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Fort Moore

Coordinates:32°21′58″N84°58′09″W/ 32.36611°N 84.96917°W/32.36611; -84.96917
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the current U.S. Army fort in Georgia. Not to be confused withFort Moore (1846-1853)in California orMoore's Fortin Texas.

Fort Moore
eponyms:LTGHal Moore,USAandJulia Compton Moore
Part ofTraining and Doctrine Command (TRADOC)
Forces Command (FORSCOM)
Special Operations Command (USSOCOM)
Columbus, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area
Chattahoochee County, Georgia(93%) andRussell County,Alabama(7%)
≈182,000 acres (74,000 ha, 284 sq mi, 740 km2)
Maneuver Center of Excellence
Fort Moore is located in Georgia
Fort Moore
Fort Moore
Fort Moore is located in the United States
Fort Moore
Fort Moore
Coordinates32°21′58″N84°58′09″W/ 32.36611°N 84.96917°W/32.36611; -84.96917
TypeArmy post
Site information
Controlled byUnited States Army
WebsiteOfficial Website
Site history
Built1909;115 years ago(1909)
In use1918–present
Garrison information
GarrisonUnits and tenant units

Fort Moore(formerlyFort Benning) is aUnited States Armypost nearColumbus, Georgia.Located onGeorgia's border withAlabama,Fort Moore supports more than 120,000 active-duty military, family members, reserve component soldiers, retirees and civilian employees on a daily basis. As apower projectionplatform, the post can deploy combat-ready forces by air, rail, and highway for their designated mission. Fort Moore is the home of the United States Army Maneuver Center of Excellence, theUnited States Army Armor School,United States Army Infantry School,theWestern Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation(formerly known as theSchool of the Americas), elements of the75th Ranger Regiment,the1st Security Force Assistance Brigade,and other tenant units.

Established in 1918 asCamp Benning,named after aConfederate generalin theAmerican Civil War,it was the Home of the Infantry.[a]In 1922 Camp Benning became Fort Benning. In 2005, it was transformed into the Maneuver Center of Excellence, as a result of the2005 Base Realignment and Closure(BRAC) Commission's decision to consolidate a number of schools and installations to create various "centers of excellence". Included in this transformation was the move of the Armor School fromFort Knoxto Fort Moore.[2]

In 2023, the fort's name was changed to honor GeneralHal Mooreand his wifeJulia Compton Mooreaspart of the process of renaming military assetsassociated with theConfederacy.

A pamphlet describing Fort Benning and Lawson Field
Fort Benning and Lawson Field

History

[edit]
Fort Moore was formerly named afterConfederateGeneralHenry L. Benning.

Camp Benning was established 19 October 1918,[3]initially providingbasic trainingforWorld War Iunits, post-war.Dwight D. Eisenhowerserved at Benning from 24 December 1918,[4]until 15 March 1919,[5]with about 250 of hisCamp Colt, Pennsylvania,tankers who had been transferred to Benning after the armistice.[6]: 72 In December 1918, a portion of the Camp Polk tank school near Raleigh, North Carolina was transferred to Camp Benning "to work in conjunction with the Infantry school".[7]Camp Benning tank troops were moved toCamp Meadein February 1919.[7]

In February 1920, Congress voted to declare Camp Benning a permanent military post and appropriated more than $1 million of additional building funds for the Infantry School of Arms, which later became the Infantry School.[8]By the fall of 1920, more than 350 officers, 7,000 troops and 650 student officers lived at Camp Benning.[8]The post was renamed to Fort Benning in 1922, afterHenry L. Benning,a general in the army of theConfederate States of America.[9][10]Benning fought against U.S. Army troops in theCivil Waras commander ofConfederate States Armyforces.[11][12]

