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Flight attendant

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This article is about the occupation. Not to be confused withThe Flight AttendantorThe Flight Attendant(novel).
"Cabin crew", "Stewardess", "Stewardesses", and "Air hostess" redirect here. For the music duo, seeCabin Crew.For the 1967 film, seeStewardess(film).For the 1969 film, seeThe Stewardesses.For other uses, seeAir Hostess (disambiguation).

AnAustrian Airlinesflight attendant directing a passenger to his seat

Aflight attendant,traditionally known as asteward(MASC) orstewardess(FEM); orair host(MASC) orhostess(FEM), is a member of theaircrewaboardcommercial flights,manybusiness jetsand some government aircraft.[1][2]Collectively calledcabin crew,flight attendants are primarily responsible for passenger safety and comfort.

History[edit]

Dutch stewardesses, Istanbul, 1959

The role of a flight attendant derives from that of similar positions on passenger ships orpassenger trains,but it has more direct involvement with passengers because of the confined quarters onaircraft.Additionally, the job of a flight attendant revolves around safety to a much greater extent than those of similar staff on other forms of transportation. Flight attendants on board a flight collectively form acabin crew,as distinguished frompilotsandengineersin thecockpit.

The GermanHeinrich Kubiswas the world's first flight attendant, in 1912.[3]Kubis first attended to the passengers on board the DELAG ZeppelinLZ 10Schwaben.He also attended to the famousLZ 129Hindenburgand was on board when it burst into flames. He survived by jumping out a window when it neared the ground.[4]

Origins of the word "steward" in transportation are reflected in the term "chief steward"as used inmaritime transportterminology. The termpurserand chief steward are often used interchangeably describing personnel with similar duties among seafaring occupations. This lingual derivation results from the internationalBritishmaritime tradition (i.e.chief mate) dating back to the 14th century and the civilianUnited States Merchant Marineon which US aviation is somewhat modelled. Due tointernational conventionsand agreements, in which all ships' personnel who sail internationally are similarlydocumentedby their respective countries, the U.S. Merchant Marine assigns such duties to the chief steward in the overallrankandcommand structureof which pursers are not positionally represented or rostered.

Nelly Diener,the first air stewardess in Europe, hired in May 1934. She was killed on the plane pictured behind her, in the July1934 Swissair Tuttlingen accident.

Imperial Airwaysof the United Kingdom had "cabin boys" or "stewards"; in the 1920s.[5]In the US, Stout Airways was the first to employ stewards in 1926, working onFord Trimotorplanes betweenDetroitandGrand Rapids, Michigan.Western Airlines(1928) andPan American World Airways(Pan Am) (1929) were the first US carriers to employ stewards to serve food. Ten-passengerFokkeraircraft used in theCaribbeanhad stewards in the era of gambling trips toHavana, CubafromKey West, Florida.Lead flight attendants would in many instances also perform the role of purser, steward, or chief steward in modern aviation terminology.

The first female flight attendant was a 25-year-oldregistered nursenamedEllen Church.[6]Hired byUnited Airlinesin 1930,[7]she also first envisionednurseson aircraft. Other airlines followed suit, hiring nurses to serve as flight attendants, then called "stewardesses" or "air hostesses", on most of their flights. In the United States, the job was one of only a few in the 1930s to permit women, which, coupled with theGreat Depression,led to large numbers of applicants for the few positions available. Two thousand women applied for just 43 positions offered byTranscontinental and Western Airlinesin December 1935.[8]

Washing dishes during a Qantas Airlines flight, 1949

Female flight attendants rapidly replaced male ones, and by 1936, they had all but taken over the role.[7]They were selected not only for their knowledge but also for their physical characteristics.[9]A 1936New York Timesarticle described the requirements:

The girls who qualify for hostesses must be petite; weight 100 to 118 pounds; height 5 feet to 5 feet 4 inches; age 20 to 26 years. Add to that the rigid physical examination each must undergo four times every year, and you are assured of the bloom that goes with perfect health.[7]

Three decades later, a 1966New York Timesclassified adfor stewardesses at Eastern Airlines listed these requirements:

A high school graduate, single (widows and divorcees with no children considered), 20 years of age (girls 191⁄2may apply for future consideration). 5'2 "but no more than 5'9", weight 105 to 135 in proportion to height and have at least 20/40 vision without glasses.[10]

Appearance was considered one of the most important factors to become a stewardess. At that time, airlines believed that the exploitation of female sexuality would increase their profits; thus the uniforms of female flight attendants were often formfitting, complete with white gloves and high heels.[11]

Flight attendant circa 1970

In the United States, they were required to be unmarried and were fired if they decided to wed.[8]The requirement to be aregistered nurseon an American airline was relaxed as more women were hired,[8]and disappeared almost entirely duringWorld War IIas many nurses joinedmilitary nursecorps.

