First Battle of Porto

First Battle of Porto
Part of thePeninsular War
Marshall Soult surveys the broken bridge as Oporto falls to the French on 29 March 1809. In the foreground a grenadier rescues an orphaned baby.
Date 29 March 1809 Location Porto,Portugal 41°9′43.71″N8°37′19.03″W Result French victory
Belligerents
Portugal	French Empire
Commanders and leaders
Caetano José Vaz Parreiras	Jean de Dieu Soult
Strength
30,000	16,000
Casualties and losses
8,000-10,000 killed Unknown wounded	500 killed or wounded

Peninsular war:Second French invasion

100km
62miles

Sanpayo

6

Grijó

5

Porto

4

Braga

3

Villafranca

2

Chaves

1

  

current battle

In theFirst Battle of Porto(29 March 1809) theFrenchunderMarshal Soultdefeated thePortuguese,under General Parreiras, outside the city ofPortoduring thePeninsular War.Soult followed up his success by storming the city.

Background

TheSecond Portuguese campaignstarted with theBattle of Braga.

Soult's invasion of Portugal

Troop movements

After theBattle of Corunna,Napoleonordered MarshalNicolas Soultto invade Portugal from the north. He was to seizePortoby 1 February andLisbonby 10 February. Napoleon failed to take into account both the wretched condition and the roads or the fact that a full-scaleguerrilla warhad broken out in NorthernPortugalandSpain.

Battle of Porto reenactment, in 2009

Soult'sII Corpshad four infantry divisions, commanded byGenerals of DivisionPierre Hugues Victoire Merle,Julien Augustin Joseph Mermet,Étienne Heudelet de Bierre,andHenri François Delaborde.Merle had four battalions each of the 2nd Light, 4th Light and 15th Line Infantry Regiments and three battalions of the 36th Line. Mermet's division included four battalions each of the 31st Light, 47th Line, and 122nd Line, and one battalion each of the 3rd, 4th and 5th Swiss Regiments. Heudelet led two battalions each of the 22nd Line and 66th Line, one battalion each of the 15th Light, 32nd Light, 82nd Line,Légion du Midi,Paris Guard, and Hanoverian Legion. Delaborde's command comprised three battalions each of the 17th Light, 70th Line, and 86th Line. General of DivisionJean Baptiste Marie Franceschi-Delonneled Soult's corps cavalry, the 1st Hussar, 8th Dragoon, 22nd Chasseur à Cheval, and Hanoverian Chasseur Regiments. Attached were General of DivisionArmand Lebrun de La Houssaye's 3rd Dragoon Division and General of DivisionJean Thomas Guillaume Lorge's 4th Dragoon Division. The 3rd Dragoon Division was made up of the 17th, 18th, 19th and 27th Dragoon Regiments. The 4th Dragoon Division consisted of the 13th, 15th, 22nd and 25th Dragoon Regiments.In all, Soult had 23,500 men, including 3,100 cavalry.

Soult's first attempt to invade Portugal was stopped by the local militia on 16 February. The French then moved northeast toOurensein Spain, seized an unguarded bridge and marched south. On the way, Franceschi's cavalry overran Major GeneralNicolás Mahy's Spanish brigade atLa Trepaon 6 March, inflicting 700 casualties. The French crossed into Portugal and occupiedChaveson 9 March.

From Chaves, Soult moved west toPóvoa de Lanhosowhere he was confronted byBaron Eben's 25,000-man army composed mostly of Portuguese militia armed with muskets, pikes, and agricultural implements. After waiting several days for all his troops to arrive, Soult went over to the attack. On 20 March 1809, at theBattle of Bragathe French veterans butchered their adversaries. The outmatched Portuguese lost 4,000 killed and 400 captured. The French, who lost 40 killed and 160 wounded, also seized 17 Portuguese cannons.

Battle

Bishop Castro organized an army of 24,000 men to defend Porto.

Generals Lima and Parreiras commanded two battalions, each of the 6th, 18th and 21st Infantry Regiments, and one battalion of the 9th and other units. The 4,500 Portuguese regulars were supported by 10,000ordenanças(militia) and 9,000 armed citizens. When Soult hurled Merle, Mermet, Heudelet, Franceschi and Lahoussaye at the Portuguese deployed north of the city, on the weakest part of the Portuguese line of defence, Castro's force soon dissolved and the battle became a massacre. The Portuguese tried to escape from the French in the city but were chased by the French cavalry through the streets, and their regular units were annihilated.

Thousands of fleeing civilians drowned when a bridge of boats across the Douro River (as soon as some Portuguese units started to sabotage the bridge to prevent the French from crossing the river) collapsed because of their weight and of Portuguese artillery fire (coming from the left side of the Douro) who were aiming at the French cavalry behind the Portuguese soldiers and citizens.

In the roadstead, Soult captured a squadron of Spanish naval vessels and 30 merchant ships. The French also found large stockpiles of British military stores. In the battle and storming of the city, the French lost 72 officers and 2,000 rank and file casualties. The Portuguese lost about 8,000 killed and 197 cannons captured.

Soult did not have very long to enjoy his success; Almost at once, theordenançascut his communications with Spain and a 1,800-man garrison was forced to capitulate toFrancisco Silveira'sPortuguese force in theSiege of Chaves.The French marshal started planning a retreat.

Aftermath

TheSecond Portuguese campaignproceeded with theBattle of Grijó.Porto was retaken by the British and Portuguese underWellesleyin theSecond Battle of Porto.

See also

• Timeline of the Peninsular War

Bibliography

• Bodart, Gaston (1908).Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618-1905).Retrieved19 May2021.
• Buttery, David (2016).Wellington Against Soult: The Second Invasion of Portugal, 1809.Pen and Sword.
• Esdaile, Charles J. (2003).The Peninsular War.Palgrave MacMillan.ISBN9781403962317.Retrieved19 May2021.
• Glover, Michael (1974).The Peninsular War 1807-1814.Penguin.
• Smith, Digby (1998).The Napoleonic Wars Data Book.Greenhill.

Further reading

• Hickock, William; York, Edward (1974).York's Military History of the Peninsular War.
• Conquêtes, désastres, revers et guerres civiles des Français, de 1792 à 1815, par une société de militaires et de gens de lettres.Paris: C. L. F. Panckoucke. 1820. pp. 16–18.

External links

• Media related toFirst Battle of Portoat Wikimedia Commons

Preceded by Battle of Ciudad Real

Napoleonic Wars First Battle of Porto

Succeeded by Battle of Medellín