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Foreign relations of Ireland

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Foreign relations

Theforeign relations ofIrelandare substantially influenced by its membership of theEuropean Union,although bilateral relations with theUnited StatesandUnited Kingdomare also important to thestate.It is one of the group of smaller nations in the EU and has traditionally followed anon-aligned foreign policy.Ireland has historically tended towards independence in foreign military policy, thus it is not a member of theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organisationand has alongstandingpolicy of military neutrality.

Main relationships

[edit]

Ireland was not invited to join the United Nations when it was formed in 1945. Both Washington and London were opposed because of Ireland's neutrality during the war. Ireland applied in 1946 and the US and UK voted approval, but the Soviet Union vetoed it. Ireland was finally admitted to the UN in 1955.[1]It joined theEuropean Economic Community(EEC) in 1973; it is now known as theEuropean Union(EU). In 1974 it began the Irish Aid programme to provide assistance to developing countries. In 1991 it established the Irish Institute of International and European Affairs to conduct research and analysis on international and European affairs. In 1992 theIrish Refugee Councilbegan as a humanitarian advocate for the rights of refugees and asylum seekers in Ireland.[2]

United Kingdom

[edit]
Embassy of Ireland in London
Main article:Ireland–United Kingdom relations

Since at least the 1100s Ireland, as a result of military conquest, has had political connections with the United Kingdom and its predecessor states, with the whole island becoming a part of theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Irelandfrom 1801 to 1922. From the time Ireland became independent from the United Kingdom in 1922, the two countries have been involved in a dispute over the status ofNorthern Ireland.Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Irelandformerly claimed Northern Ireland as a part of the"national territory",though in practice the Irish government did recognise the UK's jurisdiction over the region.
From the onset ofthe Troublesin 1969, the two governments sought to bring the violence to an end. TheSunningdale Agreementof 1973 and theAnglo-Irish Agreementof 1985 were important steps in this process. In 1998, bothstatessigned theGood Friday Agreementand now co-operate closely to find a solution to the region's problems.Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Irelandwere amended as part of this agreement, the territorial claim being replaced with a statement of aspiration to unite the people of the island of Ireland. As part of the Good Friday Agreement, the states also ended theirdispute over their respective names:Irelandand theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Each agreed to accept and use the others' correct name.

Whenthe Troubleswere raging in Northern Ireland, theIrish Governmentsought, with mixed success, to prevent the import of weapons and ammunition through its territory by illegal paramilitary organisations for use in their conflict with the security forces in Northern Ireland. In 1973 three ships of theIrish Naval Serviceintercepted a ship carrying weapons fromLibyawhich were probably destined forIrish Republicanparamilitaries.[3]Law enforcement acts such as these additionally improved relations with the government of the United Kingdom. However, the independent judiciary blocked a number of attempts to extradite suspects between 1970 and 1998 on the basis that their crime might have been 'political' and thus contrary tointernational law at the time.

Ireland is one of the parties to theRockall continental shelf disputethat also involves Denmark,Iceland,and the United Kingdom. Ireland and the United Kingdom have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area. However, neither has concluded similar agreements with Iceland or Denmark (on behalf of theFaroe Islands) and the matter remains under negotiation. Iceland now claims[4]a substantial area of thecontinental shelfto the west of Ireland, to a point 49°48'N 19°00'W, which is further south than Ireland.

The controversialSellafieldnuclear fuel reprocessing plantin north-western England has also been a contentious issue between the two governments. The Irish government has sought the closure of the plant, taking a case against the UK government under theUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.However, theEuropean Court of Justicefound that the case should have been dealt with under EU law.[5]In 2006, however, both countries came to a friendly agreement which enabled both theRadiological Protection Institute of Irelandand theGarda Síochána(Irish Police Force) access to the site to conduct investigations.[6]

United States

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Embassy of Ireland to the US, inWashington, D.C.
Main article:Ireland–United States relations
See also:United States Ambassador to Ireland,Embassy of the United States in Dublin,andUnited States Ambassador's Official Residence in Dublin

The United States recognised theIrish Free Stateon 28 June 1924 with diplomatic relations being established on 7 October 1924. In 1927, the United States opened an American Legation in Dublin.[7]Due to the ancestral ties between the two countries, Ireland and the US have a strong relationship, both politically and economically, with the US being Ireland's biggest trading partner since 2000.[8]Ireland also receives moreforeign direct investmentfrom the US than many larger nations, with investments in Ireland equal toFranceandGermanycombined and, in 2012, more than all of developing Asia put together.[9]

The use ofShannon Airportas a stop-over point forUS forcesen route toIraqhas caused domestic controversy in Ireland. Opponents of this policy brought an unsuccessfulHigh Courtcase against the government in 2003, arguing that this use of Irish airspace violatedIrish neutrality.[10]Restrictions such as carrying no arms, ammunition, or explosives, and that the flights in question did not form part of military exercises or operations were put in place to defend Irish neutrality, however, allegations have been made against theCentral Intelligence Agencythat the airport has been used between 30 and 50 times for illegalextraordinary renditionflights to the U.S. without the knowledge of the Irish Government, despite diplomatic assurances by the US that Irish airspace would not be used for transport of detainees.[11][12]

In July 2006, the former Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs,Dermot Ahernvoiced concern over the2006 Lebanon War.[13]A shipment of bombs being sent toIsraelby the United States was banned using Irish airspace or airfields.[14]

In 1995 a decision was made by the U.S. government to appoint aSpecial Envoyto Northern Ireland to help with theNorthern Ireland peace process.During the2008 presidential campaign in the United States,however, Democratic Party candidateBarack Obamawas reported as having questioned the necessity to keep a US Special Envoy for Northern Ireland. His remarks caused an uproar within the Republican Party, with SenatorJohn McCainquestioning his leadership abilities and his commitment to the ongoing peace process in Northern Ireland.[15]

As of 2023,Geraldine Byrne Nasonis the Irish ambassador to the United States while the position of U.S. ambassador to Ireland is held byClaire D. Cronin.