Ruth Carol Taylorwas thefirst African-Americanflight attendant in the United States.[12]Hired in December 1957,[13]on 11 February 1958, Taylor was the flight attendant on aMohawk Airlinesflight fromIthacato New York, the first time such a position had been held by an African American.[14]She was let go within six months as a result of Mohawk's then-common marriage ban.[15]Patricia Banks-Edmistonbecame the first black flight attendant forCapitol Airlinesin 1960 following a legal complaint which resulted in the airline being required to hire her.[16]

The U.S.Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's first complainants were female flight attendants complaining of age discrimination, weight requirements, and bans on marriage.[17](Originally female flight attendants were fired if they reached age 32 or 35 depending on the airline, were fired if they exceeded weight regulations, and were required to be single upon hiring and fired if they got married.[18]) In 1968, the EEOC declared age restrictions on flight attendants' employment to be illegal sex discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[19]Also in 1968, the EEOC ruled that sex was not a bona fide occupational requirement to be a flight attendant.[20]The restriction of hiring only women was lifted at all airlines in 1971 due to the decisive court case ofDiaz vs. Pan Am.[21]TheAirline Deregulation Actwas passed in 1978, and the no-marriage rule was eliminated throughout the US airline industry by the 1980s.[22]The last such broad categorical discrimination, the weight restrictions,[23]were relaxed in the 1990s through litigation and negotiations.[24]Airlines still often have vision and height requirements and may require flight attendants to pass a medical evaluation.[25]

Overview[edit]

The role of a flight attendant is to "provide routine services and respond to emergencies to ensure the safety and comfort of airline passengers".[26]

Typically flight attendants require holding a high school diploma or equivalent, and in the United States, the median annual wage for flight attendants was $50,500 in May 2017, higher than the median for all workers of $37,690.[26][27]

The number of flight attendants required on flights is mandated by each country's regulations. In the US, for light planes with 19 or fewer seats, or, if weighing more than 7,500 pounds, 9 or fewer seats, no flight attendant is needed; on larger aircraft, one flight attendant per 50 passenger seats is required.[28]

The majority of flight attendants for most airlines are female, though a substantial number of males have entered the industry since 1980.[29]

Responsibilities[edit]

AnEgyptAirflight attendant performing apre-flight safety demonstration

Prior to each flight, flight attendants and pilots go over safety and emergency checklists, the locations of emergency equipment and other features specific to that aircraft type. Boarding particulars are verified, such as special needs passengers, small children travelling alone, or VIPs. Weather conditions are discussed including anticipatedturbulence.A safety check is conducted to ensure equipment such aslife-vests,torches(flash lights) and firefighting equipment are on board and in proper condition. They monitor thecabinfor any unusual smells or situations. They assist with the loading ofcarry-on baggage,checking for weight, size anddangerous goods.They make sure those sitting inemergency exit rowsare willing and able to assist in an evacuation. They then give asafety demonstrationor monitor passengers as they watch a safety video. They then must "secure the cabin" ensuring tray tables are stowed,seatsare in their upright positions, armrests down and carry-ons stowed correctly and seat belts are fastened prior to take-off.[30]

Aeroflotflight attendant,Belgrade(2017)

Once up in the air, flight attendants will usually serve drinks and/or food to passengers using anairline service trolley.The duty has led to the mildly derogatory slang term "trolley dolly".[31]When not performing customer service duties, flight attendants must periodically conduct cabin checks and listen for any unusual noises or situations. Checks must also be done on the lavatory to ensure thesmoke detectorhas not been disabled or destroyed and to restock supplies as needed. Regular cockpit checks must be done to ensure the health and safety of the pilot(s). They must also respond to call lights dealing with special requests. During turbulence, flight attendants must ensure the cabin is secure. Prior to landing, all loose items, trays and rubbish must be collected and secured along with service andgalleyequipment. All hot liquids must be disposed of. A final cabin check must then be completed prior tolanding.It is vital that flight attendants remain aware as the majority of emergencies occur during take-off and landing.[32]Upon landing, flight attendants must remain stationed at exits and monitor the airplane and cabin as passengers disembark the plane. They also assist any special needs passengers and small children off the airplane and escort children, while following the proper paperwork and ID process to escort them to the designated person picking them up.

