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Frank Kameny

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Frank Kameny
Kameny in 2010
Born
Franklin Edward Kameny

(1925-05-21)May 21, 1925
New York City,U.S.
DiedOctober 11, 2011(2011-10-11)(aged 86)
Washington, D.C.,U.S.
EducationQueens College(BS)
Harvard University(MS,PhD)
Known forGay rightsactivist
Fired for being gay by theU.S. Civil Service Commission
Co-founder of theMattachine Society
Scientific career
FieldsAstronomy
ThesisA Photoelectric Study of Some RV Tauri and Yellow Semiregular Variables(1956)
Doctoral advisorCecilia Payne-Gaposchkin

Franklin Edward Kameny(May 21, 1925 – October 11, 2011)[1]was an Americangay rightsactivist. He has been referred to as "one of the most significant figures" in theAmerican gay rights movement.[2]

During theLavender scare,in 1957, Kameny was dismissed from his position as anastronomerin theU.S. Army'sArmy Map ServiceinWashington, D.C.,because of hishomosexuality,[3]leading him to begin "a Herculean struggle with the American establishment" that would "spearhead a new period of militancy in the homosexual rights movement of the early 1960s".[4]

Kameny formally appealed his firing by theU.S. Civil Service Commission.[5]Although unsuccessful, the proceeding was notable as the first known civil rights claim based onsexual orientationpursued in a U.S. court.[6]

Life and career

[edit]
Page from Petition for Writ of Certiorari – Number 676 –Kameny v. Brucker,National Archives

Early life

[edit]

Kameny was born toAshkenazi Jewishparents in New York City on May 21, 1925. His father, Emil Kameny, was a Polish electrical engineer, and his mother, Rae Beck Kameny, was ofAustro-Hungariandescent and worked as a high-ranking secretary. Franklin and his younger sister Edna spent their childhood inRichmond Hill,a neighborhood in southeastern Queens.[7][8]From the age of four, he knew that he wanted to become a scientist, and by six, he narrowed down his interest to astronomy.[7]When he was 12, he started attendingRichmond Hill High Schooland graduated in 1941 at the age of 16.[7]From there, Kameny went toQueens College, City University of New York,to learn physics, and at age 17 he told his parents that he was anatheist.[9][10]

World War II

[edit]

When Kameny first entered college, the draft age forWorld War IIwas 21 years old—Kameny was five years too young. However, in November 1942, when Kameny was a sophomore in college, Congress lowered thedraft age to 18,in response to theattack on Pearl Harborthe previous December.[11]17 at this time, Kameny would be subject to the draft in six months. However, in December 1942, the military created theArmy Specialized Training Program(ASTP), a program that would train young men in technical fields such as science, engineering, medicine, and linguistics. Moreover, it would keep these men in classrooms rather than sending them to battlefields. To join this program, Kameny enlisted in theUnited States Armyon May 18, 1943, completed basic training, and then was sent toUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaignto study mechanical engineering.[11]Unfortunately for Kameny, in February 1944, General George Marshall recommended withdrawing all but 30,000 participants from the ASTP to prepare for theimpending invasion of France.Consequently, Kameny was sent to the frontlines where he served as an infantry private.[11]He served in the Army throughout World War II in Europe, and later served 20 years on theSelective Serviceboard.[12]

Ph.D. program

[edit]

After leaving the Army, he returned to Queens College and graduated with a baccalaureate in physics in 1948. Kameny then enrolled atHarvard University;while a teaching fellow at Harvard, he refused to sign aloyalty oathwithout attaching qualifiers, and exhibited a skepticism against accepted orthodoxies.[9]He graduated with a master's degree (1949) anddoctorate(1956) in astronomy. His doctoral thesis was titledA Photoelectric Study of Some RV Tauri and Yellow Semiregular Variables[13]and was written under the supervision of professorCecilia Payne-Gaposchkin.

Arrest

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On August 26, 1956, Kameny was away from his home in Boston, attending the meeting for American Astronomical Society in San Francisco. Following the conclusion of the meeting, Kameny was seen at a Key Terminal, a location labeled a hotspot for homosexual encounters. Staking out bathrooms marked for sexual encounters was common practice for vice squads.[14]Two police officers were waiting behind a ventilation grille in the terminal men's bathroom, and witnessed Kameny and another man engaging in a sexual encounter.[8]Kameny was detained and accused of "lewd and indecent acts." The San Francisco municipal court offered Kameny the option to plead guilty and accept a $55 fine and 6-months probation, to which Kameny obliged.[15]

Washington, D.C. career and firing

[edit]

Relocating to Washington, D.C., Kameny taught for a year in the Astronomy Department ofGeorgetown Universityand was hired in July 1957 by the U.S.Army Map Service.When they learned of his San Francisco arrest, Kameny's superiors questioned him, but he refused to provide information regarding his sexual orientation. Kameny was fired by the commission soon afterward. In January 1958, he was barred from future employment by the federal government. Author Douglass Shand-Tucci later wrote,