China

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Embassy of Ireland inBeijing
See also:China–Ireland relations

Ireland's official relationship with the People's Republic of China began on 22 June 1979.[16]Following his visit to China in 1999, formerTaoiseachBertie Ahernauthorised the establishment of an Asia Strategy.[17]This Strategy aimed to ensure that the Irish Government and Irish enterprise work coherently to enhance the important relationships between Ireland and Asia.[17]In recent years due to the rapid expansion of the Chinese economy, China is becoming a key trade partner of Ireland, with over $6bn worth ofbilateral tradebetween the two countries in 2010. In July 2013, theTánaisteand Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade were invited to China by the Chinese foreign ministerWang Yion a trade mission to boost both investment and political ties between the two countries.[18]

Ireland has raised its concerns in the area of human rights with China on several occasions. On 12 May 2007, during a visit to Beijing, formerTaoiseachBrian Cowen(then Minister for Finance) discussed human rights issues with Chinese Foreign MinisterLi Zhao xing.[19]Former TánaisteMary Coughlanalso raised human rights issues and concerns with visiting Chinese Vice-PremierZeng Peiyan.[19]Ireland also participates in the EU-China Human Rights Dialogue.

Concerning theTaiwan issue,Ireland follows aOne-China policyand emphasizes the Taiwan issue being best settled through dialogue "between the parties concerned". Ireland does not maintain official diplomatic ties with Taiwan although there is a Taipei Representative Office that has a representative function about economic and cultural promotion.

In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including Ireland, signed a joint letter to theUNHRCcondemning China's mistreatment of theUyghursas well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close theXin gian g re-education camps.[20][21]