Flight attendants forGermanwingsdelivering in-flight services

Flight attendants are trained to deal with a wide variety of emergencies, and are trained infirst aid.More frequent situations may include a bleeding nose, illness, small injuries, intoxicated passengers, aggressive and anxiety stricken passengers. Emergency training includesrejected take-offs,emergency landings,cardiac and in-flight medical situations, smoke in the cabin, fires,depressurization,on-board births and deaths, dangerous goods and spills in the cabin,emergency evacuations,hijackings,andwater landings.[citation needed]

Cabin chimes and overhead panel lights[edit]

On most commercial airliners, flight attendants receive various forms of notification on board the aircraft in the form ofaudible chimesand coloured lights above their stations. While the colours and chimes are not universal and may vary between airlines and aircraft types, these colours and chimes are generally the most commonly used:

  • Pink(Boeing) orRed(Airbus): interphone calls from the cockpit to a flight attendant and/or interphone calls between two flight attendants, the latter case if a green light is not present or being used for the same purpose (steady with high-low chime), or all services emergency call (flashing with repeated high-low chime). On some airlines Airbus' aircraft (such asDelta Air Lines), this light is accompanied by a high-medium-low chime to indicate a call to all flight attendant stations. TheBoeing 787uses a separate red light to indicate asterile flight deckwhile using pink for interphone calls from the cockpit.
  • Blue:call from passenger in seat (steady with single high chime).
  • Amber:call from passenger in lavatory (steady with single high chime), or lavatory smoke detector set off (flashing with repeated high chime).
  • Green:on some aircraft (some airlines Airbus aircraft, and the Boeing 787), this colour is used to indicate interphone calls between two flight attendants, distinguishing them from the pink or red light used for interphone calls made from the flight deck to a flight attendant, and is also accompanied with a high-low chime like the pink or red light. On the Boeing 787, a flashing green light with a repeated high-low chime is used to indicate a call to all flight attendant stations.

Chief purser[edit]

The chief purser (CP), also titled as in-flight service manager (ISM), flight service manager (FSM), customer service manager (CSM) or cabin service director (CSD) is the senior flight attendant in the chain of command of flight attendants. While not necessarily the most-senior crew members on a flight (in years of service to their respective carrier), chief pursers can have varying levels of "in-flight" or "on board" bidding seniority or tenure in relation to their flying partners. To reach this position, a crew member requires some minimum years of service as flight attendant. Further training is mandatory, and chief pursers typically earn a higher salary than flight attendants because of the added responsibility and managerial role.

Purser[edit]

Thepurseris in charge of the cabin crew, in a specific section of a larger aircraft, or the whole aircraft itself (if the purser is the highest ranking). On board a larger aircraft, pursers assist the chief purser in managing the cabin. Pursers are flight attendants or a related job, typically with an airline for several years prior to application for, and further training to become a purser, and normally earn a higher salary than flight attendants because of the added responsibility and supervisory role.

Qualifications[edit]

Training[edit]

Minimum entry requirements for a career as a flight attendant is usually the completion of thefinal year of high school;e.g.theInternational Baccalaureate.Many prospective attendants have a post-secondary schooldiplomain an area such as tourism and a number holddegreeshaving worked in other occupations, often as teachers. Graduates holding degrees, including those with studies in one or moreforeign languages,communication studies,business studies,public relationsornursingcan be favoured by employers.[33][34]

Flight attendants are normally trained in thehubor headquarters city of an airline over a period that may run from four weeks to six months, depending on the country and airline. The main focus of training is safety, and attendants are evaluated for each type of aircraft in which they work. One of the most elaborate training facilities wasBreech Academy,whichTrans World Airlines(TWA) opened in 1969 inOverland Park, Kansas.Other airlines also sent their attendants to the school. However, during the fare wars, the school's viability declined and it closed around 1988.

Safety training includes, but is not limited to: emergency passenger evacuation management, use of evacuation slides/life rafts, in-flightfirefighting,first aid,CPR,defibrillation,ditching/emergency landing procedures,decompression emergencies,crew resource management,and security.

