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Fokker F27 Friendship

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F27 Friendship
A F27 Friendship of theUS Army Golden Knights
Role Regional airliner
National origin Netherlands
Manufacturer Fokker
First flight 24 November 1955
Introduction 19 November 1958
Status In limited service
Produced 1955–1987
Number built 586
Variants Fairchild F-27/FH-227
Developed into Fokker 50

TheFokker F27 Friendshipis aturbopropairlinerdeveloped and manufactured by the DutchaircraftmanufacturerFokker.It is the most numerous post-war aircraft manufactured in the Netherlands; the F27 was also one of the most successful European airliners of its era.

The F27 was developed during the early 1950s with the intent of producing a capable successor to the earlierpiston engine-powered airliners that had become commonplace on the market, such as theDouglas DC-3.A key innovation of the F27 was the adoption of theRolls-Royce Dartturbopropengine, which produced substantially less vibration and noise which provided improved conditions for passengers; another major comfort feature wascabin pressurisation.Innovative manufacturing techniques were also employed in the aircraft's construction.

On 24 November 1955, the F27 made itsmaiden flight;on 19 November 1958, the type was introduced to revenue service. Shortly after its introduction, the F27 was recognised as being a commercial success. Under alicensing arrangementreached between Fokker and the U.S. aircraft manufacturerFairchild,the F27 was manufactured in the United States by the latter; Fairchild went on to independently develop a stretched version of the airliner, which was designated as theFairchild FH-227.During the 1980s, Fokker developed a modernised successor to the F27, theFokker 50,which eventually replaced it in production.

Design and development

[edit]

Origins

[edit]
Early concept art of the F27
The first F27 prototype, registrationPH-NIV

In the aftermath of theSecond World War,twin-engine all-metalmonoplanessuch as the successfulDouglas DC-3airliner dominated commuter aviation. Over 10,000 DC-3s had been manufactured during wartime, which led to the type being highly available and thus encouraging its adoption by hundreds of operators across the world.[1]

By the early 1950s, various aircraft manufacturers had begun considering the post-war requirements of the civil aviation market and several commenced work upon projects aiming to produce designs for new aircraft which would be viewed as best meeting these requirements;DutchfirmFokkerwas amongst the companies pursuing development of such an aircraft.[1]By 1951, figures within Fokker were urging that design work be undertaken on a prospective 32-seat airliner intended as a direct replacement for the popular DC-3.[2]Fokker sought the opinions of existing DC-3 operators on what performance increases and refinements they would expect of a new model of commuter aircraft. On the basis of this feedback, the design team chose to incorporate various new technologies into the tentative design.[1]

Second F27 prototype under construction in 1956.

Fokker evaluated several potential configurations for the airliner, including the use ofWright Cycloneradial engines,before finally settling upon a high-wingaircraft, which was furnished with a pair ofRolls-Royce Dartturbopropengines and apressurised cabinwhich contained a total of 28 passengers.[1]The Dart engine had already proven successful on the early models of theVickers Viscount,while a high-mounted wing had been selected as it produced a higher lift coefficient than a lower counterpart, it also enabled easier ground loading due to a lower floor level and provided unfettered external views to passengers without any weight increase. In the aircraft's construction, Fokker used an innovative metal-to-metal bonding technique,Redux,resulting in a longer fatigue life, improved aerodynamics, and a lighter structure; Fokker became the first such company afterde Havillandto employ such means.[1]

In 1953, the proposed airliner received the nameFriendship.[1]A total of fourprototypeswere produced, two of these being flyable aircraft that were used for the test flight programme and were paid for by theNetherlands Institute of Aircraft Development;the other two prototypes were for static and fatigue testing.[2]On 24 November 1955, the first prototype, registeredPH-NIV,performed itsmaiden flight.[2]The second prototype and initial production machines were 0.9 m (3 ft) longer than the first prototype in order to address a revealed tendency for slightly tail-heavy handling as well as to provide additional space for four more passengers, raising the maximum number of passengers which could be carried to 32. These aircraft were also powered by the Dart Mk 528 engine, which was capable of generating greater thrust.[citation needed]

Further development

[edit]
TheImperial Iranian Air Forceacquired 19 Fokker F27-400M transport aircraft in 1972.

