0:101000 | 40 | 050 | Dial 8 (D8) | BELin COMLOGNET. | |
0 | 10 | 1001 | 0:101001 | 41 | 051 | & | Dial 9 (D9) | Graphical in COMLOGNET variant. |
0 | 10 | 1010 | 0:101010 | 42 | 052 | Σ | Start of Control Block (SCB, SOC) | |
0 | 10 | 1011 | 0:101011 | 43 | 053 | ≠ | Start of Block (SBK, SOB) | |
0 | 10 | 1100 | 0:101100 | 44 | 054 | ≢ | Spare, SOD | |
0 | 10 | 1101 | 0:101101 | 45 | 055 | ° | Spare | |
0 | 10 | 1110 | 0:101110 | 46 | 056 | Spare | ||
0 | 10 | 1111 | 0:101111 | 47 | 057 | Spare, Stop | ||
0 | 11 | 0000 | 0:110000 | 48 | 060 | Ready to Transmit (RTT) | ||
0 | 11 | 0001 | 0:110001 | 49 | 061 | Ready to Receive (RTR) | ||
0 | 11 | 0010 | 0:110010 | 50 | 062 | Not Ready to Receive (NRR) | ||
0 | 11 | 0011 | 0:110011 | 51 | 063 | End of Blockette (EBE, EOBK) | ||
0 | 11 | 0100 | 0:110100 | 52 | 064 | End of Block (EBK, EOB) | ||
0 | 11 | 0101 | 0:110101 | 53 | 065 | End of File (EOF) | ||
0 | 11 | 0110 | 0:110110 | 54 | 066 | End of Control Block (ECB, EOC) | ||
0 | 11 | 0111 | 0:110111 | 55 | 067 | Acknowledge Receipt (ACK, ACR) | ||
0 | 11 | 1000 | 0:111000 | 56 | 070 | Repeat Block (RPT, RBK) | ||
0 | 11 | 1001 | 0:111001 | 57 | 071 | Spare | Ordered ISN, NISN, CWF, Spare in some variants.[5] | |
0 | 11 | 1010 | 0:111010 | 58 | 072 | Interpret Sign (INS, ISN) | ||
0 | 11 | 1011 | 0:111011 | 59 | 073 | Non-Interpret Sign (NIS, NISN) | ||
0 | 11 | 1100 | 0:111100 | 60 | 074 | Control Word Follows (CWF) | ||
0 | 11 | 1101 | 0:111101 | 61 | 075 | S.A.C. (SAC) | ||
0 | 11 | 1110 | 0:111110 | 62 | 076 | Special Character (SPC) | ASCIIESC.[5] | |
0 | 11 | 1111 | 0:111111 | 63 | 077 | Delete (DEL) | ||
Primary code (tag bit 1) | ||||||||
1 | 00 | 0000 | 1:000000 | 64 | 100 | Master Space (MS) | ||
1 | 00 | 0001 | 1:000001 | 65 | 101 | Upper Case (UC) | ||
1 | 00 | 0010 | 1:000010 | 66 | 102 | Lower Case (LC) | ||
1 | 00 | 0011 | 1:000011 | 67 | 103 | Tab (HT) | ||
1 | 00 | 0100 | 1:000100 | 68 | 104 | Carriage Return (CR) | ||
1 | 00 | 0101 | 1:000101 | 69 | 105 | Blank / Space (SP) | ||
1 | 00 | 0110 | 1:000110 | 70 | 106 | A | ||
1 | 00 | 0111 | 1:000111 | 71 | 107 | B | ||
1 | 00 | 1000 | 1:001000 | 72 | 110 | C | ||
1 | 00 | 1001 | 1:001001 | 73 | 111 | D | ||
1 | 00 | 1010 | 1:001010 | 74 | 112 | E | ||
1 | 00 | 1011 | 1:001011 | 75 | 113 | F | ||
1 | 00 | 1100 | 1:001100 | 76 | 114 | G | ||
1 | 00 | 1101 | 1:001101 | 77 | 115 | H | ||
1 | 00 | 1110 | 1:001110 | 78 | 116 | I | ||
1 | 00 | 1111 | 1:001111 | 79 | 117 | J | ||
1 | 01 | 0000 | 1:010000 | 80 | 120 | K | ||