In 1924, Brig. Gen.Briant H. Wellsbecame the fourth commandant of the Infantry School and established the Wells Plan for permanent construction on the installation, emphasizing the importance of the outdoor environment and recreation opportunities for military personnel. During Wells' tenure, the post developed recreational facilities such as Doughboy Stadium, Gowdy Field, the post theater and Russ swimming pool. Doughboy Stadium was erected as a memorial by soldiers to their fallen comrades of World War I. One of the Doughboys' original coaches was a young captain named Dwight D. Eisenhower.[13][14][15]

Lt. ColGeorge C. Marshallwas appointed assistant commandant of the post in 1927 and initiated major changes. Marshall, who later became theArmy Chief of Staffduring World War II, was appalled by the high casualties of World War I caused, he thought, by insufficient training. He was determined to prevent a lack of preparation from costing more lives in future conflicts. He and his subordinates revamped the education system at Fort Benning. The changes he fostered are still known as the Benning Revolution. Later in his life, Marshall went on to author theMarshall Planfor reviving postwar Europe and was awarded theNobel Peace Prizein 1953.[15]

In August 1940, two officers and 46 enlisted volunteers of what was known as the Parachute Test Platoon, made their first airborne jump over Lawson Field at Fort Benning after intensive training. Observers from several countries including Germany and the Soviet Union attended. These 48 were the seed that grew into the branches of America's Airborne Infantry.

The crew of a37 mm gun M3anti-tank gun, in training at Fort Benning, Georgia, April 1942

DuringWorld War IIFort Benning had 197,159 acres (79,787 ha) withbilletingspace for 3,970 officers and 94,873enlistedpersons. Among many other units, Fort Benning was the home of the555th Parachute Infantry Company,whose training began in December 1943. The unit's formation was an important milestone for black Americans, as was explored in the first narrative history of the installation,Home of the Infantry.[16][17]The battalion, later expanded to become the555th Parachute Infantry Battalionand nicknamed the Triple Nickels, was trained at Fort Benning but did not deploy overseas and never saw combat during World War II.[18][19][20][21]

During this period, the specialized duties of the Triple Nickels were primarily in a firefighting role, with over one thousand parachute jumps assmoke jumpers.The 555th was deployed to thePacific Northwestof the United States in response to the concern that forest fires were being set by the Japanese military using long-rangeincendiary balloons.The82nd Armored Reconnaissance Battalionwas activated 15 July 1940, and trained at the Fort.[18][19][20][21]The17th Armored Engineer Battalionbecame active and started training 15 July 1940.[22]

On 28 March 1941, the body of PrivateFelix "Poss" Hallwas found hanged in a shallow ravine near what is now Logan Avenue.[23]Born 1 January 1922, inMillbrook, Alabama,he enlisted in the Army in August 1940. He was assigned to serve in the24th Infantry Regimentat Fort Benning, an all-Black segregated unit formed after theCivil War.Two cousins and his best friend from Millbrook were also stationed at Fort Benning and bunked near him. Hall was known for being friendly and popular, and worked at the base sawmill. On 12 February he told his friends that he was headed to the post exchange for Black servicemen after his work shift. He was last seen alive around 4:00 p.m. in Block W, an all-white neighborhood between the mill and post exchange. He did not appear at bugle call the next morning, and was declared a deserter nearly a month after his disappearance.[24]

His body was found by soldiers on 28 March 1941, hanging against the edge of a ravine in a wooded area. His death was officially declared a homicide, although military officials speculated he had committed suicide.[25]A Fort Benning physician examined his body on 8 April and ruled it a homicide.[23]A 0.25-inch (6.4 mm) noose tied to a sapling was wrapped around his neck, his feet had been bound by baling wire and attached with a rope to other saplings, and his hands were tied behind him. The position of his feet indicated that he had attempted to pile dirt beneath his feet to help alleviate the pressure on his neck.[24]

His murder became widely reported in Black newspapers throughout the country, and the only known publicly available photograph of Felix was published inThe Pittsburgh Courier.[25]The FBI conducted a 17-month long investigation, but ultimately no one was charged for the murder of Hall.[23]On 3 August 2021, the Army unveiled a marker in memory of Felix Hall at the site where he was last seen alive.[26]A memorial event was also held during the unveiling of his marker.[27]His name is inscribed at the National Memorial for Peace and Justice.[28]