Throughout the F27's production life, Fokker proceeded to adapt the design for various purposes and roles.[1]Via modifications such as the adoption of improved engines, rearranged loading doors, elongated fuselages, and other changes, several different models of the F27 were developed and made available for commercial operators. Several military transport models were also produced. Fokker also chose to design a dedicated model of the F27 for conductingmaritime reconnaissancemissions.[1]

During 1952, Fokker established a relationship with the US aircraft manufacturerFairchild,which was interested in the upcoming F27.[1]In 1956, Fokker signed alicensing dealwith Fairchild, under which the latter was authorised to manufacture the F27 in the USA. On 12 April 1958, the first American-built aircraft conducted its first flight.[1]Production of Fairchild built aircraft would continue until July 1973. Fairchild proceeded to independently develop a stretched version of the airliner, designated as theFH-227.The majority of sales completed by Fairchild fell within the North American market.[citation needed]

In the early 1980s, Fokker decided to develop a modernised successor to the F27 Friendship, designated as the F27 Mark 050 and marketed as theFokker 50.Although originating from the F27-500 airframe, the Fokker 50 was virtually a new aircraft, complete withPratt & Whitney Canadaengines and modern systems, which led to its general performance and passenger comfort being noticeably improved over the F27.[3]The Fokker 50 ultimately replaced the F27 in production.[citation needed]

Operational history

[edit]
Aer Lingus was the first airline to operate the F27 Friendship
Braathens SAFEF27-100 Friendship in August 1974

In November 1958, the first production aircraft, an F27-100 model, was delivered to Irish airlineAer Lingus;it performed its first revenue flight in the following month.[2][1]Other early customers of the Friendship includedBraathens SAFEandLuxairin Europe;New Zealand National Airways Corporation;Trans Australia Airlinesand its Australian competitorsAnsettandEast-West Airlines;andTurkish Airlines.[citation needed]

ALloyd Aéreo BolivianoF-27 with its cargo door open. Passengers enter the aircraft via the rear-fuselage door while freight is stored in the front

Initial sales for the type were slow, which led to Fokker seeking financial support frombanksand from the Dutch government in order to maintain production of the airliner while more customers were sought.[1]In 1960, demand for the F27 increased rapidly as multiple airlines placed sizable orders for the type. This is in part due to the spreading reputation of the type, having been found by operators that, in comparison to its piston-engine wartime counterparts like the DC-3, the F27 possessed superior levels of efficiency, enabling faster flight times, greater passenger comfort and a higher level of reliability.[1]

In 1960, the base purchase price for an RDa.6-powered F27 was £239,000.[4]By the end of the production run for the Fokker F27 in 1987, a total of 592 units had been completed by Fokker (additionally, another 207 F-27s and FH-227s had been produced in the US by Fairchild), more than any other western European civil turboprop airliner at the time.[1][citation needed]

In later service, many aircraft have been modified from their original configurations for passenger service to perform cargo or express-package freighter duties instead. The last major cargo user of the F27 in the United States wasFedEx Express,using it as a cargo "feeder" aircraft. These were retired and replaced by a mixture ofATR 42andATR 72aircraft by the end of 2009, the last of these aircraft were subsequently donated to theHickory Aviation Museum.[citation needed]

As of July 2010 a total of 65 F27s were in commercial service with almost 30 different airlines.[5]By July 2013, only 25 Friendships remained in service, operated by 13 different airlines; most of these were F27-500s, with two -400s and a solitary -600 series aircraft in service. Italian cargo airlineMiniLineroperated six F27s andAir Panamahad four in its fleet.[6]TheUnited States Army Parachute Teamhas operated a single C-31A Troopship for conducting its skydiving exhibitions since 1985.[7][8]As of July 2018, 10 aircraft remain in service operated by 7 airlines.[9]