1 | 01 | 0001 | 1:010001 | 81 | 121 | L | ||
1 | 01 | 0010 | 1:010010 | 82 | 122 | M | ||
1 | 01 | 0011 | 1:010011 | 83 | 123 | N | ||
1 | 01 | 0100 | 1:010100 | 84 | 124 | O | ||
1 | 01 | 0101 | 1:010101 | 85 | 125 | P | ||
1 | 01 | 0110 | 1:010110 | 86 | 126 | Q | ||
1 | 01 | 0111 | 1:010111 | 87 | 127 | R | ||
1 | 01 | 1000 | 1:011000 | 88 | 130 | S | ||
1 | 01 | 1001 | 1:011001 | 89 | 131 | T | ||
1 | 01 | 1010 | 1:011010 | 90 | 132 | U | ||
1 | 01 | 1011 | 1:011011 | 91 | 133 | V | ||
1 | 01 | 1100 | 1:011100 | 92 | 134 | W | ||
1 | 01 | 1101 | 1:011101 | 93 | 135 | X | ||
1 | 01 | 1110 | 1:011110 | 94 | 136 | Y | ||
1 | 01 | 1111 | 1:011111 | 95 | 137 | Z | ||
1 | 10 | 0000 | 1:100000 | 96 | 140 | ) | ||
1 | 10 | 0001 | 1:100001 | 97 | 141 | - | ||
1 | 10 | 0010 | 1:100010 | 98 | 142 | + | ||
1 | 10 | 0011 | 1:100011 | 99 | 143 | < | ||
1 | 10 | 0100 | 1:100100 | 100 | 144 | = | ||
1 | 10 | 0101 | 1:100101 | 101 | 145 | > | ||
1 | 10 | 0110 | 1:100110 | 102 | 146 | _ | & in UNIVAC. | |
1 | 10 | 0111 | 1:100111 | 103 | 147 | $ | ||
1 | 10 | 1000 | 1:101000 | 104 | 150 | * | ||
1 | 10 | 1001 | 1:101001 | 105 | 151 | ( | ||
1 | 10 | 1010 | 1:101010 | 106 | 152 | " | % in UNIVAC. | |
1 | 10 | 1011 | 1:101011 | 107 | 153 | : | ||
1 | 10 | 1100 | 1:101100 | 108 | 154 | ? | ||
1 | 10 | 1101 | 1:101101 | 109 | 155 | ! | ||
1 | 10 | 1110 | 1:101110 | 110 | 156 | , | ||
1 | 10 | 1111 | 1:101111 | 111 | 157 | Stop (ST) | ||
1 | 11 | 0000 | 1:110000 | 112 | 160 | 0 | ||
1 | 11 | 0001 | 1:110001 | 113 | 161 | 1 | ||
1 | 11 | 0010 | 1:110010 | 114 | 162 | 2 | ||
1 | 11 | 0011 | 1:110011 | 115 | 163 | 3 | ||
1 | 11 | 0100 | 1:110100 | 116 | 164 | 4 | ||
1 | 11 | 0101 | 1:110101 | 117 | 165 | 5 | ||
1 | 11 | 0110 | 1:110110 | 118 | 166 | 6 | ||
1 | 11 | 0111 | 1:110111 | 119 | 167 | 7 | ||
1 | 11 | 1000 | 1:111000 | 120 | 170 | 8 | ||
1 | 11 | 1001 | 1:111001 | 121 | 171 | 9 | ||
1 | 11 | 1010 | 1:111010 | 122 | 172 | ' | ||
1 | 11 | 1011 | 1:111011 | 123 | 173 | ; | ||
1 | 11 | 1100 | 1:111100 | 124 | 174 | / | ||
1 | 11 | 1101 | 1:111101 | 125 | 175 | . | ||
1 | 11 | 1110 | 1:111110 | 126 | 176 | Special Character (SPEC) | ||
1 | 11 | 1111 | 1:111111 | 127 | 177 | Backspace (BS) |
UNIVAC
[edit]The code version used on the UNIVAC was based on the second half (primary code) of the military version with some changes.[11]
Indicator Bits (2) | Detail Bits (4) | Binary Bits (6) | Decimal | Octal | Glyph | Name | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