On 23 March 1941, Private Albert King, a Black serviceman, was killed by Sergeant Robert Lummus, who was White, following an altercation on a bus. After a night of drinking, King, Pfc. Lawrence Hoover, and their girlfriends, were riding on a bus around 3:30 am, back to their barracks. King was shouting and "cussing", according to the driver and other Black passengers. The driver stopped the bus near the Fort's gates and Sergeant Lummus, aMilitary Policemotorcycle officer, boarded the bus. When Lummus tried to take King and Hoover off the bus, King ran out the front door, and Lummus hit Hoover with ablackjack.[29]

After taking Hoover into custody, Lummus later found a Black soldier walking back toward the main post. Lummus approached King and threatened to arrest him. When King claimed that Lummus could not do so, Lummus shot King five times, killing him. During the trial, later that day, it was claimed that King had drawn a pocket knife when approached by Lummus, though Hoover denied that King had a pocket knife with him. Lummus was found not guilty of murder and transferred the next day toFort Knox.[29]

At the start of theKorean Waran Airborne Ranger Training Center was established by ColonelJohn G. Van Houtenunder the direction of GeneralJ. Lawton Collins.[30]

The4th Infantry Division,first of four divisions committed by the United States to theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization,reorganized and completed its basic training at Fort Benning (Sand Hill and Harmony Church areas) from October 1950 to May 1951, when it deployed to Germany for five years.

TheAirborne Schoolon Main Post has three 249-foot (76 m) drop towers called "Free Towers." They are used to trainparatroopers.The towers were modeled after the parachute towers at the 1939 World's Fair in New York. Only three towers stand today; the fourth tower was toppled by a tornado on 14 March 1954.

During the spring of 1962 GeneralHerbert B. Powell,Commanding General,U.S. Continental Army Command,directed that all instruction at the Infantry School after 1 July reflectReorganization Objective Army Divisionstructures.[31]Therefore, the Infantry School asked for permission to reorganize the1st Infantry Brigadeunder a ROAD structure. Instead, the Army Staff decided to inactivate thePentomic-structured brigade and replace it with a new ROAD unit, the 197th Infantry Brigade, which resolved a unit designation issue.

With the designation 1st Infantry Brigade slated to return to the1st Infantry Divisionwhen it converted to ROAD, the existing unit at Fort Benning required a new title. The staff selected an infantry brigade number that had been associated with an Organized Reserve division that was no longer in the force. For the new ROAD brigade at Fort Benning, Georgia, the adjutant general on 1 August 1962, restored elements of the 99th Reconnaissance Troop, which thirty years earlier had been organized by consolidating infantry brigade headquarters and headquarters companies of the 99th Infantry Division, as Headquarters and Headquarters Companies, 197th and 198th Infantry Brigades.

Chief of Staff of the United States ArmyGeorge W. Casey Jr.at Fort Benning in 2009.

Fort Benning was the site of theScout dogschool of the United States during theVietnam War,where the dogs trained to detect ambushes in enemy terrain got their initial training, before being transferred to Vietnam for further advanced courses.[32]

Fort Benning also had an urban village,McKenna Military Operations in Urban Terrain,built by Army engineers for urban training of soldiers. It was used for live, virtual and constructive experimentation on soldier systems, weapons, and equipment. The site was approximately 200 meters square, and included 15 buildings resembling a European village. There was a church, small houses, domestic residences and office-style buildings.[33]

In 1984, following the signing of thePanama Canal Treaty,theSchool of the Americasrelocated fromFort Gulick(Panama) to Fort Benning.[34]After criticism concerning human rights violations committed by a number of graduates in Latin America, the school was renamedWestern Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation.[35]

As a result of national protests following the 25 May 2020,murder of George Floyd,an African American man, by Minneapolis police, Congress began to evaluateDemocraticproposals to strip the names of Confederate leaders from military bases,including Fort Benning.[36]