Diplomatic relations

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List of countries which Ireland maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date[22]
1 United Kingdom 6 December 1922[23]
2 United States 7 October 1924[24]
3 France 19 October 1929[25]
— Holy See 27 November 1929[26]
4 Belgium 7 September 1932[27]
5 Spain September 1935[28]
6 Italy 27 September 1937[29]
7 Canada 11 September 1939[30]
8 Switzerland 1939[31]
9 Portugal 26 February 1942[27]
10 Netherlands 1945[32]
11 Sweden 18 July 1946[27]
12 Australia 15 October 1946[33]
13 Czech Republic 29 January 1947[34]
14 Argentina 29 July 1947[35]
15 India 1947[36]
16 Iceland 11 March 1948[37]
17 Norway 17 February 1950[38]
18 Germany 26 July 1951[39]
19 Turkey 2 October 1951[27]
20 Austria 1 March 1952[40]
21 Uruguay 19 January 1955[41]
22 Japan 5 March 1957[42]
23 Nigeria 1960[43]
24 Finland 2 November 1961[44]
25 Luxembourg 20 December 1961[45]
26 Denmark January 1962[46]
27 Pakistan 1962[47]
28 Israel 25 January 1964[48]
29 Zambia 1965[49]
30 New Zealand 19 January 1966[50]
31 Lesotho 1966[51]
32 Russia 29 September 1973[52]
33 Bangladesh 1973[53]
34 Bahrain 18 May 1974[54]
35 Malaysia 12 September 1974[55]
36 Qatar September 1974[56]
37 Saudi Arabia September 1974[56]
38 Kuwait 5 October 1974[57]
39 United Arab Emirates 8 October 1974[58]
40 Singapore 2 December 1974[59]
41 Egypt 12 December 1974[60]
42 Lebanon 12 December 1974[60]
43 Tunisia 16 January 1975[61]
44 Greece 22 January 1975[62]
45 Thailand 27 January 1975[63]
46 Algeria January 1975[64]
47 Morocco 19 March 1975[65]
48 Syria 18 July 1975[66]
49 Mexico 21 August 1975[67]
50 Brazil 1 September 1975[68]
51 Iran 17 February 1976[69]
52 Poland 30 September 1976[70]
53 Hungary 1 October 1976[71]
54 Libya 2 July 1977[72]
55 Serbia 1977[73]
56 Kenya 4 April 1979[74]
57 China 22 June 1979[75]
58 Tanzania 3 December 1979[76]
59 Iraq 1979[77]
60 Venezuela 26 September 1980[78]
61 South Korea 4 October 1983[79]
62 Zimbabwe October 1983[80][81]
63 Sudan 28 March 1984[82]
64 Jordan 15 May 1984[83]
65 Philippines 5 July 1984[84]
66 Indonesia 4 September 1984[85]
67 Cyprus 23 November 1984[86]
68 Brunei 6 May 1986[87]
69 Oman 8 July 1987[88]
70 Romania 18 April 1990[89]
71 Bulgaria 11 June 1990[90]
72 Malta 13 June 1990[91]
73 Ghana 1990[92]
74 Lithuania 2 September 1991[93]
75 Estonia 10 September 1991[94]
76 Latvia 9 October 1991[95]
77 Belarus 27 March 1992[96]
78 Ukraine 1 April 1992[97]
79 Kazakhstan 10 April 1992[98]
80 Chile 1 June 1992[99]
81 Slovakia 1 January 1993[100]
82 South Africa 5 October 1993[101]
83 Uganda 14 July 1994[102]
84 Ethiopia 18 July 1994[103]
85 North Macedonia 13 December 1994[104]
86 Namibia 1994[105]
87 San Marino 13 January 1995[106]
88 Andorra 18 January 1995[107]
89 Croatia 27 January 1995[108]
90 Albania January 1995[109]
91 Bosnia and Herzegovina 27 September 1995[110]
92 Slovenia 25 January 1996[111]
93 Sri Lanka February 1996[112]
94 Vietnam 5 April 1996[113]
95 Mozambique 13 June 1996
96 Armenia 28 June 1996[114]
97 Azerbaijan 1 July 1996[115]
98 Georgia 12 September 1996[116]
99 Botswana 1996[117]
100 Uzbekistan 7 November 1997[118]
101 Jamaica 7 December 1997[119]
102 Laos 7 August 1998[120]
103 Mongolia 22 December 1998[121]
104 Peru 27 June 1999[122]
105 Moldova 13 July 1999[123]
106 Nepal 19 August 1999[124]
107 Seychelles 9 October 1999[125]
108 Ecuador 20 October 1999
109 Cuba 27 October 1999[126]
110 Cambodia 30 October 1999[127]
111 Colombia 10 November 1999
112 Maldives 7 December 1999[128]
113 Honduras 11 December 1999[129]
114 Bolivia 1999[130]
115 Sierra Leone 19 January 2000
116 Guyana 2 February 2000
117 Nauru 21 March 2000
118 Ivory Coast 3 May 2000
119 Antigua and Barbuda 19 May 2000
120 Kyrgyzstan 23 June 2000[131]
121 Samoa 26 June 2000[132]
122 Chad 30 June 2000
123 El Salvador 13 July 2000[133]
124 Palau 14 July 2000
125 Tajikistan 18 July 2000[134]
126 Belize 21 July 2000
127 Yemen 25 July 2000
128 Mauritius August 2000[135]
129 Costa Rica 15 September 2000
130 Kiribati 7 September 2000[136]
131 Tuvalu 7 September 2000[136]
132 Vanuatu 7 September 2000[137]
133 Trinidad and Tobago 13 December 2000
134 Democratic Republic of the Congo 2000[138]
135 Saint Lucia 2000[139]
136 Angola 24 January 2001
137 Panama 14 February 2001
138 Barbados 3 May 2001
139 Paraguay 15 May 2001
140 Gambia 29 May 2001
141 Djibouti 6 July 2001
142 Dominica 6 July 2001
143 Liechtenstein 24 October 2001[140]
144 Fiji 19 February 2002[141]
145 Eritrea 13 March 2002[142]
146 Afghanistan 19 September 2002
147 Malawi 2002[143]
148 East Timor 31 January 2003
149 Nicaragua 9 September 2003
150 North Korea 10 December 2003[144]
151 Myanmar 10 February 2004[145]
152 Federated States of Micronesia 27 October 2004
153 Burundi 2004[146]
154 Guatemala 2004[147]
155 Liberia 2004[148]
156 Montenegro 20 June 2006[149]
157 Monaco 14 December 2006[150]
158 Bahamas 23 April 2007
159 Cameroon 23 April 2007
160 Burkina Faso 1 May 2007
161 Turkmenistan 16 October 2007[151]
162 Guinea 30 June 2008[152]
— Kosovo 11 November 2008[153]
163 Dominican Republic 6 July 2009[154]
164 Solomon Islands 4 December 2009[155]
165 Gabon 15 December 2009[156]
166 Haiti 26 January 2012
167 South Sudan 4 May 2012[157]
168 Rwanda 28 November 2013[158]
169 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 10 December 2013[159]
170 Comoros 2017[138]
171 Central African Republic 26 June 2018
172 Togo 27 June 2018
173 Benin 28 May 2019[160]
174 Eswatini 8 August 2019[161][162]
175 Suriname 19 November 2019[163]
176 Papua New Guinea 26 October 2020[164]
177 Somalia 3 November 2020[165]
178 Marshall Islands 8 January 2021[166]
179 Cape Verde 19 March 2021[167]
180 Tonga 27 July 2021[168]
181 Guinea-Bissau 25 November 2021[169][170]
— Cook Islands 21 November 2022[171]
182 Mauritania 1 December 2022[172]
183 Saint Kitts and Nevis June 2023[173][174]
184 Grenada 21 September 2023[175]
185 Republic of the Congo Unknown
186 Madagascar Unknown
187 Mali Unknown[176]
188 Niger Unknown
189 Senegal Unknown

Ireland maintains diplomatic relations with 189 United Nations member states, the Cook Islands, Kosovo and the Holy See. Ireland does not have diplomatic relations with the following countries:

