Foreign relations of Guinea
Theforeign relations of Guinea,including those with itsWest Africanneighbors, have improved steadily since 1985.[1]
Diplomatic history[edit]
Guineare-established relations withFranceandWest Germanyin 1975, and with neighboringIvory CoastandSenegalin 1978.[2]Guinea has been active in efforts toward regional integration and cooperation, especially regarding the Organisation of African Unity and theEconomic Community of West African States(ECOWAS).[citation needed]
Guinea has participated in both diplomatic and military efforts to resolve conflicts inLiberia,Sierra Leone,andGuinea-Bissau,and contributed contingents of troops to peacekeeping operations in all three countries as part ofECOMOG,the Military Observer Group of ECOWAS.[3]In the 1990s, Guinea hosted almost a million refugees fleeing the civil wars inSierra LeoneandLiberia.[4]As of 2004, Guinea maintained a policy of unrestricted admission to refugees.[4]
Guinea is also a member of theInternational Criminal Courtwith a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for theUnited States military(as covered underArticle 98).[5]
2009 ambassador recall[edit]
On 5 May 2009, PresidentMoussa Dadis Camara,who seized power in abloodless coupwhich followed the 22 December 2008 death of PresidentLansana Conté,announced the recall of 30 of Guinea'sambassadorsto other countries.[6]The order was made by apresidential decreeon state television and was the first major diplomatic move made by the new leader.[6]
The decision affected ambassadors to theUnited States,South Korea,thePeople's Republic of China,France,theUnited Kingdom,Russia,Egypt,South Africa,Italy,Japan,Brazil,Cuba,Switzerland,Serbia,Malaysia,Iran,theUnited Arab Emirates,Senegal,Nigeria,Libya,Ghana,Algeria,Morocco,Gabon,Liberia,Sierra LeoneandGuinea-Bissau,comprising almost all of Guinea's foreign embassies.[6][7][8]The Guinean representatives to theEuropean Union,theUnited Nationsand theAfrican Unionwere also affected.[6][7]
No reason was stated for the recall.[7]TheTocqueville Connectionstates: "Most of the ambassadors were appointed by former prime ministerLansana Kouyaté,in office from February 2007 until May 2008, "[7]raising the possibility that the recall was an attempt on the part of Camara to distance himself from the previous government.
In late March 2009, the Guinean ambassador to Serbia faced expulsion for personal involvement in cigarette smuggling (1,000 packs of cigarettes were found in hisBMW) but avoided arrest due todiplomatic immunity(although he was declared aspersona non grata).[9]
2021 coup d'etat[edit]
The September 5, 2021 coup d'etat brought swift condemnation and threats of sanctions from theUnited Nations,theAfrican Union,the West African regional blocECOWAS(which suspended Guinea), and close allies of Guinea—as well as theUnited States—among others.[10][11][12]China, uncharacteristically, also openly opposed the coup.[13]
Diplomatic relations[edit]
List of countries which Guinea maintains diplomatic relations with:
# | Country | Date |
---|---|---|
1 | Russia | 4 October 1958[14] |
2 | North Korea | 8 October 1958[15] |
3 | Vietnam | 9 October 1958[16] |
4 | Romania | 14 November 1958[17] |
5 | Albania | 1958[18] |
6 | Ghana | 1958[19] |
7 | Bulgaria | 2 January 1959[20] |
8 | Israel | 12 January 1959[21] |
9 | France | 21 January 1959[22] |
10 | United States | 13 February 1959[23] |
11 | Czech Republic | 14 February 1959[24] |
12 | Hungary | 26 February 1959[25] |
13 | Liberia | 6 March 1959[26] |
14 | United Kingdom | 28 May 1959[27] |
15 | Poland | 29 June 1959[28] |
16 | Germany | 30 July 1959[29] |
17 | China | 4 October 1959[30][31] |
18 | Serbia | 10 November 1959[32][33] |
19 | Italy | 5 December 1959[34] |
20 | Egypt | 1959[35][36] |
21 | Morocco | 1959[37] |
22 | Netherlands | 1959[38] |
23 | Belgium | 28 January 1960[39] |
24 | Mongolia | 22 April 1960[40] |
25 | Indonesia | 27 April 1960[41] |
26 | Lebanon | 3 June 1960[42] |