Designation

[edit]

The installation was originally named forHenry L. Benning,a brigadier general in theConfederate States Armyduring theCivil War.[9][37]Fort Benning was one of theten U.S. Army installationsnamed for former Confederate generals that were renamed on 11 May 2023,[38][39][40][41]following a recommendation from the congressionally mandatedNaming Commissionthat Fort Benning be renamed Fort Moore after Lieutenant GeneralHal Mooreand his wifeJulia Compton Moore,both of whom are buried on post.[42]On 6 October 2022, Secretary of DefenseLloyd Austinaccepted the recommendation and directed the name change occur no later than 1 January 2024.[43][44][45][46]The redesignation ceremony officially renaming Fort Benning as Fort Moore was held on 11 May 2023, the day the renaming took effect.[47]

Commanding Generals

[edit]
  • Major GeneralColin P. TuleyJuly 2024 - present
  • Major GeneralCurtis A. BuzzardJuly 2022 - July 2024
  • Major GeneralPatrick J. DonahoeJuly 2020 - July 2022
  • Major GeneralGary M. BritoMarch 2018 – July 2020
  • Major GeneralEric J. WesleyMarch 2016 - March 2018
  • Major GeneralAustin S. MillerJuly 2014 – March 2016
  • Major GeneralH.R. McMasterJun 2012 – July 2014
  • Major General Robert B. Brown Nov 2010 – Jun 2012
  • Major GeneralMichael FerriterJun 2009 – Nov 2010
  • Major GeneralMichael D. BarberoNov 2008 – Jun 2009
  • Major GeneralWalter WojdakowskiAug 2005 – Nov 2008
  • Major GeneralBenjamin C. FreakleyJul 2003 – Aug 2005
  • Major General Paul D. Eaton Oct 2001 – Jun 2003
  • Major General John M. Le Moyne Sep 1999 – Oct 2001
  • Major General Carl F. Ernst Jul 1996 – Sep 1999
  • Major General John W. Hendrik Sep 1994 – Jul 1996
  • Major General Jerry A. White Oct 1991 – Sept 1994
  • Major General Carmen J. Cavezza Jun 1990 – Oct 1991
  • Major General Michael F. Spigelmire Sep 1988 – Jun 1990
  • Major General Kenneth C. Leuer Jun 1987 – Sep 1988
  • Major General Edwin H. Burba Jr. Jan 1986 – Jun 1987
  • Major GeneralJohn W. FossMar 1984 – Jan 1986
  • Major General James J. Lindsay Jul 1983 – Mar 1984
  • Major General RL "Sam" Wetzel Aug 1981 – Jul 1983
  • Major GeneralDavid E. Grange Jr.Jun 1979 – Aug 1981
  • Major General William J. Livsey Jul 1977 – Apr 1979
  • Major General Willard Latham Aug 1975 – Jul 1977
  • Major GeneralThomas M. TarpleyFeb 1973 – Aug 1975
  • Major GeneralOrwin C. TalbottSep 1969 – Feb 1973
  • Major GeneralGeorge I. ForsytheMay 1969 – Aug 1969
  • Major GeneralJohn M. WrightJul 1967 – May 1969
  • Major GeneralRobert H. YorkJul 1965 – Jul 1967
  • Major GeneralJohn A. HeintgesAug 1964 – Jul 1965
  • Major GeneralCharles W. G. RichFeb 1963 – Aug 1964
  • Major General Ben Harrell Aug 1961 – Feb 1963
  • Major General Hugh P. Harris Apr 1960 – Jul 1961
  • Major General Paul L. Freeman May 1958 – Apr 1960
  • Major GeneralHerbert B. PowellAug 1956 – Apr 1958
  • Major General George E. Lynch May 1956 – Aug 1956
  • Major General Joseph H. Harper Jun 1954 – May 1956
  • Major GeneralGuy S. Meloy Jr.Jan 1953 – June 1954
  • Major GeneralRobert Nicholas YoungJun 1952 – Jan 1953
  • Major General John H. Church Mar 1951 – May 1952
  • Major GeneralWithers A. BurressJul 1948 – Jan 1951
  • Major GeneralJohn W. O'DanielJul 1945 – June 1948
  • Major General Fred L. Walker Jul 1944 – Jul 1945
  • Major GeneralCharles Hartwell Bonesteel Jr.Sep 1943 – Jun 1944
  • Major General Leven C. Allen Feb 1942 – Sep 1943
  • Brigadier GeneralOmar N. BradleyMar 1941 – Feb 1942
  • Brigadier GeneralCourtney H. HodgesOct 1940 – Mar 1941
  • Brigadier General Asa L. Singleton Oct 1936 – Aug 1940
  • Brigadier General George H. Estes Sep 1933 – Sep 1936
  • Major GeneralCampbell KingMay 1929 – May 1933
  • Brigadier GeneralEdgar T. CollinsMar 1926 – May 1929
  • Brigadier GeneralBriant H. WellsNov 1923 – Mar 1926
  • Major General Walter H. Gordon Sep 1920 – Nov 1923
  • Major GeneralCharles S. FarnsworthApr 1919 – Jul 1920
  • Colonel Henry E. Eames Oct 1918 – Apr 1919[48]
A pamphlet describing Fort Benning.
Fort Benning, Georgia Home of the Infantry