00 | 0000 | 000000 | 0 | 00 | @ | Sometimes switched with Δ[11] | |
00 | 0001 | 000001 | 1 | 01 | [ | ||
00 | 0010 | 000010 | 2 | 02 | ] | ||
00 | 0011 | 000011 | 3 | 03 | # | Line Feed (LF) on 1107 and 1108[11] | |
00 | 0100 | 000100 | 4 | 04 | Δ | Delta | Carriage Return (CR) on 1107 and 1108[11] |
00 | 0101 | 000101 | 5 | 05 | Blank / Space (SP) | ||
00 | 0110 | 000110 | 6 | 06 | A | ||
00 | 0111 | 000111 | 7 | 07 | B | ||
00 | 1000 | 001000 | 8 | 10 | C | ||
00 | 1001 | 001001 | 9 | 11 | D | ||
00 | 1010 | 001010 | 10 | 12 | E | ||
00 | 1011 | 001011 | 11 | 13 | F | ||
00 | 1100 | 001100 | 12 | 14 | G | ||
00 | 1101 | 001101 | 13 | 15 | H | ||
00 | 1110 | 001110 | 14 | 16 | I | ||
00 | 1111 | 001111 | 15 | 17 | J | ||
01 | 0000 | 010000 | 16 | 20 | K | ||
01 | 0001 | 010001 | 17 | 21 | L | ||
01 | 0010 | 010010 | 18 | 22 | M | ||
01 | 0011 | 010011 | 19 | 23 | N | ||
01 | 0100 | 010100 | 20 | 24 | O | ||
01 | 0101 | 010101 | 21 | 25 | P | ||
01 | 0110 | 010110 | 22 | 26 | Q | ||
01 | 0111 | 010111 | 23 | 27 | R | ||
01 | 1000 | 011000 | 24 | 30 | S | ||
01 | 1001 | 011001 | 25 | 31 | T | ||
01 | 1010 | 011010 | 26 | 32 | U | ||
01 | 1011 | 011011 | 27 | 33 | V | ||
01 | 1100 | 011100 | 28 | 34 | W | ||
01 | 1101 | 011101 | 29 | 35 | X | ||
01 | 1110 | 011110 | 30 | 36 | Y | ||
01 | 1111 | 011111 | 31 | 37 | Z | ||
10 | 0000 | 100000 | 32 | 40 | ) | ||
10 | 0001 | 100001 | 33 | 41 | - | ||
10 | 0010 | 100010 | 34 | 42 | + | ||
10 | 0011 | 100011 | 35 | 43 | < | ||
10 | 0100 | 100100 | 36 | 44 | = | ||
10 | 0101 | 100101 | 37 | 45 | > | ||
10 | 0110 | 100110 | 38 | 46 | & | Changed from _ in military version. | |
10 | 0111 | 100111 | 39 | 47 | $ | ||
10 | 1000 | 101000 | 40 | 50 | * | ||
10 | 1001 | 101001 | 41 | 51 | ( | ||
10 | 1010 | 101010 | 42 | 52 | % | Changed from "in military version. | |
10 | 1011 | 101011 | 43 | 53 | : | ||
10 | 1100 | 101100 | 44 | 54 | ? | ||
10 | 1101 | 101101 | 45 | 55 | ! | ||
10 | 1110 | 101110 | 46 | 56 | , | ||
10 | 1111 | 101111 | 47 | 57 | \ | Stop sign (🛑︎) on 1107 and 1108[11] | |
11 | 0000 | 110000 | 48 | 60 | 0 | ||
11 | 0001 | 110001 | 49 | 61 | 1 | ||
11 | 0010 | 110010 | 50 | 62 | 2 | ||
11 | 0011 | 110011 | 51 | 63 | 3 | ||
11 | 0100 | 110100 | 52 | 64 | 4 | ||
11 | 0101 | 110101 | 53 | 65 | 5 | ||
11 | 0110 | 110110 | 54 | 66 | 6 | ||
11 | 0111 | 110111 | 55 | 67 | 7 | ||
11 | 1000 | 111000 | 56 | 70 | 8 | ||
11 | 1001 | 111001 | 57 | 71 | 9 | ||
11 | 1010 | 111010 | 58 | 72 | ' | ||
11 | 1011 | 111011 | 59 | 73 | ; | ||