27 | India | 8 July 1960[43] |
28 | Switzerland | 19 July 1960[44] |
29 | Cuba | 30 August 1960[45] |
30 | Mali | 3 March 1961[46] |
31 | Ivory Coast | 21 March 1961[47] |
32 | Saudi Arabia | 15 May 1961[48] |
33 | Senegal | 9 June 1961[49] |
34 | Finland | 19 July 1961[50] |
35 | Norway | 21 July 1961[51] |
36 | Sudan | 24 August 1961[52] |
37 | Nigeria | August 1961[53] |
38 | Togo | 7 September 1961[54] |
39 | Sierra Leone | 20 October 1961[55] |
40 | Denmark | 1 December 1961[56] |
41 | Mexico | 25 January 1962[57] |
42 | Benin | 26 February 1962[58] |
43 | Niger | 20 March 1962[59] |
44 | Canada | 28 March 1962[60] |
45 | Ethiopia | 22 June 1962[61] |
46 | Tunisia | 30 June 1962[62] |
47 | Mauritania | 15 August 1962[63] |
48 | Japan | 9 September 1962[64] |
49 | Luxembourg | 12 September 1962[65] |
50 | Turkey | 11 October 1962[66] |
51 | Sweden | 26 November 1962[67] |
52 | Chile | 26 August 1963[68] |
53 | Cameroon | 13 September 1963[69] |
54 | Burkina Faso | 1963[70][71] |
55 | Pakistan | 1963[72] |
56 | Algeria | 24 January 1964[73] |
57 | Kuwait | 12 March 1964[74] |
58 | Argentina | 8 September 1964[75] |
59 | Iraq | 18 October 1964[76] |
60 | Syria | 29 November 1964[77] |
61 | Spain | 10 February 1965[78] |
62 | Venezuela | 16 March 1965[79] |
63 | Jordan | 17 May 1966[80] |
64 | Uganda | 22 July 1966[81] |
65 | Tanzania | 22 December 1966[82] |
66 | Austria | 1966[83] |
67 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1966[84] |
68 | Kenya | 14 June 1967[85] |
69 | Burundi | 28 June 1967[86] |
70 | Rwanda | 28 June 1967[87] |
71 | Zambia | 10 November 1967[88] |
72 | Libya | 26 March 1968[89] |
73 | Republic of the Congo | 1 July 1968[90] |
74 | Chad | 29 August 1968[91] |
75 | Guyana | 8 June 1970[92] |
76 | Iran | 26 April 1971[93] |
77 | Gambia | 6 August 1971[94] |
78 | Madagascar | 26 December 1972[95] |
79 | Panama | 29 March 1973[96] |
80 | Mauritius | 29 October 1973[97] |
81 | Trinidad and Tobago | 1973[98] |
82 | Bahrain | 5 January 1974[99] |
83 | Guinea-Bissau | 12 February 1974[100] |
84 | Brazil | 4 September 1974[101] |
85 | Peru | 8 January 1975[102] |
86 | Jamaica | 30 January 1975[103] |
87 | Mozambique | 25 June 1975[104] |
88 | Cape Verde | 8 July 1975[105] |
89 | Angola | 11 November 1975[106] |
90 | Gabon | 30 October 1976[107] |
91 | Equatorial Guinea | 1977[108] |
92 | Eswatini | 1977[109] |
93 | Greece | 1977[110] |
94 | Djibouti | 7 August 1978[111] |
95 | Seychelles | 1978[112] |
96 | Portugal | 2 January 1979[113] |
97 | Malta | 30 March 1980[114] |
98 | Zimbabwe | 30 April 1980[115] |
99 | Oman | 17 February 1981[116] |
100 | Comoros | 11 August 1981[117] |
101 | Laos | 15 October 1981[118] |
102 | Philippines | 8 October 1982[119] |
103 | Haiti | 10 January 1983[120] |
104 | Maldives | 8 April 1983[121] |
105 | Thailand | 15 April 1983[122] |
106 | Nicaragua | 5 July 1983[123] |
107 | Bangladesh | 27 February 1985[124] |
— | Holy See | 21 June 1986[125] |
— | Sovereign Military Order of Malta | 24 June 1986[126] |
108 | Qatar | 1 January 1988[127] |
109 | Colombia | 30 September 1988[128] |
110 | Sri Lanka | 6 August 1991[129] |
111 | Estonia | 10 February 1992[130] |
112 | Moldova | 16 February 1992[131] |
113 | Azerbaijan | 11 March 1992[132] |
114 | Belarus | 4 April 1992[133] |
115 | Kazakhstan | 4 April 1992[134] |
116 | Ukraine | 4 April 1992[135] |
117 | Lithuania | 27 April 1992[136] |
118 | Armenia | 27 August 1992[137] |
119 | Guatemala | 12 February 1993[138] |
120 | Slovakia | 16 March 1993[139] |
121 | Cambodia | 6 June 1993[140] |
122 | Uzbekistan | 24 June 1993[141] |
123 | Tajikistan | 27 December 1993[142] |
124 | Malaysia | 1993[143] |
124 | South Africa | 16 February 1995[144] |
125 | United Arab Emirates | 2 June 1995[145] |
126 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 9 April 1996[146] |
127 | Slovenia | 11 December 1996[147] |
128 | Latvia | 17 January 1997[148] |
129 | North Macedonia | 28 November 1997[149] |