In the United States, theFederal Aviation Administrationrequires flight attendants on aircraft with 20 or more seats and used by an air carrier for transportation to hold aCertificate of Demonstrated Proficiency.It shows that a level of required training has been met. It is not limited to the air carrier at which the attendant is employed (although some initial documents showed the airlines where the holders were working), and is the attendant's personal property. It does have two ratings, Group 1 and Group 2 (listed on the certificate as "Group I" and "Group II" ). Either or both of these may be earned depending upon the general type of aircraft, (propellerorturbojet), on which the holder has trained.[35]

There are also training schools, not affiliated with any particular airline, where students generally not only undergo generic, though otherwise practically identical, training to flight attendants employed by an airline, but also take curriculum modules to help them gain employment. These schools often use actual airline equipment for their lessons, though some are equipped with full simulator cabins capable of replicating a number of emergency situations. In some countries, such as France, adegreeis required, together with theCertificat de formation à la sécurité(Safety training certificate).[36]

Language[edit]

Multilingualflight attendants are often in demand to accommodate international travellers. The languages most in demand, other than English, are French, Russian,Hindi,Spanish,Mandarin,Cantonese,Bengali,Japanese, Arabic, German, Portuguese, Italian, and Turkish.[37]In the United States, airlines with international routes pay an additional stipend for language skills on top of flight pay, and some airlines hire specifically for certain languages when launching international destinations.Carole Middletonrecalled when interviewed in 2018 that "you had to be able to speak another language" when working in the industry in the 1970s.[38]

Height[edit]

Most airlines have height requirements for safety reasons, making sure that all flight attendants can reach overhead safety equipment. Typically, the acceptable height for this is over 152 cm but under 185 cm tall. Regional carriers using small aircraft with low ceilings can have height restrictions. .[39] Some airlines, such asEVA Air,have height requirements for purelyaestheticpurposes.

Presentation[edit]

Garuda Indonesiaflight attendants in uniform featuringkebaya

A flight attendant's presentation has changed over the decades. Many early uniforms had a strongly military appearance; hats,jackets,andskirtsshowed simple straight lines and military details likeepaulettesand brass buttons. Many uniforms had a summer and winter version, differentiated bycoloursandfabricsappropriate to theseason:navy bluefor winter, for example,khakifor summer. But as the role of women in the air grew, and airline companies began to realise thepublicityvalue of their female flight attendants, more feminine lines and colours began to appear in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Some airlines began to commission designs from high-enddepartment storesand still others called in noteddesignersor evenmillinersto create distinctive and attractive apparel. During the 1960s,Pacific Southwest Airlines(PSA) was known for brightly coloured female flight attendant uniforms that included shortminiskirts.In the early 1970s, the uniform changed tohotpants.[40]

Haute couture[edit]

In the 1930s, the first flight attendantuniformswere designed to be durable, practical, and inspire confidence in passengers with the first female flight attendants dressing in uniforms resemblingnurses' outfits. The first female flight attendants forUnited Airlineswore green berets, green capes and nurse's shoes and other airlines, such asEastern Air Lines,actually dressed female flight attendants innurses' uniforms.[41]However, by the 1960s a number of airlines were promoting their flight attendant's uniforms as evoking the refinement ofHaute couture.In March 1962,Air Francelaunched a new model designed by Marc Bohan atDior,introducing the "Air France" model into its Haute couture collection.[42]Hainan Airlinesdebuted their new flight attendant's uniforms at the 2017 Laurence Xu Haute Couture Show at Paris Couture Week in 2017.[43]

During the 1960s,Pacific Southwest Airlines(PSA) was known for brightly coloured female flight attendant uniforms that included shortminiskirts.In the early 1970s, the uniform changed tohotpants.[40]Photo shows PSA flight attendants in 1960s.

Since the 1980s, Asian airlines, especially national flag carrier ones, usually feature thetraditional dressand fabrics of their respective country in their female flight attendants' uniform. It was meant as a marketing strategy to showcase their national culture as well as to convey welcoming warmth and hospitality. For example,Thai Airwaysflight attendants are required to change from their corporate purple suits into traditional Thai costume prior to passengers boarding.[44]While the uniform ofGaruda Indonesiafemale flight attendants is a modifiedkebaya,inspired by the traditionalbatikmotif ofParang Gondosuli,the motif is calledLereng Garuda Indonesia.[45]MalaysianandSingapore Airlinesflight attendants wearbatikprints in their uniform.Vietnam Airlinesflight attendants wear redáo dàiandAir Indiaflight attendants wear asarion all passenger flights.