11 | 1100 | 111100 | 60 | 74 | / | ||
11 | 1101 | 111101 | 61 | 75 | . | ||
11 | 1110 | 111110 | 62 | 76 | ⌑ | Lozenge | |
11 | 1111 | 111111 | 63 | 77 | ≠ | Not Equal | Idle character (IDLE) on some models[11] |
Character map
[edit]Military version
[edit]The following table is representative of a reference version of the military set, as described inLeubbert (1960b).Various other variants exist, with in some cases dramatic differences in the supervisory code (the first four rows 0–3).[5]The letters in the first two rows are intended for use in "Alpha betic supervisory information".[10]
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
0x | IDL | CUC | CLC | CHT | CCR | CSP | a 0061 |
b 0062 |
c 0063 |
d 0064 |
e 0065 |
f 0066 |
g 0067 |
h 0068 |
i 0069 |
j 006A |
1x | k 006B |
l 006C |
m 006D |
n 006E |
o 006F |
p 0070 |
q 0071 |
r 0072 |
s 0073 |
t 0074 |
u 0075 |
v 0076 |
w 0077 |
x 0078 |
y 0079 |
z 007A |
2x | D0 | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 | D8 | D9 | SCB | SBK | ||||
3x | RTT | RTR | NRR | EBE | EBK | EOF | ECB | ACK | RPT | INS | NIS | CWF | SAC | SPC | DEL | |
4x | MS | UC | LC | HT | CR | SP | A 0041 |
B 0042 |
C 0043 |
D 0044 |
E 0045 |
F 0046 |
G 0047 |
H 0048 |
I 0049 |
J 004A |
5x | K 004B |
L 004C |
M 004D |
N 004E |
O 004F |
P 0050 |
Q 0051 |
R 0052 |
S 0053 |
T 0054 |
U 0055 |
V 0056 |
W 0057 |
X 0058 |
Y 0059 |
Z 005A |
6x | ) 0029 |
- 002D |
+ 002B |
< 003C |
= 003D |
> 003E |
_ 005F |
$ 0024 |
* 002A |
( 0028 |
" 0022 |
: 003A |
? 003F |
! 0021 |
, 002C |
STOP |
7x | 0 0030 |
1 0031 |
2 0032 |
3 0033 |
4 0034 |
5 0035 |
6 0036 |
7 0037 |
8 0038 |
9 0039 |
' 0027 |
; 003B |
/ 002F |
. 002E |
SPEC | BS |
UNIVAC version
[edit]The code version used on the UNIVAC was based on the second half (6-bit primary code) of the military version with some changes.[11]
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
0x | @ 0040 |
[ 005B |
] 005D |
#/LF | Δ/CR | SP | A 0041 |
B 0042 |
C 0043 |
D 0044 |
E 0045 |
F 0046 |
G 0047 |
H 0048 |
I 0049 |
J 004A |
1x | K 004B |
L 004C |
M 004D |
N 004E |
O 004F |
P 0050 |
Q 0051 |
R 0052 |
S 0053 |
T 0054 |
U 0055 |
V 0056 |
W 0057 |
X 0058 |
Y 0059 |
Z 005A |
2x | ) 0029 |
- 002D |
+ 002B |
< 003C |
= 003D |
> 003E |
& 0026 |
$ 0024 |
* 002A |
( 0028 |
% 0025 |
: 003A |
? 003F |
! 0021 |
, 002C |
\/🛑︎ 005C |
3x | 0 0030 |
1 0031 |
2 0032 |
3 0033 |
4 0034 |
5 0035 |
6 0036 |
7 0037 |
8 0038 |
9 0039 |
' 0027 |
; 003B |
/ 002F |
. 002E |
⌑ 2311 |
≠/IDL |
Footnotes
[edit]- ^abcMackenzie 1980.