Post information

[edit]

There are four maincantonmentareas on Fort Moore: Main Post, Kelley Hill, Sand Hill, and Harmony Church.

Main Post

[edit]

Main Post houses various garrison and smallerFORSCOMunits of Fort Moore such as 14th Combat Support Hospital and 11th Engineer Battalion FORSCOM as well as a number ofTRADOC-related tenants, e.g. theOfficer Candidate School,the Non-Commissioned Officers Academy, and theAirborne School.McGinnis-Wickham Hall (formerly known as Infantry Hall) is the post headquarters and Maneuver Center of Excellence. Adjacent is theRanger Memorialand theNational Infantry Museum.TheArmy Infantry Schoolconducts its graduations onInouye Field,sprinkled with soil from the battlegrounds of Yorktown, Antietam, Soissons, Normandy, Corregidor, Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan.[49]

Kelley Hill

[edit]

The 197th Infantry Brigade was located on Kelley Hill in the 1970s and early 1980s

Kelley Hill formerly housed the 3rd Brigade Combat Team of the3rd Infantry Division(Mechanized), the parent unit of two combined armed battalions;1st Battalion, 15th Infantry Regiment,2nd Battalion, 69th Armor Regiment,as well as3rd Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment,1st Battalion, 10th Field Artillery Regiment,and two support battalions; the 203rd Brigade Support Battalion and the Special Troops Battalion, 3rd BCT. Included in the roster was the 179th Military Intelligence Detachment.

Between 11 December 2015, and 15 December 2015, the 3rd BCT's six subordinate battalions performed inactivation ceremonies on Sledgehammer Field. On 16 December 2015, 1st Battalion,28th Infantry RegimentTask Force (or Task Force 1-28) was activated in its place. Task Force 1-28 is a 1053-member unit "made up of selected soldiers from the six inactivated battalions that formed the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division".[50]

Postcard of Souvenir Folder of Columbus and Fort Benning Georgia
Folder of souvenir postcards of Columbus and Fort Benning, Georgia

Sand Hill

[edit]

Sand Hill is the primary location of the198th Infantry Brigadeand 197th Infantry Brigade responsible for training Infantry One Station Unit Training (OSUT). Its units include the following:

  • 1st Battalion, 19th Infantry Regiment
  • 2d Battalion, 19th Infantry Regiment
  • 2d Battalion, 29th Infantry Regiment
  • 1st Battalion, 46th Infantry Regiment
  • 2d Battalion, 47th Infantry Regiment
  • 3d Battalion, 47th Infantry Regiment
  • 3d Battalion, 54th Infantry Regiment
  • 1st Battalion, 50th Infantry Regiment
  • 2d Battalion, 54th Infantry Regiment
  • 2d Battalion, 58th Infantry Regiment
  • 30th AG Battalion (Reception)
A pamphlet describing Fort Benning.
Fort Moore "Home of the Infantry"

Harmony Church

[edit]

Harmony Church area houses the194th Armored Brigade,316th Cavalry BrigadeArmor Schooland the first phase ofRanger School,4th Ranger Training Battalion (ARTB). After the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Commission's decision to create the Maneuver Center of Excellence (MCoE), Harmony Church is now the new home of theArmor School.