130 | Croatia | 8 December 1997[150] |
131 | Georgia | 31 July 1998[151] |
132 | Namibia | 18 September 2002[152] |
133 | Iceland | 14 May 2004[153] |
134 | Australia | 2004[154] |
135 | South Korea | 28 August 2006[155] |
136 | Suriname | 28 August 2006[156] |
137 | Montenegro | 17 November 2006[157] |
138 | Botswana | 20 April 2007[158] |
139 | Uruguay | 19 June 2007[159] |
140 | Dominican Republic | 28 September 2007[160] |
141 | Costa Rica | 1 October 2007[161] |
142 | Ireland | 30 June 2008[162] |
143 | Fiji | 27 January 2011[163] |
144 | Solomon Islands | 11 August 2011[164] |
145 | Kyrgyzstan | 8 September 2015[165] |
146 | Liechtenstein | 11 December 2015[166] |
147 | Singapore | 24 February 2016[167] |
148 | New Zealand | 20 April 2016[168] |
149 | Nepal | 12 May 2016[169] |
150 | Myanmar | 6 June 2017[170] |
151 | Eritrea | 8 February 2019[171] |
— | Kosovo | 20 February 2020[172] |
152 | Bolivia | Unknown |
153 | Brunei | Unknown |
154 | Central African Republic | Unknown |
155 | Cyprus | Unknown |
156 | Ecuador | Unknown |
157 | Lesotho | Unknown |
— | State of Palestine | Unknown |
158 | São Tomé and Príncipe | Unknown |
159 | South Sudan | Unknown |
160 | Yemen | Unknown |
Bilateral relations[edit]
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Australia | 2004 | Both countries established diplomatic relations in 2004[154]
|
Benin | 26 February 1962 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 February 1962 when first Ambassador of Guinea to Dahomey Mr. Leon Maka presented his credentials to President Maga.[58] |
Canada | 28 March 1962 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 March 1962[60] |
Chad | 29 August 1968 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 August 1968 when Guinea's first Ambassador to Chad, Mr. Filly Cissoko, presented his credentials to President Tombolbaye[91] |
China | 4 October 1959 | SeeChina–Guinea relations
The People's Republic of China and the Republic of Guinea established diplomatic relations on October 4, 1959, making Guinea the first country in Sub-Saharan Africa to establish formal relations with China.[31]China has become heavily dependent upon Guinea forbauxite(aluminumore) -- Guinea's principal export—consuming half of it.[13] |
Comoros | 11 August 1981 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 August 1981 when Ambassador of Guinea M. Moussa Doumbouya, has presented his credentials to President of Comoros M. Ahmed Abdallah Abderemane.[117] |
Republic of Congo | 1 July 1968 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1968 when Guinea's Ambassador to the Congo Republic, M. Fily Sissoko, presented his credentials to President Massamba-Debat.[90] |
Cote d'Ivoire | 21 March 1961 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 March 1961[47],was were broken in September 1973 and re-established on 14 April 1978[177] |
France | 21 January 1959 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 January 1959 and appointed M. Nobi Youla as first ambassador of Guinea to France and M. Francis Hure appointed as charge d'affaires of France to Guinea[22] |
Germany | 30 July 1959 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 July 1959[29]
|
Ghana | 1958 |
|
Haiti | 10 January 1983 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1983 when first Ambassador of Guinea to Haiti (resident in New York) Mr. Alpha Ibrahima Diallo presented his credentials to President Jean Claude Duvalier[120] |
Indonesia | 27 April 1960 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1960[41]
|
Israel | 12 January 1959 | SeeGuinea–Israel relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 January 1959.[21]Guinea broke off diplomatic relations with Israel on 12 June 1967[182]They resumed diplomatic relations on 20 July 2016[183] |
Liberia | 6 March 1959 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1959 when Mr. Edward Peal, the Liberian Ambassador to the Republic of Guinea, presented his credentials to President S. Toure.[26] |
