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Fort Washington Park (Manhattan)

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Coordinates:40°50′58″N73°56′48″W/ 40.84944°N 73.94667°W/40.84944; -73.94667
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Fort Washington Park
Fort Washington Park view of the Little Red Lighthouse and George Washington Bridge
Map
LocationAlong theHudson Riverfrom155th StreettoDyckman Street
Upper Manhattan,New York
Coordinates40°50′58″N73°56′48″W/ 40.84944°N 73.94667°W/40.84944; -73.94667
Area160 acres (65 ha)
Created1896
EtymologyFort Washington
Operated byNYC Parks
Open6 a.m. to 1 a.m.
Websitehttp:// nycgovparks.org/parks/fort-washington-park

Fort Washington Parkis apublic parklocated in theWashington Heightssection ofUpper ManhattaninNew York City.It runs along the banks of theHudson Rivernext toRiverside Driveand theHenry Hudson Parkwayfrom West155th StreettoDyckman Street.TheGeorge Washington Bridgecrosses above the park; below the bridge is a small point of land called Jeffrey's Hook, which is the site of theLittle Red Lighthouse.

The 160-acre (65 ha) park features riverside views of theNew Jersey Palisadesand the George Washington Bridge. Amenities include pedestrian andgreenwaypaths, baseball fields, basketball courts, tennis courts, volleyball courts, a soccer field and a playground.

Etymology[edit]

The name references the nearby site ofFort Washington,a fortified position where theBattle of Fort Washingtontook place in 1776 during theAmerican Revolutionary War.The fort is physically located and commemorated inBennett Park.[1][2]

Geography[edit]

Fort Washington Park covers 160 acres (65 ha). It is bounded on the west by theHudson River,on the north byDyckman Street,on the east by theHenry Hudson Parkway,and on the south by155th Street.The park contains connections toInwood Hill Parkto the north andFort Tryon ParkandRiverside Parkto the south; all are part of theManhattan Waterfront Greenway.TheHenry Hudson Parkway(NY 9A) andAmtrak'sEmpire Connectionrun through the western part of the park.[3]

History[edit]

During the American Revolutionary War, a series of fortifications were built on the steep cliff east of the park's northeast corner, which was known by the Americans asFort Washington.[1]The actual site of Fort Washington is less than a mile south at Bennett Park.[1][2]The area was an ancillary site of the Battle of Fort Washington, fought on November 16, 1776,[4][5]in which British troops took Fort Washington after a two-hour battle, renaming it Fort Knyphausen, named afterHessianGeneralWilhelm von Knyphausen.[1]The British peacefully withdrew from Manhattan in 1783.[1][6][7]The fortification was later demolished and the surrounding area came to be known asWashington Heights.[3]A rock commemorating the "American Redout" (using an archaic spelling ofredoubt) is located in the park near 181st Street, at a location that is hard to access.[8][9]

Pathway near 176th Street

During the construction of Riverside Park andRiverside Driveto the south in the late 19th century,Frederick Law Olmsteddevised plans for Riverside, Fort Washington, andMorningside Parks,which called for these parks to be designed around the existing landscape.[10]Fort Washington Park was created in 1894 through city legislation. Between 1896 and 1927, most of the parcels were acquired through five incidents ofeminent domain.[3]

Several plans for development within Fort Washington Park were proposed during the early 20th century, such as a plan to build a waterside annex for the West End Hotel in 1912, and a theater-and-comfort-station complex the following year. These were never built due to neighborhood opposition. Two structures were built within the park during this time: theLittle Red Lighthouseand theInspiration Pointshelter.[3]Improvements to the park in the 1910s, which entailed clearing hundreds of trees for bridle paths and walkways, resulted in a lawsuit from sculptorGutzon Borglum.[11]Another project in the same area concerned the presence of theNew York Central Railroad'sWest Side Line(now the Empire Connection) within the park. In 1916, the railroad and local groups agreed on a plan to build a tunnel for the railroad under Riverside and Fort Washington Parks.[12]Concurrently, Riverside Drive was to be extended northward through Fort Washington Park and tothe Bronx.[13]

In January 1917,John D. Rockefeller Jr.purchased Fort Tryon Park adjacent to the northeast corner of Fort Washington Park. That June, he announced that Fort Tryon would be given to the city on the conditions that it be joined to the existing Fort Washington andRiverside Parkson the Hudson River, and that the city maintain that park.[14][15]To preserve the views from the parks along the Hudson River, Rockefeller had purchased land on the opposite side of the Hudson, thereby preventing it from being developed; this later becamePalisades Interstate Park.[16][17]The city acquired 30 acres (12 ha) of land in 1921 to connect the two park sites.[18]In 1927, part of Fort Washington Park was given to thePort of New York Authority,which built the George Washington Bridge directly above the park.[3]During construction, one advocacy group expressed concerns that the presence of the bridge's towers would degrade the quality of Fort Washington Park directly underneath.[19][20]The bridge was opened in 1931[21]and the connection to Fort Tryon Park opened four years later.[22]The Henry Hudson Parkway, running east of the park, opened in 1936.[23]