Command group

[edit]

Current[as of?]command[51]

  • Commanding general, U.S. Army MCoE: Major GeneralCurtis A. Buzzard[52]
  • Command sergeant major, U.S. Army MCoE: Command Sergeant Major Jerry L. Dodson[53]
  • Deputy to the commanding general, U.S. Army MCoE: Mr. Donald M. Sando[54]
  • Commandant,U.S. Army Infantry School:Major General Monte L. Rone
  • Command sergeant major, U.S. Army Infantry School: Command Sergeant Major Jason P. Dein
  • Commandant,U.S. Army Armor School:Brigadier General Michael J.Simmering
  • Command sergeant major, U.S. Army Armor School: Command Sergeant Major Waylon D. Petty
  • Deputy commanding general, U.S. Army MCoE: Brigadier General Eric J. Riley
  • Chief of staff, U.S. Army MCoE: Colonel Ryan Wylie[55]
  • Garrison commander, U.S. Army Fort Moore: Colonel Colin P. Mahle
  • Garrison command sergeant major, U.S. Army Fort Moore: Command Sergeant Major Michael D. Sanchez

Units and tenant units

[edit]


Armor School move

[edit]

Fort Moore was selected by theBase Realignment and Closing Commissionto be the home of the newManeuver Center of Excellence(MCoE). This realignment co-located the United States Army Armor Center and School,[57]formerly located atFort Knox,Kentucky, with the Infantry Center and School.[58]This transformation was completed September 2011.[59]

Education

[edit]

TheDepartment of Defense Education Activity(DoDEA) operates on-base schools for Fort Moore children:[60]

  • Faith Middle School
  • McBride Elementary School
  • Stowers Elementary School
  • White Elementary School

High school students attend local public high schools operated by county governments.[60]The portion inMuscogee Countyis zoned to high schools ofMuscogee County Schools.[61]The portion inChattahoochee Countyis zoned toChattahoochee County Schools.[62]

Any Fort Moore pupil, however, may attend Muscogee County schools if their parents wish, as per House Bill 224.[63]

See also

[edit]