Bilateral relations

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Africa

[edit]
Country Formal relations began Notes
Algeria January 1975[64]
  • Ireland is represented in Algeria through its embassy inBern(Switzerland).
  • Algeria has an embassy inDublin.
  • There are 1,047 Algerians living in Ireland.[177]
Angola 24 January 2001[178]
  • Ireland is represented in Angola through its embassy inMaputo(Mozambique).
  • Angola is represented in Ireland through its embassy inLondon(United Kingdom).
  • Between 2006 and 2010 Angola received almost €7.6 million from the government of Ireland throughIrish Aid.[179]
Burkina Faso 1 May 2007[180]
Cameroon 23 April 2007[182]
  • Ireland is represented in Cameroon through its embassy inAbuja(Nigeria).
  • Cameroon is represented in Ireland through an honorary consulate inDublin.
Democratic Republic of Congo 2000[138]
  • Ireland is represented in the Democratic Republic of Congo through its embassy inPretoria(South Africa).
  • Democratic Republic of Congo received €7.4 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.[183]
  • There are 1,770 citizens from between both the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo living in Ireland. The exact number from each is uncertain due to the factCongowith no distinction was used solely in census reports.[177]
Egypt December 1974[64]
  • Ireland has an embassy inCairoand an honorary consulate inAlexandria.[184]
  • Egypt has an embassy in Dublin, the first embassy of an Arab country in Ireland.[185]
  • There are 1,055Egyptiansliving in Ireland.[177]
Ethiopia 1994[186] SeeEthiopia–Ireland relations
  • Ireland has an embassy inAddis Ababa.
  • Ethiopia closed its embassy in Dublin in 2021.
  • In 2011, Ethiopia received €36.4 million in aid from Ireland.[183]
  • In November 2014 the President of IrelandMichael D. Higginsvisited Ethiopia on a state visit to celebrate 20 years of diplomatic relations between the two countries. During this visit a bilateral transport agreement was signed which paved the way forEthiopian Airlinesto commence direct flights to Dublin from Addis Ababa, the first between Ireland andSub-Saharan Africa.[187]
Ghana 1990[92]
Ivory Coast 3 May 2000[188]
Kenya 4 April 1979[74]
  • Ireland has an embassy inNairobi.
  • Kenya has an embassy in Dublin.
  • Kenya received €9.3 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.[183]
  • There are approximately 2,000 Irish citizens living in Kenya.[190]
Lesotho
  • Ireland is represented in Lesotho through its embassy inPretoria,South Africaafter closing its embassy inMaseruin 2014.
  • Lesotho has an embassy inDublin.
  • In June 2006 the President of Ireland,Mary McAleesemade a state visit to the country.[191]
  • Lesotho received €11.3 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.[183]
Liberia 2004[148]
Libya 2 July 1977 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 July 1977[72]

UnderMuammar Gaddafi,the prime governor of Libya from 1969 to 2011, relations between both countries were strained due to Gaddafi's support of theIrish Republican Army.Gaddafi was sympathetic to their cause and also wanted revenge for theUnited States Air Force'sbombing attacks on Tripoli and Benghazi in 1986.Between 1984 and 1987 Libya sent the IRA about 1,000AK47 assault riflesand six tonnes ofSemtex explosivealongside other weapons. This shipment ensuredThe Troublescould continue for many more years, mainly until theGood Friday Agreementof 1998 ended the conflict.[193]

Madagascar 2005 Ireland and Madagascar maintain diplomatic relations in 2005.
Malawi 2002
Mauritius August 2000[135]
  • Ireland is represented in Mauritius through its embassy inPretoria,(South Africa).
  • Mauritius is represented in Ireland through its high commission inLondon(United Kingdom).
  • There are 2,844 citizens of Mauritius living in Ireland.[197]

Following themurder of Irish tourist Michaela McAreaveyon the island in January 2011, several Irish businesses proposed a boycott of the island due to the questionable trial in which all 3 suspects were acquitted.[198]Another source of discontent was the investigation by theMauritian authorities.The Major Crime Investigation Team (MCIT), who was in charge, admitted they failed to interview fellow guests at the hotel who were staying close to the room in which the murder occurred. They also failed to preserve the crime scene and did not provide any solidDNA evidenceagainst the accused.[199]As a result, the Irish ambassador to Mauritius conveyed in person to the Prime Minister of Mauritius,Navin Ramgoolam,a formal government to government protest over what happened.[200][201]

Morocco 19 March 1975[65]
  • Ireland has an embassy in Rabat.[202]
  • Morocco has an embassy inDublin.

In November 2012 Morocco recalled its ambassador to Ireland temporarily due to the fact the leader of theSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic,Mohamed Abdelaziz,met with top Irish officials, including the President of IrelandMichael D. Higginsand the Minister for Foreign Affairs,Eamon Gilmore.The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic claims sovereignty overWestern Sahara,adisputed territorythat Morocco also claims to own.[203]

Mozambique 13 June 1996[204]
  • Ireland has an embassy inMaputo.[205]
  • Mozambique is represented in Ireland through its embassy inLondon(United Kingdom).
  • Mozambique received €42.2 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.[183]
Namibia 1994[206]

Following Namibia's Independence fromSouth Africain 1990, Ireland sent 50 Garda officers as well as 20 military observers to the country as part of theUnited Nations Transition Assistance Group.This group was sent to monitor the peace process and elections taking place there at the time.[207]

Nigeria
Seychelles 9 October 1999[125]
Sierra Leone 19 January 2000[209]
  • Ireland has an embassy inFreetownsince 2014.
  • Sierra Leone is represented in Ireland through its embassy inLondon(United Kingdom) and an honorary consulate inMuine BheaginCounty Carlow.
  • Sierra Leone received €9.1 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.[183]
  • Between 2005 and 2014 Ireland provided over €88 million in assistance to projects in Sierra Leone.[210]
Somalia
South Africa 1993[212]

A principled stand againstapartheidby Ireland came to prevent the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries. As a result, Ireland was the onlyEUcountry that did not have full diplomatic relations with South Africa until 1993, when an exchange of ambassadors was agreed with theDe Klerk administrationin anticipation of the ending of apartheid.