Malaysia | 1993 | Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1993.[143]
|
Mexico | 25 January 1962 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 January 1962[57] |
Namibia | 18 September 2002 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 September 2002 when has been accredited non-resident Ambassador of Guinea to Namibia Mr. Alexandre CeCe Loua.[152] |
North Korea | 8 October 1958 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 October 1958[15]
|
Rwanda | 28 June 1967 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 June 1967 when Guinean ambassador to Rwanda M. Fily Cissoko, has presented his credentials to President Kiyibanda.[87] |
Serbia | 10 November 1959 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1959[32][33]
|
Sierra Leone | 20 October 1961 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 October 1961 when Mr. Abdoul Karim, Ambassador of Sierra Leone to Guinea presented his credentials to President Sekou Toure.[55] |
Somalia |
| |
South Korea | 28 August 2006 |
|
Sudan | 24 August 1961 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 August 1961 when first Guinean Ambassador to Sudan (resident in Cairo) Mr. Seydou Diallo, presented his credentials to Presidenr Abbud[52] |
Turkey | 11 October 1962 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 October 1962[66] |
Uganda | 22 July 1966 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 July 1966 when the Guinean Ambassador to Uganda, M. B. Biro, presented his credentials to President Obote.[81] |
United Arab Emirates | 2 June 1995 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 June 1995[145] |
United Kingdom | 28 May 1959 | SeeForeign relations of the United Kingdom
Guinea establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdomon 28 May 1959.[27]
Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,[192]and theWorld Trade Organization. |
United States | 13 February 1959 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 February 1959[23]
SeeGuinea – United States relations Guinea became the firstFrenchAfrican colony to gain independence, on 2 October 1958, at the cost of the immediate cessation of all French assistance. After a temporary suspension due to nationwide political unrest in early 2007, thePeace Corpsprogram in Guinea resumed operations at the end of July. Prior to the suspension, Peace Corps had more than 100 volunteers throughout the country, and the program is gradually increasing its numbers again. Volunteers work in four project areas: secondary education,environment/agro-forestry, public health andHIV/AIDSprevention, and small enterprise development. Guinea has also had a strongCrisis Corpsprogram through the last few years. The U.S. "condemned" Guinea's "2008 military coup d'etat," —but had "close relations" with Guinea before the coup, and after "Guinea's presidential elections in 2010" —in support of "democratic reform."[193]However, the U.S. State Department immediately condemned the September 5, 2021 coup d'etat, warning against "violence and any extra-constitutional measures, [which] could limit the ability of the United States and Guinea's other international partners to support the country..."[10][11]
|
Vietnam | 9 October 1958 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 October 1958[16]
|
Zambia | 10 November 1967 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1967 when the first Guinean Ambassador to Zambia, Mr. Fily Cissoko, presented his credentials to President Kaunda[88] |
Zimbabwe | 30 April 1980 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1980 when first Ambassador of Guinea to Zimbabwe presented his credentials.[115] |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
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1978 năm, vài phần đừng cùng Senegal cùng khoa đặc địch ngói một lần nữa lẫn nhau phái đại sứ cũng ký kết hữu hảo hợp tác điều ước.