Variants

[edit]
F27 200-MAR maritime reconnaissance aircraft of theRoyal Netherlands Air Force
External videos
video iconFootage of a Fokker F27 taxiing on the ground and taking off
video iconA Promotional Film produced in 1957 focusing on the F.27 Friendship airliner
video iconA Dutch Air Force Fokker performing a flight display in Gardermoen, Norway, 1984
  • F27-100- This was the first production model; 44 passengers.[citation needed]
  • F27-200- It was powered by the more powerful Dart Mk 532 engine.[citation needed]
  • F27-300 Combiplane- A combined civil passenger/cargo aircraft.[citation needed]
  • F27-300M Troopship- Military transport version forRoyal Netherlands Air Force.[citation needed]
  • F27-400- "Combi" passenger/cargo aircraft, with two Rolls-Royce Dart 7 turboprop engines and large cargo door.[citation needed]
  • F27-400M- Military version forUS Armywith designationC-31A Troopship,stillin usein 2018. Last retired September 2019. 85-01608 "Excalibur" transferred to Vliegend Nederlands Cultureel Erfgoed (Flying Dutch Cultural Heritage) based at Lelystad Airport (EHLE)[10]One C-31A auctioned in October 2019.[11]
  • F27-500- equipped with a 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) longerfuselage,a return to the Dart Mk 528 engine, and accommodation for up to 52 passengers. It first flew in November 1967.[citation needed]
  • F27-500M- Military version of the -500.[citation needed]
  • F27-500F- A version of the -500 for Australia with smaller front and rear doors.[citation needed]
  • F27-600- Quick change cargo/passenger version of -200 with large cargo door.[citation needed]
  • F27-700- A F27-100 with a large cargo door.[citation needed]
  • F27 200-MAR- Unarmed maritime reconnaissance version.[citation needed]
  • F27 Maritime Enforcer- Armed maritime reconnaissance version.[citation needed]
  • F-27- License-built version manufactured byFairchild Hillerin the United States
  • FH-227- Stretched version of the F-27, independently developed and manufactured by Fairchild Hiller in the United States

Operators

[edit]
Map of F27 operators. Light blue indicates civilian use only. Dark blue indicates both civilian and military use. Red indicates military use only.
Main article:List of Fokker F27 operators