Tanzania 1979[215]
Uganda 1994
  • Ireland has an embassy inKampala.
  • Uganda is represented in Ireland through its high commission inLondon(United Kingdom) and an honorary consulate inDublin.
  • In 2011 Uganda received €42.7 million from Ireland through a variety of aid programmes.[183]
  • Irish people are one of the few citizens that do not need a visa to travel to Uganda.[217]

It was found in November 2012 that €4 million worth of Irish foreign aid was misappropriated by senior officials of the country. Instead of going towards aiding the development of the country, this money was redirected into the personal account of the prime minister of Uganda. The Irish government then halted all aid payments towards Uganda until the money was recouped, which eventually occurred in January 2013.[218]

Zimbabwe 1984
  • Ireland is represented in Zimbabwe through an honorary consulate inHarare.[219]
  • Zimbabwe is represented in Ireland through its embassy inLondon(United Kingdom).
  • Zimbabwe received €7.6 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.[183]
  • There are 1,537 Zimbabweans living in Ireland.[177]

Americas

[edit]
Country Formal relations began Notes
Argentina 21 July 1947[220] SeeArgentina-Ireland relations
  • Ireland has an embassy inBuenos Aires.
  • Argentina has an embassy in Dublin.
  • In 2012 the Irish presidentMichael D. Higginsbecame the third Irish President in succession to visit Argentina on a state visit.
  • In March 2008, a new visa programme between the two countries allowing young people from each country to work in the other for up to 9 months was announced.[221]
  • See Also:Irish Argentine
Bahamas 23 April 2007[222]
Brazil 19 September 1975[224] SeeBrazil–Ireland relations
Canada 11 September 1939[226] SeeCanada–Ireland relations
  • Ireland has anembassyinOttawaand consulates-general inTorontoandVancouver.[227]
  • Canada has an embassy inDublin.
  • There are 2,384 Canadian citizens residing in Ireland.[197]
  • Canada and Ireland enjoy friendly relations, the importance of these relations centres on the history ofIrish migration to Canada.Approximately 4 million Canadians have Irish ancestors, or approximately 14% of Canada's population.
Chile 1 June 1992[228] See also:Chile–Ireland relations
  • Chile has an embassy in Dublin.[229]
  • Ireland has an embassy inSantiago de Chile.[230]
  • A special visa programme allowing young people from both countries to work in the other country for up to a year was announced in 2016.[231]
  • See also:Irish Chilean
Colombia 10 November 1999[232] SeeColombia–Ireland relations
  • Ireland has an embassy inBogotá.[233]
  • Colombia has an embassy in Dublin.[234]
  • Colombia received over €1 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.[183]
Costa Rica 15 September 2000[235]
Cuba 27 October 1999[238]
  • Ireland has an honorary consulate in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy inDublin.
  • A large number of Irish people migrated to Cuba in the 19th century.
  • The Irish Republican political party,Sinn Féinis also known to have close political links to the Cuban government. In 2015 Sinn Féin party leader,Gerry Adamsmade an official visit to the country.[239]
Dominican Republic 13 July 2000[240]
  • Ireland is represented in the Dominican Republic through its embassy inBogota,Colombia
  • The Dominican Republic is represented in Ireland through its embassy inLondon,United Kingdom.
Ecuador 20 October 1999[241]
Haiti 26 January 2012[242]
  • Ireland is represented in Haiti through Ireland's embassy inMexico City,(Mexico).
  • In 2014 Haiti received €2.1m from Ireland in development aid.[243]
  • Following the devastating2010 Haiti earthquake,Ireland donated €37.3m to the country in response through governmental bodies such asIrish Aidand through donations toNGO'Sfrom the public.[244]
Jamaica 7 December 1997[245]
Mexico 10 January 1974[246] SeeIreland–Mexico relations
Panama 14 February 2001[250]
  • Although diplomatic relations with Panama are maintained through Ireland's embassy inBogotá,(Colombia), Ireland is represented in Panama consularly through its embassy inMexico City(Mexico) and through an honorary consulate inPanama City.[251]
Peru 27 June 1999[122]
Main article:Ireland–Peru relations
  • Ireland is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Santiago, Chile and maintains an honorary consulate inLima.
  • Peru has an embassy in Dublin.
United States 7 October 1924[252] SeeaboveandIreland–United States relations

Asia

[edit]
No formal diplomatic relations
Country Formal relations began Notes
Afghanistan 19 September 2002[255]
Armenia 28 June 1996[256]
Azerbaijan 1 July 1996[115]
Bahrain 18 May 1974[54]
Bangladesh
Bhutan N/A Ireland does not maintain diplomatic relations with Bhutan.
China 22 June 1979[75] SeeaboveandChina–Ireland relations
Georgia 12 September 1996[262]
  • Ireland is represented in Georgia through its embassy inKyiv(Ukraine).
  • Georgia has an embassy in Dublin.