Uniform and makeup[edit]

During the mid-1990s, several US-based airlines required female flight attendants to wear shoes with heels. Minimum heel heights ranged from one-half inch to the two inches mandated byUSAir.[46]Flight attendants at times avoided censure by changing into more comfortable shoes during flights, since their supervisors were less likely to be present there.[47]

In 2015, the Israeli airlineEl Alintroduced a requirement that female flight attendants wear high heels until passengers had been seated.[48]The airline's workers' union stated that the requirement would endanger the health and safety of the flight attendants and instructed its members to ignore the rule. Later that year the requirement was removed.[49]

Until 2016, some female crew members onBritish Airwayswere required to wear British Airways' standard "ambassador" uniform, which has not traditionally included trousers.[50]

In 2019,Virgin Atlanticbegan to allow its female flight attendants to wear trousers and not wear makeup.[51]

In 2023,Qantasdeclared that it had ended uniform rules based on gender. Female flight attendants are no longer required to wear high heels, male flight attendants can wear makeup, and flight attendants of any gender can wear the same type of jewelry and have long hair in a ponytail or bun.[52][53]

Health conditions[edit]

A 2018 study found higher instances ofbreast cancer,melanoma,uterine,gastrointestinal,cervical,andthyroidcancers reported in flight attendants in contrast to the general population.[54]Specifically, the increased cancer cases reported were seen inbreast cancer(3.4% of flight crew compared to 2.3% in the general population - a 50% increase),cervical cancer(1.0% compared to 0.70%),gastrointestinal cancer(0.47% compared to 0.27% – a 74% increase),thyroid cancer(0.67% compared to 0.56%) and higher rates of both melanoma and non-melanomaskin cancerswith reports of the latter increasing with every five years spent in the job.[54]The study did not look into what causes this increase, but the authors said increased exposure toionizing radiationfrom time spent in the thinnerupper atmosphere,poor cabin air quality as well asdisrupted sleepand meal cycles could be factors.[55]

Other studies have found increased rates ofbreastandskin cancer,[56]reduced respiratory health,[57]adverse reproductive and perinatal outcomes,[58]musculoskeletal injuries,[59]and higher rates of mental health conditions in flight attendants.[60]

Radiation[edit]

Flight attendants and crew members are known to be exposed tocosmic ionizing radiationwhich is a form of radiation that comes from space and intensifies as altitude above sea level increases. TheInternational Agency for Research on Cancerof theWorld Health Organizationlists ionizing radiation as a knownhuman carcinogen.[59]Passengers are also exposed to this type of cosmic radiation, but they spend considerably less time on average in the air than crew members. An online travel agency report found, in particular, that travelling adults inBritainspend on average 306 hours on flights to holiday destinations during their lifetime.[61]In contrast, according to theUS Federal Aviation Administration,a flight attendant can spend up to 30 hours of flight time in seven consecutive days and in some cases more.[62]The effect of cosmic radiation on air crew members is a subject of a growing body of research.[63][64]

Cabin crew members are also regularly exposed to moreUV radiationthan the general population, which can make these workers more vulnerable toskin cancers.[65]

The U.S.National Council on Radiation Protection(NCRP) reports that aircrew have the largest average annual effective dose of all U.S. radiation workers.[64]

Cabin air quality[edit]

Poor cabin air quality is a subject of ongoing study in relation to symptoms such asheadache,fatigue,fever,andrespiratorydifficulties among many others that have been reported by flight attendants, particularly on long-haul routes. There is also much concern regarding the transmission ofcontagious diseases,particularlytuberculosis.An open question remains whether these complaints are due to poor cabin air quality or to other factors inherent in flights, such as loweredbarometric pressure,hypoxia,lowhumidity,etc.[66]Other chemical contaminants found in the cabin may include engine leakages,pesticidesandflame retardants,which contain compounds that may act ashormone disruptorsand increase the risk of somecancers.[67]

Sleep disruption[edit]

Flight attendants often havedisrupted sleep cycles.They are more likely to have disruptions in their sleep patterns because they may work at night, cross time zones, and have irregular schedules. There is some evidence linking sleep disruptions to increased cancer risk.[68]Flight attendants may also have different lifestyle behaviours related to diet, physical activity, and health care than the general population which could affect overall health and cancer risk.[69]

Secondhand tobacco smoke[edit]