Accidents and incidents

[edit]
  • On 10 June 1960,Trans Australia Airlines Flight 538crashed in the sea nearMackay, Queensland,Australia, with 29 fatalities, in what is still the deadliest civilian Australian aircraft accident in history. The investigation was not able to determine a probable cause of this accident, but it was critical in the development of theflight recorderto record parameters to aid investigations of future airliner accidents.[12]
  • On 7 May 1964,Pacific Air Lines Flight 773operated with a Fairchild F-27 crashed into a hill in San Ramon, California, after a suicidal passenger killed both pilots and then turned the gun on himself. All 41 remaining people on board also were killed.[13]
  • On the evening of 15 November 1964,Bonanza Air LinesFlight 114 operated with a Fairchild F-27 was flying fromPhoenix, Arizona,to McCarran International Airport inLas Vegas, Nevada,in poor weather conditions, when it crashed into the top of a hill in open desert country about 10 miles (16 km) SSW of Las Vegas. All 29 people on board—26 passengers and a crew of three—died instantly when the plane exploded on impact, no more than 10 feet (3 m) below a ridge crest. It was Bonanza's only crash with fatalities during the airline's 23-year history.[14]
  • On February 28, 1967,Philippine Airlines Flight 345,an F-27 100, crashed on approach toMactan–Cebu International Airport.The aircraft pitched upwards before banking and descending, with its left wing striking trees and then the ground, ending with the fuselage nosing over and sliding on its back, catching fire. 12 of the 19 occupants were killed. A contributing factor to the crash was the improper load distribution affecting the aircraft's centre of gravity.[15]
  • On 21 April 1969, anIndian Airlinesflight crashed in a thunderstorm while crossing East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) airspace on its flight fromAgartalatoCalcutta,killing all 44 people on board.[16]
  • On 6 August 1970, aPakistan International AirlinesFokker F27 turboprop aircraft crashed near the small village Rawat, after take-off from Islamabad in a thunderstorm, killing all 30 people on board.[17]
  • On 26 September 1970, aFlugfélag ÍslandsFokker F27 Friendship, with registration TF-FIL,crashed into the mountains of Mykinesin theFaroe Islands,in heavy fog, killing the Icelandic captain and seven Faroese passengers.[18][19]26 passenger and crew survived the crash. Three passengers, who escaped with minor injuries, hiked for an hour down the mountain to the village ofMykines,alerting authorities. The majority of the villagers went up the mountain to aid the injured.[20]
  • On 30 January 1971,Indian Airlines Fokker Friendship aircraft Gangawas hijacked by Hashim Quereshi and his cousin Ashraf Butt, and was flown toLahore,Pakistan, where the passengers and crew were released and the aircraft was burnt on February 1, 1971.[21][22][23]
  • On 25 March 1978,Fokker F-27 Friendship 200XY-ADK lost altitude and crashed into a paddy field just after take-off fromMingaladon Airport,killing all 48 people on board.[24]
  • On 14 September 1978, aPhilippine Air ForceF27 crashed due towind shear;15 of the 24 people on board were killed, as well as 17 people on the ground.[25]
  • On 29 March 1979, an F27 operating asQuebecair Flight 255crashed minutes after taking off fromQuébec City Jean Lesage International Airportin Canada. Seventeen people died and seven were injured.[26]
  • On 26 May 1980, aNigerian Air ForceF27 crashed due to a thunderstorm, killing all 30 people on board. The aircraft was carrying a delegation of military and government officials on a diplomatic mission.[27]
  • On 20 July 1981,Somali Airlines Flight 40crashed near Balad, Somalia. All 50 passengers and crew on board were killed.[28]
  • On 5 August 1984,a Biman Bangladesh Airlines Fokker F27-600 crashedinto a marsh near Zia International Airport (nowShahjalal International Airport) inDhaka,Bangladesh, while landing in poor weather.[29]With a total death toll of 49 people, it is the deadliest aviation disaster to occur on Bangladeshi soil.[30]
  • On 20 February 1986, an Iranian F27-600 commanded by Colonel Abdolbaghi Darvish was shot down by an Iraqi fighter jet. All 49 crew and passengers were killed.[31][32]The aircraft was carrying a delegation of military and government officials on a mission.