Kameny was the most conventional of men, focused utterly on his work, at Harvard and at Georgetown... He was thus all the more rudely shocked when the same fate befell him as we've seen befallPrescott Townsend,class of 1918, decades before... He was arrested. Later he would be fired. And, like Townsend, Kameny was radicalized.[16]

Kameny appealed against his firing through the courts, losing twice before seeking review from the U.S. Supreme Court, which declined to consider the case, turning down his petition forcertiorari.[5]After devoting himself to activism, Kameny never held a paid job again and was supported by friends and family for the rest of his life. Despite his outspoken activism, he rarely discussed his personal life and never had any long-term relationships with other men, stating merely that he had no time for them. He stated, "If I disagree with someone, I give them a chance to convince me they are right. And if they fail, then I am right and they are wrong and I will just have to fight them until they change."[17]

Kameny's pushback against the U.S. Government's policy on homosexual employees was the first of its kind from a gay man. He argued through written letters and eventually through the courts that the government's discrimination on the basis of sexuality is no different from discrimination based on race or religion.[18]

Kameny eschewed conventional racial designations; throughout his life, he consistently cited his race as "human".[19]

The Baltimore Vice Squad conducted a night raid on a homosexual bath house, on March 14, 1969. They encountered Frank Kameny along with twenty-seven other men engaging in "homosexual activity," and arrested them, cited for participating in a "disorderly house." Kameny hired an attorney recommeded by the NCACLU and would serve no time for the arrest.[20]

Gay rights activism

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Letter from Kameny to President Kennedy, JFK Library

1960–1970

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In late 1961, Frank Kameny co-founded the Washington D.C. branch of the national gay rights organization,Mattachine Society.In the year following the group's founding, Kameny led an initiative to declare the existence of the Mattachine Society of Washington publicly. The group sent letters to every government branch, including the entirety of Congress.[21]Kameny also wrote to President Kennedy asking him to change the rules on homosexuals being purged from the government.[22]The content of the letters included harsh criticism of the government's treatment of homosexuals and asserted that there were over three hundred members of the group. The letter was signed by the president of the Mattachine Society of Washington, Franklin E. Kameny.[21]

The Mattachine Society of Washington discussed the prospect of public protest in 1963. The FBI and J. Edgar Hoover had made advancements to ban the Washington branch and had been threatened with the prospect of a march on behalf of the organization.[23]Although supportive of the idea, Kameny restrained from taking part in a march due to the threat of damaging his public image.[24]

In 1963, Kameny and Mattachine launched a campaign to overturn D.C.sodomy laws;he personally drafted a bill that finally passed in 1993.[25]He also worked to remove the classification of homosexuality as a mental disorder from theAmerican Psychiatric Association'sDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.[25]

In 1964, Kameny argued that homosexuals faced more severe discrimination than blacks because the federal government did not help them and actively discriminated against them. He suggested that homosexuals would fare worse from the success of thecivil rights movement:"Now that it is becoming unfashionable to discriminate against Negroes, discrimination against homosexuals will be on the increase... Homosexuality represents the last major area where prejudice and discrimination are prevalent in this country."[26]

In 1965, after his tenure as MSW president came to a close, Kameny organized the first demonstration by a homophile organization.[27]The 10-person protest took place outside the white house. Signs included the organization's demands: "WE WANT FEDERAL EMPLOYMENT, HONORABLE DISCHARGES, SECURITY CLEARANCES."[27]Kameny had strict standards for those participating in his organizations. His requirements for picketers included men wearing suits and women wearing dresses, each sign measuring twenty-two by twenty-eight inches, and the message on the sign being the same on both sides. These efforts contributed to portraying a nonviolent and respectful protest.[28]

In coalition with New York's Mattachine Society and theDaughters of Bilitis,the picketing expanded to target theUnited Nations,thePentagon,theUnited States Civil Service Commission,and Philadelphia'sIndependence Hallfor what became known as theAnnual Reminderfor gay rights.

Frank Kameny also contributed to homosexual activism by serving as an amateur attorney, defending government employees who had their security clearances revoked or suspended, due to allegations of "perversion" or "immoral acts."[29]Kameny's activism in the legal system consisted of attacking the discriminatory hiring practices of the U.S. Government through court hearings. He made court hearings public and put on a spectacle to draw attention to his cases.[30]He served as a plaintiff in his first case in 1967 alongsideBarbara Gittingsin defense of Donald Crawford's Department of Defense Hearing.[31]Kameny and Gittings would serve as plaintiffs in another case later that year.[32]

Unlike other homosexual activists at the time, Kameny rejected the idea that homosexuality was inferior to heterosexuality:[26]

I do not see theNAACPandCOREworrying about which chromosome and gene produced a black skin, or about the possibility of bleaching the Negro. I do not see any great interest on the part of theB'nai B'rith Anti-Defamation Leagueon the possibility of solving problems of anti-semitism by converting Jews to Christians... We are interested in obtaining rights for our respective minorities AS Negroes, AS Jews, and AS HOMOSEXUALS. Why we are Negroes, Jews, or Homosexuals is totally irrelevant, and whether we can be changed to Whites, Christians, or heterosexuals is equally irrelevant.