Many of the flight attendants working today were exposed to second-handin-flight smokeuntil 1998 with partial smoking bans enacted in 1988. The long-term effects of this historicalsecondhand smokeexposure have not been well characterized.[70]

Sexual harassment[edit]

Flight attendants are exposed to verbal andsexual harassment.[71]Studies in the United States and Australia have found that the vast majority (two-thirds) of flight attendants experience sexual harassment in the course of their careers, includingsexual assault,inappropriate touching and sexual comments both by colleagues and passengers.[72][73]

Flight attendants describe the verbal sexual harassment as comments that are "nasty, unwanted, lewd, crude, inappropriate, uncomfortable, sexual, suggestive, and dirty". They also report being subjected to passengers' explicit sexual fantasies, propositions, request for sexual "favours" and pornographic videos and pictures.[72]

The studies also found that 70% of flight attendants who experience sexual harassment on the job "chose not to report the incident because they did not think it would be dealt with appropriately or they were concerned reporting it would make the situation worse" and "their airline was not doing enough to put a stop to harassment",[74]and that "they have not noticed any employer efforts over the past year to address sexual harassment at work."[72]

Emotional labour[edit]

The concept ofemotional labouras the process of managing feelings and expressions to fulfil the emotional requirements of a job through a publicly visible facial and bodily display within the workplace (as opposed to the concept ofemotion work,i.e. the management of one's feelings in private life) was first established and linked to the profession of flight attendants by Professor Emerita of SociologyArlie Hochschild,in her book,The Managed Heart.[75]According to Hochschild, flight attendants do emotional labour to enhance the status of the customer and entice further sales by their friendliness,[76]and support this effort by evoking feelings that make the "nice" display seem natural.[77]With regard to how flight attendants are supposed to use their smile in the job, the author writes:

[I]n the flight attendant's work, smiling is separated from its usual function, which is to express a personal feeling, and attached to another one—expressing a company feeling. The company exhorts them to smile more, and "more sincerely," at an increasing number of passengers. The workers respond to the speed-up with a slowdown: they smile less broadly, with a quick release and no sparkle in the eyes, thus dimming the company's message to the people. It is a war of smiles.[78]

Hochschild notes that corporate logic in the airline industry generates a series of links between competition, market expansion, advertising, heightened passenger expectations about rights to display, and company demands for acting; and when conditions allow this logic to work, private use of emotional exchange gives way to corporate use of emotional exchange.[79]

Hochschild also writes of how flight attendants are trained to control passengers' feelings during times of turbulence and dangerous situations while suppressing their own fear or anxiety.[75]

Theemotional labourperformed by flight attendants and cross-cultural aspects of it have since been actively studied and are a topic of ongoing research.[80][81][82][83]

Sponsorship and advertising[edit]

Air Serbiaflight attendants (Tourist FairBelgrade2017)
Singapore Girls,featured inSingapore Airlines' advertising

In the 1960s and 1970s, many airlines began advertising the attractiveness and friendliness of their stewardesses.National Airlinesbegan a "Fly Me"; campaign using attractive female flight attendants withtaglinessuch as "I'm Lorraine. Fly me toOrlando."Braniff International Airwayspresented a campaign known as the "Air Strip" with similarly attractive young female flight attendant changing uniforms mid-flight.[84]In the United States, many airlines had a policy such that only unmarried women could be flight attendants,[85]as well as a mandatory retirement age of 32 for stewardesses because of the belief women would be less appealing and attractive after this age. Many of the women were recruited as seniors in college and inbeauty pageants.[86]

In 1968, the EEOC declared age restrictions on flight attendants' employment to be illegal sex discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[19]Emirateshave long sponsored international sporting events and employ their flight attendants to present awards atWimbledonand other events.[87][88]

Unions[edit]

Flight attendantunionswere formed, beginning at United Airlines in the 1940s, to negotiate improvements in pay, benefits and working conditions.[89]Those unions would later challenge what they perceived assexiststereotypesand unfair work practices such as age limits, size limits, limitations on marriage, and prohibition of pregnancy. Many of these limitations have been lifted by judicial mandates. The largest flight attendants' union is theAssociation of Flight Attendants,representing nearly 60,000 flight attendants at 19 airlines within the US.[90]

TheAssociation of Professional Flight Attendants[91]represents the flight attendants of American Airlines, the world's largest carrier. APFA is the largest independent flight attendant union in the world.[92]

In the UK, cabin crew can be represented by either Cabin Crew '89, or the much larger and more powerfulTransport and General Workers' Union.