- ^ECOMOG: peacekeeper or participant?,BBC News Online, February 11, 1998
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- ^Status of US Bilateral Immunity Agreements (BIAs).Coalition of the International Criminal Court
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- ^Ambasador Gvineje švercovao cigarete
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- ^Peter Cheng.A Chronology of the People's Republic of China from October 1, 1949.1972.
1959 October 4: It was announced in Peking that diplomatic relations between Guinea and the PRC had been established
- ^abDirectory of Officials of the People's Republic of China Volumes 7-13.National Foreign Assessment Center. 1978. p. 72.
- ^abSummary of the Yugoslav Press.Joint Translation Service. 1959. p. 18.
- ^abG. Fischer, L. Focsaneanu, J. F. Juilliard."Chronologie des faits internationaux d'ordre juridique. Annuaire Français de Droit International / Année 1960 / 6 /".persee.fr(in French). p. 1085.Retrieved30 November2023.
{{cite web}}
:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^"Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 5 dicembre 1959, n. 1382 Istituzione in Conakry (Guinea) di un'Ambasciata e di una Cancelleria consolare alle dipendenze della stessa".Gazzetta Ufficiale(in Italian).Retrieved25 March2024.
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Liste de messieurs les chefs des missions diplomatiques accredites aupres de la Republique de Guinee au 1er Juillet 1959:... Ambassadeur de la République Arabe - Unie: S. E. M. NAGUIB HAMED EL SADR
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In 1959: a) Established diplomatic representations with Guinea at Embassy level
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- ^Ahmed Sékou Touré (1959).L'action politique du Parti démocratique de Guinée(in French). Présence Africaine. p. 129.
Liste de messieurs les chefs des missions diplomatiques accredites aupres de la Republique de Guinee au 1er Juillet 1959:... Ambassadeur des Pays - Bas: S. E. M. LOUIS NOE
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...Indonesia, Guinea to exchange ambassadors Conakry, April twentyseventh Chsinhua) - Indonesia and the Republic of Guinea decided to establish diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial level...
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- ^"No 1631. Nomination de M. René Keller en qualité d'ambassadeur extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire de la Confédération suisse au Ghana, en Guinée, au Libéria et au Togo, avec résidence à Accra; sa promotion au grade de ministre de II classe".dodis.ch(in French).Retrieved19 May2023.
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- ^ab"Allocution de sem Alassane Ouattara, a l'occasion du dejeuner offert en l'honneur de son excellence professeur Alpha Conde, President de la Republique de Guinee, en visite officielle en Cote d'Ivoire".presidence.ci(in French).Retrieved10 May2023.
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9 Juin... La veille, l'ambassadeur de Guinée au Sénégal, nouvellement nommé, avait présenté ses lettres de créance au président Senghor.
- ^"Guinea".Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland.Archived fromthe originalon 6 October 2016.Retrieved10 December2023.
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- ^abYitzhak Oron (1961).Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961, Volume 2.The Moshe Dayan Center. p. 477.
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- ^André Lewin (2009).Ahmed Sékou Touré, 1922-1984: 1958-1960 (chapitres 31 à 40): Sékou Touré ouvre Guinée sur le monde extérieur: les deux Allemagne, les Nations Unies, l'Afrique, la Chine et le pays d'Asie, les États-Unis, Israël(in French). L'Harmattan. p. 87.
... et que le 13 septembre 1963, la Guinée et le Cameroun aient décidé d'établir des relations diplomatiques au niveau des ambassadeurs...
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- ^Mauritanie les première exportations de minerai de fer(in French). 1963. p. 53.
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Mr. Nasim Husain, High Commissioner of Pakistan to Ghana has been concurrently appointed as Ambassador to the Republic of Guinea
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