Ireland supports EU initiatives to promote peace betweenGeorgiaandRussia.Ireland recognises Georgian sovereignty over the separatist regions ofAbkhaziaandSouth Ossetia.Ireland condemned the decision of Russia to recognise South Ossetia and Abkhazia as independent states.[263]

The parallel the Abkhaz Parliament referred to stems from the fact that the breakaway and largely unrecognisedIrish Republic(1919–22), enjoyed some form of recognition from theRSFSR.[citation needed]

India 1947[36] SeeIndia–Ireland relations
Indonesia 4 September 1984[85] SeeIndonesia–Ireland relations
Iran 17 February 1976[69]
Iraq 1979[77]
Israel January 1975[270] SeeIreland–Israel relations
Japan 5 March 1957[273] SeeIreland–Japan relations
Jordan 15 May 1984[276]
Kazakhstan 10 April 1992[278]
Kuwait 5 October 1974[57]
Lebanon January 1975[64]
  • Ireland is represented in Lebanon through its embassy inCairo(Egypt) and an honorary consulate inBeirut.
  • Lebanon is represented in Ireland through its embassy inLondon(United Kingdom).

From 1978 to 2001, a battalion of 580 Irish troops was deployed in Lebanon, rotating every 6 months, as part of theUnited Nationsled forceUNIFIL.In all, 30,000 Irish soldiers served in Lebanon over the 23 years. Over the course of this mission 48 Irish soldiers died in Lebanon.[279]

Malaysia 1974[280]
Mongolia 22 December 1998[281]
Nepal 19 August 1999[282]
North Korea 10 December 2003
  • DPR Korea opened an embassy in Ireland after they both established diplomatic relations. However, on 16 July 2005, North Korea closed the embassy in Dublin.
  • Ireland is represented to DPR Korea from its embassy in Seoul.
Oman July 1987[284]
Pakistan SeeIreland–Pakistan relations
  • Ireland is represented in Pakistan through its embassy inRiyadh(Saudi Arabia) and an consulate general inKarachiand is planning to open inIslamabad.
  • Pakistan has an embassy inDublin.
  • There are 6,847Pakistanisliving in Ireland.[214]
  • Pakistan received over €1.5 million in aid from Ireland in 2011.[183]
Palestine 2000[285] SeeIreland-Palestine relations
Philippines 1984[289] SeeIreland–Philippines relations
  • Diplomatic relations officially began in 1984 and have become more intense over the years as increasing numbers of Filipinos have migrated to Ireland.
  • Ireland has an embassy inManila.
  • The Philippines is represented in Ireland through its embassy inLondon(United Kingdom) and an honorary consulate inDublin.
  • There are 12,791Filipinosliving in Ireland.[214]
Saudi Arabia September 1974[290]
Singapore 2 December 1974[291]
  • Ireland is represented in Singapore through its embassy inSingapore.
  • Singapore is represented in Ireland through its honorary consulate inDublin.
South Korea 4 October 1983[79] The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and Ireland started on 4 October 1983.[292]
Sri Lanka 1996[295]
  • Ireland is represented in Sri Lanka through its embassy inNew Delhi(India) and an honorary consulate inColombo.
  • Sri Lanka is represented in Ireland through an honorary consulate inDublin.
Thailand 27 January 1975[63]
Turkey 2 October 1951[27] SeeIreland–Turkey relations
United Arab Emirates 1974[297]
Vietnam 5 April 1996[113]

Europe

[edit]

Ireland is consistently the mostpro-Europeanof EU member states, with 88% of the population approving of EU membership according to a poll in 2022.[1]Archived20 May 2022 at theWayback MachineIreland was a founding member of theeurosingle currency. In May 2004, Ireland was one of only three countries to open its borders to workers from the 10 new member states. EU issues important to Ireland include theCommon Agricultural Policy,corporationtax harmonisationand theEU Constitution.The Irish electoratedeclined to ratifytheTreaty of Lisbonin 2008. A second referendum in October 2009 passed the bill, allowing the treaty to be ratified. Before it was ratified Ireland required legal guarantees on issues such as the right of Ireland to remain militarily neutral (and not engage in any kind of "European army" ), the right of the state to maintain its low levels of corporation tax and that the treaty would not change theEighth Amendment of the Constitution of Irelandmakingabortionillegal (since deleted). Ireland has held thePresidency of the Council of the European Unionon seven occasions (in 1975, 1979, 1984, 1990, 1996, 2004 and 2013), and is due to hold it for the eight time from July to December 2026.