In Australia, flight attendants are represented by theFlight Attendants' Association of Australia(FAAA). There are two divisions: one for international crews (long-haul) and one for domestic crews (short-haul).

In New Zealand, flight attendants can be represented by either theFlight Attendants and Related Services Association(FARSA) or by theEngineering, Printing and Manufacturing Union(EPMU).

In Canada, flight attendants are represented by either theCanadian Union of Public Employees(CUPE) or by the Canadian Flight Attendants Union (CFAU).

Discrimination[edit]

Originally female flight attendants were required to be single upon hiring, and were fired if they got married, exceeded weight regulations, or reached age 32 or 35 depending on the airline.[18]In the 1970s, the group Stewardesses for Women's Rights protested sexist advertising and company discrimination, and brought many cases to court. In 1964, United States PresidentLyndon B. Johnsonsigned the Civil Rights Act into law which prohibited sex discrimination and led to the creation of theEqual Employment Opportunity Commissionin 1968. The EEOC ruled that sex was not a bona fide occupational requirement to be a flight attendant. For stewardesses, this meant that they had an official governing body to report offences to and allowed them to successfully challenge age ceiling and marriage bans in relation to their effectiveness as employees.[93]

In 1968, the EEOC declared age restrictions on flight attendants' employment to be illegal sex discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[19]The restriction of hiring only women was lifted at all airlines in 1971 due to the decisive court case ofDiaz vs. Pan Am.[21]The no-marriage rule was eliminated throughout the US airline industry by the 1980s.[22]The last such broad categorical discrimination, the weight restrictions,[23]were relaxed in the 1990s through litigation and negotiations.[24]By the end of the 1970s, the termstewardesshad generally been replaced by thegender-neutralalternativeflight attendant.Also, during the 1980s and 1990s, more males were allowed to apply as flight attendants, helping to create more usage of this term. More recently the termcabin creworcabin staffhas begun to replace 'flight attendants' in some parts of the world, because of the term's recognition of their role as members of the crew.

Roles in emergencies[edit]

Actions of flight attendants in emergencies have long been credited in saving lives; in the United States, theNational Transportation Safety Board(NTSB) and other aviation authorities view flight attendants as essential for safety, and are thus usually required on Part 121 aircraft operations.[94]Studies, some done in light ofBritish Airtours Flight 28M,have concluded that assertive cabin crew are essential for the rapid evacuation of aeroplanes.[95][96]Notable examples of cabin crew actions include:

11 September 2001[edit]

The role of flight attendants received heightened prominence after theSeptember 11 attackswhen flight attendants (such as Sandra W. Bradshaw and CeeCee Lyles ofUnited Airlines Flight 93;Robert Fangman ofUnited Airlines Flight 175;Renee May ofAmerican Airlines Flight 77;andBetty OngandMadeline Amy SweeneyofAmerican Airlines Flight 11) actively attempted to protect passengers from assault, and also provided vital information toair traffic controllerson thehijackings,as did many passengers.[97]

In the wake of these attacks, many flight attendants at major airlines were laid off because of decreased passenger loads.[97]

Other emergencies[edit]