Notes and references

[edit]
  1. ^Fort Sillencompassed the Infantry School in 1913; the Infantry school moved to Camp Benning in 1918.[1]
  1. ^Lance Janda, Oklahoma History CenterThe Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture —Fort Sill
  2. ^"Maneuver Center of Excellence".Retrieved5 September2023.[permanent dead link]
  3. ^"The Founding of Camp Benning"(PDF).U.S. Army Fort Benning and The Fort Benning Maneuver Center of Excellence.US Army.Retrieved5 June2020.
  4. ^"Dwight D. Eisenhower | Early Life and Career | 14 October 1890 - 20 January 1953".Archived fromthe originalon 1 June 2011.Retrieved21 September2012.
  5. ^"Eisenhower General Information".ibiblio.org.
  6. ^Perret, Geoffrey(June 2000).Eisenhower(Google Books).Adams Media Corporation.ISBN9781580624312.Retrieved21 January2011.
  7. ^abRockenbach, Samuel D(13 October 1919).Report of the Director of the Tank Corps for the year ending June 30, 1919.Congressional serial set, Issue 7688(Report).Retrieved17 January2011.
  8. ^abKane, Sharyn (May 2003).Fort Benning: The Land and the People.p. 172.
  9. ^abRhea, Gordon (25 January 2011)."Why Non-Slaveholding Southerners Fought".Civil War Trust.Archived fromthe originalon 21 March 2011.Retrieved21 March2011.
  10. ^Benning, Henry L. (1 July 1849)."Letter from Henry Benning to Howell Cobb".Civil War Causes.Retrieved17 March2015.
  11. ^Petraeus, David (9 June 2020)."Take the Confederate Names Off Our Army Bases".The Atlantic.
  12. ^"Historian explores how Civil War Northerners reconciled treason with leniency | Penn State University".news.psu.edu.
  13. ^Ninke, Joshua."Doughboys to honor veterans at Doughboy Stadium".Retrieved3 September2013.[permanent dead link]
  14. ^"Fort Benning Historic Trail".Doughboy Stadium.Archived fromthe originalon 20 March 2013.Retrieved3 September2013.
  15. ^abKane, Sharyn (May 2003).Fort Benning: The Land and the People.pp. 173–174.
  16. ^Bunn, Michael J.(Summer 2008). "Home of the Infantry: The History of Fort Benning".Georgia Historical Quarterly.92(2): 268–270.ISSN0016-8297.
  17. ^Stelpflug, Peggy A.; Richard Hyatt (2007).Home of the Infantry: The History of Fort Benning.Macon:Mercer University Press.pp. 300–67.ISBN978-0-88146-087-2.
  18. ^ab"82nd Recon History".2ndarmoredhellonwheels.Retrieved13 June2020.
  19. ^ab"After action report 82nd Armored Recon Battalion, 2nd Armored Division, June 44 thru May 45".cdmhost.Archived fromthe originalon 26 July 2014.Retrieved19 July2014.
  20. ^ab"World War II unit histories & officers".unithistories.
  21. ^ab"History of the 2nd Armored Division - Hell On Wheels".militaryvetshop.Archived fromthe originalon 25 October 2014.Retrieved19 July2014.
  22. ^"cgsc.edu American Armored Divisions 1941–1945"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 July 2014.Retrieved22 July2014.
  23. ^abcDigital Repository Service, Civil Rights and Restorative Justice."Felix Hall Case Summary".Northeastern University Library.hdl:2047/D20263273.
  24. ^abMills, Alexa (2 September 2016)."A Lynching Kept Out of Sight".The Washington Post.
  25. ^abFortin, Jacey; Mills, Alexa (20 August 2021)."Felix Hall, a Soldier Lynched at Fort Benning, Is Remembered After 80 Years".The New York Times.
  26. ^Dickstein, Corey (3 August 2021)."Fort Benning memorializes soldier lynched 80 years earlier at the post as Army acknowledges an injustice".The Stars and Stripes.
  27. ^Winkie, Davis (3 August 2021)."Fort Benning memorializes Black soldier lynched in 1941, as post awaits renaming effort".Army Times.
  28. ^"National Memorial for Peace and Justice".31 October 2017.
  29. ^abMills, Alexa (28 May 2021)."Albert King Is Not Forgotten".The Wall Street Journal.
  30. ^"Major General John G. Van Houten".soc.mil.Archived fromthe originalon 3 February 2020.Retrieved3 February2020.
  31. ^Maneuver and Firepower, Chapter 11
  32. ^Rubinstein, Wain (June 1969)."Enemy's Worst Enemy..."Danger Forward.Archived fromthe originalon August 3, 2009.RetrievedJune 17,2009.