In the following years, additional land for Fort Washington Park was acquired. This included from the Port of New York Authority in 1939, theNew York City Board of Estimatein 1966, and the New York City Department of Real Property in 1989.[3]A survey in 2013 found that Fort Washington Park was 24 acres (9.7 ha) larger than previously measured,[24]making the park 160 acres in total.[3]

Several improvements were also made to Fort Washington Park. As part of the construction of a nearby psychiatric facility at 165th Street in 1994, a new footbridge to the park was built.[25]A marina at Dyckman Street was opened the following year,[26][27]and the Lily Brown Playground was renovated from 2001 to 2002.[28]In 2014, a $3.5 million, 1-mile (1.6 km) bicycle path was opened within the park, running from Dyckman Street to a dead end at 186th Street. A connection between the new bike path and the existing Manhattan Waterfront Greenway at 180th Street would cost $22 million, since it would require the construction of additional shoreline on the river.[29]

Structures[edit]

Inspiration Point[edit]

Inspiration Point
Main article:Inspiration Point (Hudson River Greenway)

The Inspiration Point shelter is located in the park, close to the intersection of the Henry Hudson Parkway and 181st Street. It was designed in theNeoclassicalstyle by Gustave Steinacher and opened in 1925.[3]The shelter consisted of two levels: a deck withDoric columnsand a woodentrellison the upper story, and restrooms on the lower story.[30]The shelter was popular among motorists who used it for private romantic encounters, but later fell into disuse.[31]

Lighthouse[edit]

Closer view of the Little Red Lighthouse from the park
Main article:Little Red Lighthouse

The Little Red Lighthouse is located on a spit of land under the George Washington Bridge, called Jeffrey's Hook.[32][33]The current lighthouse, which replaced a rudimentary indicator, was initially located atSandy Hook, New Jersey,and was decommissioned at that site in 1917. TheUnited States Lighthouse Establishmentmoved the lighthouse to Fort Washington Park in 1921, and it was decommissioned in 1948, having become outdated after the George Washington Bridge's construction.[33]TheUnited States Coast Guardinitially intended to sell off the lighthouse, but decided against doing so after protests from local children.[33][34]Since 1951, NYC Parks has operated the lighthouse as part of Fort Washington Park.[33]The Little Red Lighthouse is both on theNational Register of Historic Places[35]and a designatedNew York City Landmark.[33]

Dyckman Street Boat Marina[edit]

The Dyckman Street Boat Marina is located at the northern tip of the park at the end of Dyckman Street. Formerly the site of acar floatacross the Hudson River, which closed in 1941, the land was given to NYC Parks in 1966. Twenty-one years later, Dyckman Marine Venture proposed redeveloping the car float site with amarina,pier, and restaurant, and NYC Parks gave the organization permission to use the site.[27]The complex was partially paid through federal government funds due to an obscure stipulation in a federal law that primarily provided funds to suburban and rural fisheries.[26]Completed in 1995,[26][27]the marina also includes a fishing pier.[27]

Recreational facilities[edit]

Fort Washington Park contains Lily Brown Playground at 162nd Street. Built on a parcel that was acquired in 1925, the playground is located on anembankment.It is named after Lily Brown, a local resident who in the 1980s and 1990s advocated for a renovation of the playground. The playground was restored in the early 2000s.[28]The southern end of the park also contains twobaseballfields, asoccerfield, fivesoftballfields, abasketballcourt, and tenhandballcourts. The area between 155th and 165th Streets is the only portion of Fort Washington Park with active recreational facilities.[36]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Notes