Country Formal relations began Notes
Albania January 1995[109]
Andorra 18 January 1995[303]
  • Although Ireland is accredited to Andorra from its embassy inMadrid,(Spain) all consular queries are with regard to Andorra are dealt with through Ireland's consulate-general inBarcelona.[304]
  • Andorra does not have an accreditation to Ireland.[305]
  • Both countries are full members of theCouncil of Europe.
Austria 1 March 1952[306]
Belarus 27 March 1992[310]
Belgium 7 September 1932[27]
Bosnia and Herzegovina 27 September 1995[315]
Bulgaria 11 January 1990[316]
Croatia 27 January 1995[319] SeeCroatia–Ireland relations
Cyprus 23 November 1984[86] SeeCyprus-Ireland relations
Czech Republic 1 January 1993[34]
Denmark January 1962[46] SeeDenmark–Ireland relations
Estonia 10 September 1991[324]
Finland 2 November 1961[325]
France 19 October1929[328][27] SeeFrance–Ireland relations
Germany 27 October 1929[331] SeeGermany–Ireland relations
Greece 22 January 1975[334] SeeGreece–Ireland relations
Guernsey
  • Ireland has signed several tax treaties with theGuernsey.[337]The treaties provide a mechanism for inter-governmental sharing of information about offshore assets, and avoidance of dual-taxation.[338]
Holy See 27 November 1929[339] SeeHoly See–Ireland relations
  • Ireland has an embassy in Rome to theHoly See.
  • The Holy See has an apostolic nunciature inDublin.
  • In November 2011 Ireland closed its embassy in theVaticanover the Irish Church's handling of sex abuse cases and accusations that the Vatican had encouraged secrecy and obstructed investigations into these matters.[340]The embassy was reopened in January 2014, a sign of thawing relations between the two jurisdictions.[341]
  • The majority ofIrish peopleareRoman Catholic.
Hungary 1 October 1976[71]
Iceland 3 July 1951[344] SeeIceland–Ireland relations
Italy 27 September 1937[27]
Jersey
  • Ireland has signed several tax treaties withJersey.[337]The treaties provide a mechanism for inter-governmental sharing of information about offshore assets, and avoidance of dual-taxation.[338]
Kosovo 11 November 2008[349] SeeIreland–Kosovo relations
Latvia 9 October 1991[353]
Liechtenstein 1992
Lithuania 2 September 1991[356]
Luxembourg 20 December 1961[358]
Malta 13 June 1990[360]
Isle of Man SeeIreland-Isle of Man relations
  • Ireland has signed several tax agreements with theIsle of Man.[363]The agreements provide a mechanism for inter-governmental sharing of information about offshore assets, and avoidance of dual-taxation.
  • Ireland and the Isle of Man have collaborated on preparing reports and jointly opposing theSellafieldnuclear plant to the UK government.[364]
Moldova 13 July 1999[365]
Monaco 14 December 2006[367]
  • Although Ireland has an honorary consulate inMonaco,Ireland is represented through its embassy inParis(France).
  • Monaco has an honorary consulate inDublin.
Montenegro 20 June 2006[368]
  • Ireland is represented in Montenegro through its embassy inBudapest(Hungary).
  • Montenegro declared its independence fromSerbiaon 3 June 2006 and Ireland recognised it on 20 June 2006.
  • Both countries are full members of theCouncil of Europe.
  • Ireland is anEUmemberand Montenegro is anEUcandidate.
Netherlands 1945[27]
North Macedonia 13 December 1994[370]
Norway 17 February 1950[371]
Poland 30 September 1976[374] SeeIreland–Poland relations
Portugal 26 February1942[377][27]
Romania 18 April 1990[379]
Russia 29 September 1973[382] SeeIreland–Russia relations
  • Ireland has anembassy in Moscow.and an honorary consulate inSt. Petersburg.[383]
  • Russia has an embassyDublinand two honorary consulates (LimerickandThurles,County Tipperary).[384]
  • There are 3,896Russiansliving in Ireland.[197]
  • TheRussian SFSRdrafted a treaty which would have made it the first country to recognise the independence of Ireland in 1920, however, the Russian SFSR failed to ratify it.[385][386]
  • Cooperation between both countries has been more active since the end of theCold War.Many bilateral treaties exist between both nations in various fields (taxation, investment protection, cultural and scientific, aviation, etc.).
San Marino 13 January 1995[387]
  • Ireland is represented in San Marino through its embassy inRome(Italy).
  • San Marino has an honorary consulate inLimerick.
Serbia 1977[388]
Slovakia 1 January 1993[389]

In 2010 Slovak airport security planted actual explosives in the luggage of unsuspecting passengers as part of a security exercise. As result of additional mistakes, the explosives were flown toDublin,Irelandcausing international controversy.[391]Prime Minister Fico refused to dismiss the interior minister after the incident.

Slovenia 25 January 1996[392]
Spain 3 September 1935[395][27] SeeIreland–Spain relations
Sweden 18 July 1946[27] SeeIreland–Sweden relations
Switzerland 1939[31]
  • Ireland has an embassy inBernand an honorary consulate inZürich.
  • Switzerland has an embassy inDublin.
  • As of 2010 there are 1,449 Swiss people living in Ireland.[399]
  • Both countries are full members of theCouncil of Europe.
Ukraine 1 April 1992[400]
United Kingdom 8 January 1923[23] SeeaboveandIreland–United Kingdom relations

Oceania

[edit]
No formal diplomatic relations
Country Formal relations began Notes
Australia 1945[407] SeeAustralia–Ireland relations
New Zealand 1965[409] SeeIreland–New Zealand relations

United Nations

[edit]

The United Nations was founded in 1945, but Ireland's membership wasblockedby theSoviet Unionuntil 1955,[413]"partly because ofDublin's neutrality "during the Second World War.[414]Since 2017, the Irish ambassador to the UN Office at Geneva has been Michael Gaffey.[415]Ireland has been elected to theUN Security Councilas a non-permanent member on four occasions — in 1962, in 1981–1982, in 2001–2002 and most recently in 2021–2022.[416]

Ireland is a member state of theInternational Criminal Court,having signed theRome Statutein 1998 and ratified it in 2002.[417]

Irish Aid,the Government of Ireland's programme of assistance to developing countries financed the redesign of the UNV Online Volunteering service website in 2008 and supported its operations from 2007 to 2010, which led to a significant growth in the number of online volunteers and the tasks they completed.[418]

In 2017, Ireland signed the UNtreaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[419]

Peacekeeping missions

[edit]

Ireland has a long history of participation in UNpeacekeepingefforts starting in 1958, just three years after joining the UN. As of August 2018,90 members of theIrish Defence Forceshad been killed on peacekeeping missions.[420]

List of major peacekeeping operations:[421]

As well as these missions, Irish personnel have served as observers in Central America, Russia,Cambodia,Afghanistan,Namibia,Western Sahara,Kuwaitand South Africa.[422]

Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations

[edit]

Ireland was a member state of the British Commonwealth from 1922 until 1949, initially as aDominioncalled theIrish Free Statefrom 1922 until 1937, when Ireland adopted a new constitution and changed the name of the state to "Ireland". Although the king was removed from the Constitution in 1936, a republic was only formally declared from 18 April 1949. Under the rules for membership at the time, a republic could not be a member state of the Commonwealth. This was changed a week later with the adoption of theLondon Declaration.