- ^Military Communication System Technical Standard, MIL-STD-188A,1958-04-25
- ^Military Communication System Technical Standard, MIL-STD-188B,1964-02-24
- ^Military Communication System Technical Standard, MIL-STD-188C,1969-11-24
- ^abcdefghJennings 2020.
- ^Kent, Allen; Lancour, Harold (1971).Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Volume 5 - Circulation to Coordinate Inde xing.CRC Press. pp. 395, 398.ISBN9780824720056.
- ^"Army Tactical Operations Central (ARTOC) information system".sr-ix.
- ^"THE ARTOC".Man in Command Information Processing Systems--A Research Program.1963. pp. 1–4.
- ^International Telephone & Telegraph Corporation(ITT) (1968).Reference Data for Radio Engineers(5 ed.).Howard W. Sams and Co.pp. Appendix.ISBN978-0-672-20678-8.Retrieved2016-05-23.
- ^abLeubbert 1960a,p. 196.
- ^abcdefghWalker 1996.
- ^Leubbert 1960b.
References and further reading
[edit]- Fleming, George; James, Nathan L. (2002-12-17)."Univac Fieldata Codes".1.0. Greenbelt, USA:National Space Science Data Center(NSSDC),NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.Archivedfrom the original on 2016-05-24.Retrieved2016-05-24.
- Haralambous, Yannis (September 2007).Fonts & Encodings.Translated by Horne, P. Scott (1st ed.). Sebastopol, California, USA:O'Reilly Media, Inc.p. 29.ISBN978-0-596-10242-5.
- Jennings, Thomas Daniel(2020-03-17) [1999]."An annotated history of some character codes or ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Infiltration".Sensitive research (SR-IX).Retrieved2020-03-17.
- Leubbert, William F. (1960a) [1959-12-01/03 (International Workshop on Managing Requirements Knowledge)]. Written atU.S. Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory,Fort Monmouth,New Jersey, USA.Data Transmission Equipment Concepts for FIELDATA(PDF).1959 Proceedings of the Western Joint Computer Conference (WJCC). Boston, USA:American Federation of Information Processing Societies(AFIPS). pp. 189–196.doi:10.1109/AFIPS.1959.27.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2016-05-23.Retrieved2016-05-23.[1][2]
- Leubbert, William F. (September 1960b). "Data Processing as a Tool for Generalizing Communications Systems".Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Part I: Communication and Electronics.79(4): 431–436.doi:10.1109/TCE.1960.6367290.S2CID51649324.
- Mackenzie, Charles E. (1980).Coded Character Sets, History and Development(PDF).The Systems Programming Series (1 ed.).Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.pp. 61, 64, 86.ISBN978-0-201-14460-4.LCCN77-90165.Archived(PDF)from the original on May 26, 2016.RetrievedAugust 25,2019.
- Walker, John (1996-08-06)."UNIVAC 1100 Series FIELDATA Code".UNIVAC Memories.Archivedfrom the original on 2016-05-22.Retrieved2016-05-22.