  1. ^abcdeNational Park Service 1978,p. 8.
  2. ^ab"Bennett Park Highlights".New York City Department of Parks & Recreation.New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. June 26, 1939.Archivedfrom the original on February 15, 2009.RetrievedSeptember 25,2019.
  3. ^abcdefgh"Fort Washington Park Highlights: NYC Parks".New York City Department of Parks & Recreation.June 26, 1939.Archivedfrom the original on August 29, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 27,2019.
  4. ^Torrey 1936,pp. 12–13.
  5. ^"History of WaHI: Battle of Fort Washington".washington-heights.us.Washington Heights & Inwood Online. June 4, 2012. Archived fromthe originalon June 4, 2012.RetrievedSeptember 25,2019.
  6. ^Landmarks Preservation Commission 1983,p. 2.
  7. ^Torrey 1936,p. 15.
  8. ^Pollak, Michael (October 3, 2014)."What is the Stone Marker Near the George Washington Bridge?".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on September 29, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 29,2019.
  9. ^"Fort Washington Park Monuments - American Redout Marker: NYC Parks".nycgovparks.org.Archivedfrom the original on September 29, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 29,2019.
  10. ^Grimm & Schroeder 2007,p. 4.
  11. ^"BORGLUM SUES TO SAVE PARK TREES; Sculptor Backed by Playgrounds Association Will Fight Wash- ington Park Contract".The New York Times.May 23, 1910.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on September 27, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 27,2019.
  12. ^"WEST SIDE TRACK PLAN IS AGREED ON; Trains Under Ground in Riverside Park and a Viaduct for Eleventh Avenue. TO COST $50,000,000 N.Y. Central Bears the Entire Expense -- City Only to Give Real Estate -- Mayor Approves. WEST SIDE TRACK PLAN IS AGREED ON".The New York Times.January 16, 1916.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on September 27, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 27,2019.
  13. ^"PLANNING TO EXTEND RIVERSIDE DRIVE UP TO THE BRONX; Suggestions Made to Continue the Thoroughfare and Embellish It So It Will Be One of the Longest as Well as Most Beautiful Drives Anywhere in the World".The New York Times.June 15, 1913.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on September 27, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 27,2019.
  14. ^Landmarks Preservation Commission 1983,p. 3.
  15. ^Torrey 1936,p. 17.
  16. ^Eldredge, Nilesand Horenstein, Sidney (2014).Concrete Jungle: New York City and Our Last Best Hope for a Sustainable Future.Berkeley, California:University of California Press.p. 172.ISBN978-0-520-27015-2.
  17. ^National Park Service 1978,p. 9.
  18. ^"CITY BUYS WATERFRONT; Acquires Thirty-Acre Strip Between Fort Washington Park and Rockefeller Property".The New York Times.May 8, 1921.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on September 27, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 27,2019.
  19. ^"TO FIGHT FOR BRIDGE AT 178TH STREET; Civic Bodies Deny Hudson River Project Will Impair Fort Washington Park. TO ASK ACTION AT ALBANY Thirty Persons Attend Bronx Mass Meeting to Criticize Protests of Park Conservationists".The New York Times.March 19, 1925.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on June 15, 2018.RetrievedJune 1,2018.
  20. ^"Location of Great Anchorage for Fort Lee Bridge in Park Is Cause of New York Protests"(PDF).Newburgh News.February 15, 1926. p. 1.Archived(PDF)from the original on May 10, 2022.RetrievedJune 5,2018– viaFultonhistory.
  21. ^"Two Governors Open Great Hudson Bridge As Throngs Look On".The New York Times.October 25, 1931.Archivedfrom the original on May 13, 2013.RetrievedMarch 6,2010.
  22. ^"Tryon Park, A Gift To City, Is Opened; Rockefeller Formally Presents Beauty Spot to Public, With Plea for Preservation".The New York Times.October 13, 1935.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on September 23, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 23,2019.
  23. ^"Henry Hudson Parkway Highlights: NYC Parks".New York City Department of Parks & Recreation.June 26, 1939.Archivedfrom the original on September 27, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 27,2019.
  24. ^Foderaro, Lisa W. (May 31, 2013)."How Big Is That Park? City Now Has the Answer".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on June 1, 2013.RetrievedSeptember 27,2019.
  25. ^Yazigi, Monique P. (May 1, 1994)."NEIGHBORHOOS REPORT: WASHINGTON HEIGHTS; A Battle Lost, a Bridge Won".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on September 27, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 27,2019.
  26. ^abcRevkin, Andrew C. (July 7, 1995)."An Oasis Appears On Dyckman Street; A 'Boat Bum' Who Reads the Fine Print Is Building a Pier and Marina in Inwood".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on September 27, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 27,2019.
  27. ^abcd"Dyckman Street Boat Marina: NYC Parks".Fort Washington Park Highlights.June 26, 1939.Archivedfrom the original on August 29, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 27,2019.
  28. ^ab"Fort Washington Park Highlights - Lily Brown Playground: NYC Parks".nycgovparks.org.Archivedfrom the original on August 29, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 27,2019.
  29. ^Foderaro, Lisa W. (August 14, 2014)."New Trail Along the Hudson Goes Only So Far".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on September 27, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 27,2019.
  30. ^Waldman, Benjamin (April 19, 2011)."An Ode to a Grecian Temple: The Inspiration Point Shelter".Untapped Cities.Archivedfrom the original on September 27, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 27,2019.
  31. ^Gray, Christopher (January 9, 2009)."Flickering Views of an Earlier Era".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on September 27, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 27,2019.
  32. ^"Jeffrey's Hook, NY".Lighthouse Friends.Archivedfrom the original on June 25, 2014.RetrievedAugust 25,2014.
  33. ^abcde"Fort Washington Park Highlights - The Little Red Lighthouse: NYC Parks".nycgovparks.org.Archivedfrom the original on September 27, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 27,2019.
  34. ^Bahrampour, Tara (October 21, 2001)."NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: WASHINGTON HEIGHTS; A Powerful New Lens for a Little Red Landmark".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on September 27, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 27,2019.
  35. ^"Little Red Lighthouse"Archived2010-12-30 at theWayback Machine,Washington Heights & Inwood Online, NYC Dept. of Parks & Recreation, August 2001, accessed February 27, 2012
  36. ^"Field and Court Usage Report for Fort Washington Park: NYC Parks".New York City Department of Parks & Recreation.June 26, 1939.Archivedfrom the original on September 27, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 27,2019.

Sources

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