Since 1998, some people in Ireland have advocated joining theCommonwealth of Nations,most notablyÉamon Ó Cuív,Frank Feighan,andMary Kenny.[423][424]

International organisations

[edit]

Ireland is a member of or otherwise participates in the following international organisations:[425]

Foreign aid

[edit]
Main article:Irish Aid

Ireland's aid programme was founded in 1974, and in 2017 its budget amounted to €651 million.[426]The government had previously set a target of reaching theMillennium Development Goalof 0.7% ofGross National Productin aid by 2012, which was not met as aid was reduced as a result of theIrish financial crisis.[427]Irish development aid is concentrated on eight priority countries:Lesotho,Mozambique,Tanzania,Ethiopia,Zambia,Uganda,VietnamandEast Timor.[428]In 2006,Malawiwas announced as the ninth priority country, with a tenth country to follow.[429]

Human rights

[edit]

There have been no serious civil, human or social rights abuses/problems in the State, according toAmnesty Internationaland theU.S. State Department.[430][431]The country consistently comes among the top nations in terms offreedomand rights ratings.

Index Ranking (Most Recent) Result
Freedom in the World – Political Rights 1st (Joint) 1 ( "Free" )
Freedom in the World – Civil Liberties 1st (Joint) 1 ( "Free" )
Index of Economic Freedom 9th 76.9 ( "Mostly Free" )
Worldwide Press Freedom Index Ranking 15th −4.00 ( "Free" )
Global Peace Index 6th (Joint) 1.33 ( "More Peaceful" )
Democracy Index 12th 8.79 ( "Full Democracy" )
International Property Rights Index 13th (Joint) 7.9
Corruption Perceptions Index 16th (Joint) 7.7
Fragile States Index 170th (7th from the bottom) 26.5 ( "Sustainable" )

See also

[edit]

References

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Further reading

[edit]
  • Burgess, Niall. "One hundred years of Irish foreign policy: looking back, looking forwards."Irish Studies in International Affairs30.1 (2019): 5–11.excerpt
  • Clérigh, Gearóid Ó. "A Changed Approach to Diplomacy: The Department of Foreign Affairs Then and Now."Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review109.434 (2020): 202–208.onlineArchived22 May 2023 at theWayback Machine
  • Doyle, John. "100 years of Irish Foreign Policy."Irish Studies in International Affairs30.1 (2019): 1–5.excerptArchived7 July 2022 at theWayback Machine
  • Doyle, John. "Irish diplomacy on the UN Security Council 2001–2: foreign policy-making in the light of day."Irish Studies in International Affairs30.1 (2019)online.
  • Fanning, Ronan. "The Anglo-American Alliance and the Irish Application for Membership of the United Nations."Irish Studies in International Affairs2#2 (1986), pp. 35–61.onlineArchived22 May 2023 at theWayback Machine
  • Kennedy, Liam. "From the Good Friday Agreement to Brexit: Irish Diaspora Diplomacy in the United States."Routledge International Handbook of Diaspora Diplomacy(Routledge, 2022). 243–254.
  • O'Brien, Ann Marie. "A century of change: The (in) visibility of women in the Irish Foreign Service, 1919–2019."Irish Studies in International Affairs30.1 (2019): 73–92.excerpt
  • O'Brien, Ann Marie. "Locating women within the Irish Department of External Affairs: a case study of Irish women at the League of Nations and United Nations, 1923–76."Irish Historical Studies43.163 (2019): 94–110.
  • O'Brien, Ann Marie. "The revolutionary aims of Ireland's forgotten diplomats, 1919–1922."Historical Journal64.5 (2021): 1332–1354.
  • Ó'Fathartaigh, Mícheál Ó., and Liam Weeks.Birth of a state: the Anglo-Irish Treaty(Irish Academic Press. 2021).online reviewArchived22 May 2023 at theWayback Machine
  • Rees, Nicholas, and John O'Brennan. "The dual crisis in Irish foreign policy: the economic crash and Brexit in a volatile European landscape."Irish Political Studies34.4 (2019): 595–614, on 21st century.
  • Tonra, Ben.The Europeanisation of national foreign policy: Dutch, Danish and Irish foreign policy in the European Union(Routledge, 2018)onlineArchived21 July 2023 at theWayback Machine.
  • Whelan, Barry.Ireland's revolutionary diplomat: a biography of Leopold Kerney(University of Notre Dame Press, 2019)
  • Whelan, Bernadette.De Valera and Roosevelt: Irish and American diplomacy in times of crisis, 1932–1939(Cambridge University Press. 2021).onlineArchived21 July 2023 at theWayback Machine
[edit]
  • Department of Foreign Affairsofficial site
    • Irish Treaty Series"All treaties published in the Irish Treaty Series since 2002 are available in pdf format on this site. A limited number of selected treaties published in earlier years is also available"
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