  • In April 1936, flight attendant Nellie Granger aided survivors after the crash ofTWA Flight 1,then walked 4 mi (6.4 km) through a snowstorm to find help, before returning to the crash scene.[98][99]
  • Senior PurserNeerja Bhanotsaved the lives of passengers and crew whenPan Am Flight 73was hijacked. She was killed while protecting children from the terrorists. After her death she received the Special Courage Award from theUnited States Department of Justiceand India's highest civilian honour for bravery, theAshoka Chakra.
  • Naila Nazir,Pakistani flight attendant (employee ofPakistan International Airlines) who received 1985'sFlight Safety Foundation(FSF) Heroism Award for her brave handling of tense and dangerous situation during the 13 days of the Flight PK-326 hijacking ordeal.[100][101]
  • British Airtours Flight 28M,the two forward flight attendants, Arthur Bradbury and Joanna Toff, repeatedly crawled into the smoke filled and burning cabin to drag a number of passengers to safety, and were subsequently awarded theQueen's Gallantry Medal.The two rear flight attendants, Sharon Ford and Jacqui Ubanski, who opened the rear doors but were overwhelmed by fire and smoke were awarded the same medal posthumously.
  • Scandinavian Airlines Flight 751,when cabin crew recognised an emergency landing was imminent and commanded the passengers to "bend down... hold your knees" to adopt thebrace position.[102]
  • Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 529,whose sole flight attendant, Robin Fech, provided emergency briefings, brace and evacuation commands to the passengers when theEmbraer EMB 120 Brasiliaaircraft sustained serious damage to one of its engines and crash landed. The NTSB accident report commended "the exemplary manner in which the flight attendant briefed the passengers and handled the emergency".[103]
  • BOAC Flight 712,where a flight attendant,Barbara Jane Harrison,died saving passengers from an on-board fire and was posthumously awarded theGeorge Cross.
  • British Airways Flight 5390,in which a flight attendant was able to prevent a pilot from being lost through a cockpit window that had failed.
  • Southern Airways Flight 242,on which the cabin crew provided safety briefings to their passengers, and on their own initiative, warned passengers of the impending crash by commanding passengers to adopt the brace position. At least one flight attendant is known to have assisted in rescuing trapped passengers.[104]
  • Air Florida Flight 90,in which Kelly Duncan, the lone surviving flight attendant, passed the only life vest she could find to a passenger. She is recognised in the NTSB report for this "unselfish act".[105]
  • TWA flight attendantUli Dericksonwho protected passengers during theTWA Flight 847hijacking by assisting with negotiation efforts.
  • TWA Flight 843,when a TWALockheed L-1011aircraft crashed after an aborted takeoff in 1992. The aircraft was destroyed by fire. Nine flight attendants, along with five off-duty flight attendants, evacuated all 292 persons on board without loss of life. The NTSB in their after accident report noted, "The performance of the flight attendants during the emergency was exceptional and probably contributed to the success of the emergency evacuation."[106][107]
  • OnBritish Airways Flight 2069,cabin crew stopped the plane from being crashed by amentally illpassenger.[108]
  • Crew onAmerican Airlines Flight 63prevented shoe bomberRichard Colvin Reidfrom blowing up the plane.[109]
  • Flight attendants onQantas Flight 1737prevented their plane from being hijacked by a passenger with mental health issues. Two of them were taken to hospital with stab wounds.[110]
  • Aloha Airlines Flight 243suffered a decompression which tore an 18-foot (5.5 m) section offuselageaway from the plane. The only fatality was flight attendant C.B. Lansing who was blown out of the airplane. Flight attendant Michelle Honda was thrown violently to the floor during the decompression but, despite her injuries, crawled up and down the aisle reassuring passengers.[111]
  • Flight Attendants onAir Canada Flight 797(Sergio Benetti, Judi Davidson, Laura Kayama) used procedures which were not specifically taught in training such as moving passengers to the front of the aircraft to move them away from the fire and smoke, and passing out towels for passengers to cover their nose and mouths with while the cabin was filling with smoke. Chief Flight Attendant Sergio Benetti was the first to open the front door of the aircraft, and escaped out that way, leaving all passengers and other crew behind.
  • USAir flight attendant Richard DeMary helped to evacuate surviving passengers and another crew member from the burning wreckage ofUSAir Flight 1016,which crashed during a go-around in adverse weather conditions after a failed landing attempt atCharlotte Douglas International Airport.[112]
  • Flight Attendants onUS Airways Flight 1549successfully evacuated all passengers from the aircraft within 90 seconds despite the fact that the rear was rapidly filling with water.
  • Nine cabin crew members aboardAir France Flight 358successfully evacuated the aircraft within 90 seconds after the A340-300 overran a runway atToronto Pearson International Airport.The NTSB stated that the actions of the cabin crew contributed to the 100% survival rate.
  • The flight attendants ofPhilippine Airlines Flight 434kept the passengers calm after a bomb exploded during the flight fromCebutoTokyo.Though one passenger was killed during the explosion, they took care of the injured passengers.

Some exceptions includeAir Canada Flight 797,where the investigative board found that the flight attendant in charge's "misleading" reports about the fire "influenced the captain's decision to delay the initiation of a descent" and that such "delay increased the time for the fire to propagate and the time that passengers were exposed to the toxic environment before the airplane could be evacuated." The accident killed 23 passengers; none of the flight attendants sustained any injuries. Chief Flight Attendant Sergio Benetti was the first to open the front door of the aircraft, and escaped out that way, leaving all passengers and other crew behind.

Gallery[edit]

Notable flight attendants[edit]

Main article:List of notable flight attendants

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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