  • On 16 August 1986, aSudan AirwaysF27 wasshot downby theSudan People's Liberation Army,killing all 60 people on board. The Shootdown remains the worst involving the F27 and inSouth Sudan.[33]
  • On 23 October 1986, a Pakistan International Airlines F27 crashed while coming in to land in the northwestern city of Peshawar, killing 13 of the 54 people on board.[34]
  • On 21 June 1987, aBurma AirwaysFokker F-27 Friendship 200 slammed into an 8200-ft-high mountain 15 minutes after take-off fromHeho Airport,killing all 45 people on board.[35]
  • On 8 December 1987, in theAlianza Lima air disaster,an F27 of the Peruvian Navy that was transporting theAlianza Limafootball team crashed in Lima, Peru, killing the whole team.[36]
  • 11 October 1987, aBurma AirwaysF-27-500crashed into a 1500-ft-high mountain,killing all 49 people on board. This was Myanmar's second-deadliest air disaster, surpassed only by thecrash of a Myanmar Air Force Shaanxi Y-8in 2017, which killed 122 people.[37]Thirty-six foreigners—14 Americans, seven Swiss citizens, five Britons, four Australians, three West Germans, two French citizens, and one Thai—were among the dead.[38][39]
  • On 19 October 1988 thirty-four died in aVayudootF27 crash nearGuwahati,India.[40][41][42]
  • On 25 August 1989, a Pakistan International Airlines F27 operating asPakistan International Airlines Flight 404and carrying 54 people disappeared after leaving Gilgit in northern Pakistan. The wreckage was never found.[43]
  • On 10 September 1992,Expreso AéreoFlight 015, an F27-500 (reg. OB-1443), crashed in theairstripof the remoteAmazontown ofBellavistainPeru.Due to apilot erroronapproximation,possibly compounded byfatigueand theco-pilot's lack of experience, the plane hit the ground shortly before therunwaythreshold (practically crash-landing) and broke up in several parts, killing the pilot in the ensuing fire. The six remaining crew members and the 36 passengers managed to evacuate and survived, although some were injured.[44][45]
  • On 1 July 1995, an East West AirlinesFokker F27,registered VT-EWE, was engaged in atouch-and-go landingtraining exercise atVadodara Airportwhen the aircraft's left main landing gear failed on touchdown. The aircraft continued moving forward on its belly and skid to a halt on the runway. There was no fire and no injury to persons on board the aircraft. Poor maintenance was cited as a contributory factor in the accident. The aircraft was written off.[46]
  • On 8 November 1995, anArgentine Air ForceF27, tail number TC-72, operating aLADEcivilian flight fromComodoro RivadaviatoCórdoba,crashed (32°06′44″S64°56′53″W/ 32.112270°S 64.948023°W/-32.112270; -64.948023) near the summit ofCerro Champaquíin Córdoba, killing all 52 passengers and crew.[47]
    Crashed Fokker F27 TC-72 near Cerro Champaquí, Argentina
  • On 17 July 1997,Sempati Air Flight 304crashed at Bandung, West Java, shortly after take-off, when after an engine failure, the crew mishandled the return to the airport on one engine.[48]
  • On27 January 1998,aMyanma AirwaysFokker F27crashed while taking off from Yangon, Myanmar, killing 16 of the 45 people on board.[49]
  • On 24 August 1998,Myanma Airways Flight 635crashed into a hill on approach toTachilek Airport,killing all 36 on board.[50]
  • On 11 November 2002,Laoag International Airlines Flight 585crashed intoManila Bayin the Philippines; 19 of the 34 people on board were killed.[51]
  • On 20 February 2003, a military F27 crashed in northwestern Pakistan, killingPakistan Air ForceAir Chief MarshalMushaf Ali Mir,his wife, and 15 others.[52]
  • Pakistan International Airlines Flight 688,carrying 45 people, crashed 2–3 minutes after take-off fromMultanairport on 10 July 2006, with no survivors. Engine fire was suspected as the cause of the crash.[53]
  • On 6 April 2009, anIndonesian Air ForceF27 crashed inBandung,Indonesia, killing all 24 occupants on board. The cause of the accident was said to be heavy rain.[54]The aircraft reportedly crashed into a hangar during its landing procedure and killed all on board.[55]
  • On 21 June 2012, an Indonesian Air Force F27crashed into a housing complexin the capitalJakarta,setting six houses on fire and killing at least 11 people.[56][57]
  • On 24 June 2022, a Cargo2Fly F27 5Y-CCE landed heavily on the runway atJuba International Airport,South Sudan,with the undercarriage retracted after the aircraft failed to climb on takeoff. No injuries.[58][59]