  33. ^MVRsimulation."MVRsimulation Virtual Fort Benning, McKenna Urban Operations Training Site".MVRsimulation.Retrieved19 November2021.
  34. ^McCoy, Katherine E. (2005). "Trained to Torture? The Human Rights Effects of Military Training at the School of the Americas".Latin American Perspectives.32(6): 47–64.doi:10.1177/0094582x05281113.S2CID144445783.
  35. ^Bill Wallace; Jim Houston (13 July 2002)."Bay Area protesters sentenced in Georgia".San Francisco Chronicle.Retrieved12 August2012.
  36. ^O’Brien, Connor (11 June 2020)."Scrubbing Confederate names from Army bases gains steam in Congress, but fight with Trump looms".POLITICO.Retrieved13 June2020.
  37. ^Benning, Henry L. (18 February 1861)."Speech of Henry Benning to the Virginia Convention".Proceedings of the Virginia State Convention of 1861.pp. 62–75.Retrieved17 March2015.
  38. ^Levenson, Michael (11 June 2020)."These Are the 10 U.S. Army Installations Named for Confederates".New York Times.Retrieved14 June2020.
  39. ^"S. 4049 – National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021".116th Congress (2019–2020).23 July 2020.
  40. ^Edmondson, Catie (January 2021)."Senate Overrides Trump's Veto of Defense Bill, Dealing a Legislative Blow".The New York Times.
  41. ^Neuman, Scott (24 July 2020)."Despite Trump's Veto Threat, Senate Approves Provision To Rename Military Bases".NPR.
  42. ^"Naming_Commission_Final_Report_Part_I.PDF".
  43. ^"Implementation of the Naming Commission's Recommendations"(PDF).defense.gov.6 October 2022.Retrieved5 September2023.
  44. ^"Pentagon Press Secretary Air Force Brig. Gen. Pat Ryder Holds an On-Camera Press Briefing".U.S. Department of Defense.
  45. ^BEN WATSON and JENNIFER HLAD(10 Mar 2023)..Bye-bye Benning..
  46. ^Herb Scribner(25 Mar 2023) 6 Army bases named after Confederate leaders get dates for new names
  47. ^Agee, Eugene R.; Betts, Kevin M.; Xiong, Chinhfou (1 January 1992),Data Base Documentation for the Enhanced Computer Administered Tests at Keesler AFB, Fort Sill, Fort Knox, and Fort Benning.,Fort Belvoir, VA,doi:10.21236/ada326302{{citation}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  48. ^Maneuver Center Of Excellence Hall of Portraits, Fort Benning, GA
  49. ^Milzarski, Eric (27 December 2017)."The soil new infantrymen walk on is bloodied from every American war".We Are The Mighty.
  50. ^Wright, Ben (15 December 2015)."1st Battalion, 28th Infantry Regiment Task Force activated".Columbus Ledger-Enquirer.Retrieved3 February2017.
  51. ^"Leaders".benning.army.mil.Archived fromthe originalon 26 May 2018.Retrieved26 May2018.
  52. ^"Major General Curtis A. Buzzard".benning.army.mil.
  53. ^"Command Sergeant Major Jerry L. Dodson".benning.army.mil.
  54. ^"Mr. Donald M. Sando".benning.army.mil.
  55. ^"Colonel Ryan Wylie".benning.army.mil.
  56. ^"Pathfinder".Archived fromthe originalon 17 October 2012.
  57. ^Maureen Rose (13 June 2011)."Final units depart Fort Knox Armor School".army.mil.
  58. ^Vince Little, The Bayonet (22 October 2009)."Activation ceremony formally links Infantry, Armor under new command at Fort Benning".army.mil.
  59. ^"Fort Benning and the Valley – Home – Welcome to the Chattahoochee Valley"(PDF).fortbenningandthevalley.
  60. ^ab"Fort Benning Schools".Department of Defense Education Activity.Retrieved4 July2022.- The document states that the county schools have high school zoning.
  61. ^"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Muscogee County, GA"(PDF).U.S. Census Bureau.Retrieved4 July2022.-Text list- "Fort Benning Schools" refers to the DoDEA schools on Fort Moore. The document states that the county schools have high school zoning.
  62. ^"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Chattahoochee County, GA"(PDF).U.S. Census Bureau.Retrieved4 July2022.-Text list- "Fort Benning Schools" refers to the DoDEA schools on Fort Moore. The document states that the county schools have high school zoning.
  63. ^"Fort Benning Transfer (FBT) Applications Available July 1".Muscogee County School District.Retrieved4 July2022.
[edit]
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