Aircraft on display

[edit]
Argentine Air Force F27T-42
The first production Fokker F27 in NLM colours at an airshow in 2006
Argentina
Australia
  • 10132 – F27-109 is on static display at theSouth Australian Aviation Museumin Adelaide, South Australia. It was previously operated as VH-CAT by theCSIROas an atmospheric research aircraft.[60][61]
  • 10315 – F27-600QC is on static display at the Queensland Air Museum atCaloundra Airportin Caloundra, Queensland. It was originally manufactured as an F27-400 and later redesignated as a -600QC. The aircraft was delivered new to Australia and spent most of its career operating forAnsett.[62]
  • 10596 - F27-500 was delivered airworthy to the Historical Aircraft Restoration Society,Illawarra Regional Airport,New South Wales on 26 February 2018. It had been operated byAirworkunder contract toNew Zealand Post.[63]

Finland

  • Finnish Air-Force 1st F27 "Ansa" is on static display at theSatakunta Air Commandgarrison inPirkkala,[64]Finland. It was operated as FF-1 in the Finnish Air Force as both transport and signal reconnaissance plane. Prior military usage, the aircraft was operated briefly byKarair(laterFinnair) as OH-KFA. The aircraft was initially operated byIceland Air.[64]
Iceland
Indonesia
F27-400M of the Indonesian Air Force at Dirgantara Mandala Museum in Yogyakarta
Netherlands
  • 10102 – F27-100 is on static display at theAviodromein Lelystad. It was previously registered as PH-NVF, and is one of the prototype F27s, in whose colours it is painted.[70][71]
  • 10105 – F27-100 is also on static display at the Aviodrome. It was previously registered as PH-FHF, is the first production F27, and is painted in the colours ofNLM CityHopper.[70][72][73]
  • 10183 - F27-100 on static display at a Bed and Breakfast inHoogerheide.The 75th production Fokker 27 rolled out of the factory July 13, 1961. Ordered byTurkish airlines.Registered as TC-TEK. Bought back by Fokker in 1974 and used as a testbed for a prototype maritime version of which eventually 14 editions were made. Her new registration was PH-FCX. Last flight was made in June 30, 1983.[74]
  • 10449 – F27-500 is on static display at Fokker Logistics Park in Oude Meer. It was previously registered as N19XE and is painted as PH-NIV, the first prototype F27. It marks the former location of the Fokker factory atAmsterdam Airport Schiphol.[75][76]
  • C-10 – F27-300M is on static display at theMilitaire Luchtvaart MuseuminSoesterberg, Utrecht.[77][78]
New Zealand
Norway
Pakistan
  • APakistan International AirlinesFokker F27-200 is on display just outside Chitral airport at Fokker F27 Friendship Restaurant. The aircraft AP-AUR was operating Flight PK660 and was landing at Chitral in 2004 when its brakes failed causing the aircraft to overrun.
Philippines
  • 59-0259 F27-200Philippine Air Forcewhich once served as the presidential plane of the late President Ferdinand E. Marcos, is now is on static display at the in People’s Park in Barangay E. Lopez,Silay City, Negros Occidental.[85][86]
United Kingdom
  • 10196 – F27-200 is on static display at theCity of Norwich Aviation Museumin Horsham, St Faith. It was previously operated as G-BHMY by Air UK.[87][88]
  • 10201 – F27-500 is on static display at the City of Norwich Aviation Museum. It was previously operated as G-BCDN by Air UK before being retired to the KLM UK Engineering Technical College at Norwich Airport.[89]
United States

Specifications (F.27)

[edit]
F27-400M of Thai Navy in 2012.
F27 Rolls Royce Dart
Finnish Air ForceF-27-400M atJoensuu Airport

Data fromThe Observers Book of Aircraft[92]

General characteristics

  • Crew:2 or 3
  • Capacity:44-52 passengers
  • Length:25.06 m (82 ft 3 in)
  • Wingspan:29 m (95 ft 2 in)
  • Height:8.71 m (28 ft 7 in)
  • Wing area:70 m2(750 sq ft)
  • Empty weight:11,204 kg (24,701 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight:19,773 kg (43,592 lb)
  • Powerplant:2 ×Rolls-Royce Dart Mk.532-7two-stage centrifugal compressor turboprop, 1,678 kW (2,250 hp) each

Performance

  • Cruise speed:460 km/h (290 mph, 250 kn)
  • Range:2,600 km (1,600 mi, 1,400 nmi)
  • Rate of climb:7.37 m/s (1,451 ft/min)

See also

[edit]

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
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  2. ^abcd"Commercial Aircraft of the World..."Archived2017-03-25 at theWayback MachineFlight International,26 November 1964. p. 917.
  3. ^Eriksson and Steenhuis 2015, p. 44.
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  20. ^"Sex Íslendingar meðal 34 um borð".Morgunblaðið(in Icelandic). 27 September 1970. p. 1.Retrieved2 January2019.
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  27. ^"Accident Fokker F-27 Friendship 400M NAF904, Monday 26 May 1980".asn.flightsafety.org.Retrieved2024-08-21.
  28. ^"Accident Fokker F-27 Friendship 600RF 6O-SAY, Monday 20 July 1981".asn.flightsafety.org.Retrieved2024-08-21.
  29. ^Accident description for S2-ABJat theAviation Safety Network
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  31. ^"Welcome to the Air Combat Information Group".Archivedfrom the original on 2013-08-05.Retrieved2017-12-19.
  32. ^Iran-Iraq War of 1980-1988, Tom Cooper, Farzad Bishop, 2000 - pages-211
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  34. ^"Accident Fokker F-27 Friendship 600 AP-AUX, Thursday 23 October 1986".asn.flightsafety.org.Retrieved2024-08-21.
  35. ^"XY-ADP Accident description".Aviation Safety Network.Archivedfrom the original on 13 March 2016.Retrieved13 March2016.
  36. ^"Accident Fokker F-27 Friendship 400M AE-560, Tuesday 8 December 1987".asn.flightsafety.org.Retrieved2024-08-21.
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  41. ^"Air Disaster".Air Disaster. Archived from the original on 2012-03-05.Retrieved2012-07-05.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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  43. ^"Accident Fokker F-27 Friendship 200 AP-BBF, Friday 25 August 1989".asn.flightsafety.org.Retrieved2024-08-21.
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Bibliography

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