Kameny further argued that homosexuality can be a social good: "I take the stand that not only is homosexuality, whether by inclination or overt act, not immoral, but that homosexual acts engaged in by consenting adults are moral, in a positive and real sense, and are right, good and desirable, both for the individual participants and for the society in which they live." Eventually, he coined the slogan "Gay is Good"after listening toStokely Carmichaelchant "black is beautiful"in 1968.[26]

In the 1968 election, three years after the end of his first term, Kameny was elected as president of the Mattachine Society of Washington.[33]

1970–2000

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In 1971, Kameny became the first openly gay candidate for theUnited States Congress[34]when he ran in the District of Columbia's first election for anon-voting Congressional delegate.[25]Following his defeat by DemocratWalter E. Fauntroy,Kameny and his campaign organization created theGay and Lesbian Alliance of Washington, D.C.,an organization which continues to lobby government and press the case for equal rights.[35]

In 1972, Kameny andBarbara Gittingsconvinced theAmerican Psychiatric Association(APA) to hold a debate, "Psychiatry: Friend or Foe to the Homosexual?; A Dialogue" at their annual meeting in Dallas. It was for this debate that Dr.John E. Fryer,a gay psychiatrist in disguise as "Dr. Henry Anonymous", testified as to how homosexuality being listed as a mental disease in the APA'sDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM) affected the lives of gay psychiatrists and other homosexuals. Kameny had approached numerous gay psychiatrists, but Fryer was the only one who agreed to testify, and even he would only do so in disguise for fear of losing his position atTemple University,where he did not have tenure.[36]The following year, the APA removed homosexuality from the DSM. Kameny described that day – December 15, 1973 – as the day "we were cured en masse by the psychiatrists".[37]

Conduct Unbecoming: Gays and Lesbians in the US MilitaryauthorRandy Shiltsdocumented Kameny's work in advising several service members in their attempts to receive honorable discharges after being discovered to be gay. For 18-year-old Marine Jeffrey Dunbar:

Kameny lined up gay ex-Marines to testify at the young man's hearing.The Washington Postran an editorial supporting an upgraded discharge, noting that Dunbar "was involved in no scandal and had brought no shame on the Marine Corps", and called the undesirable discharge a "strange and, we think, pointless way of pursuing military 'justice'."

In 1975, his search for a gay service member with an impeccable record to initiate a challenge to the military's ban on homosexuals culminated in protégéLeonard Matlovich,a Technical Sergeant in the United States Air Force with 11 years of unblemished service and a Purple Heart and Bronze Star, purposely outing himself to his commanding officer on March 6, 1975. Matlovich had first read about Kameny's goal in an interview in theAir Force Times.Talking first by telephone, they eventually met and, along with ACLU attorney David Addlestone, planned the legal challenge. Their relationship was strained after Matlovich's interview with theNew York Times Magazine,as Kameny felt that Matlovich had portrayed the gay community negatively by saying that he would have preferred to be straight.[38]

Discharged in October 1975, Matlovich was ordered reinstated by a federal district court in 1980 in a ruling that, technically, would only have applied to him. Convinced the Air Force would create another excuse to discharge him again, Matlovich accepted a financial settlement instead, and continued his gay activism work until his death fromAIDScomplications in June 1988. Kameny was an honorary pallbearer at his funeral and spoke at graveside services in Washington, D.C.'sCongressional Cemetery.

On March 26, 1977, Kameny and a dozen other members of the gay and lesbian community, under the leadership of the then-National Gay Task Force,briefed then-Public LiaisonMidge Costanzaon much-needed changes in federal laws and policies. This was the first time that gay rights were officially discussed at the White House.[39][40]

Kameny was appointed as the first openly gay member of the District of Columbia's Human Rights Commission in the 1970s.[12]

In 1980, Kameny helpedNSAlinguist Jamie Shoemaker become the first openly gay government employee after Shoemaker's superiors discovered his sexuality and attempted to persuade him to resign.[41]

Kameny in front of signs used during protests. June 2009

2000–2011

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In 2007, Kameny's death was mistakenly reported byThe Advocatein its May 22 "Pride issue", alongside a mistaken report that he had HIV. The report was retracted with an apology, and Kameny askedThe Advocate,"Did you give a date of death?"[42]

In 2007, Kameny wrote a letter to the conservative, anti-gay publicationWorldNetDailyin defense ofIdahoRepublicansenatorLarry Craigregarding Craig's arrest for solicitation of sex in a Minneapolis airport bathroom; he ended it with the following: "I am no admirer of Larry Craig and hold out no brief for him. He is a self-deluding hypocritical homophobic bigot. But fair is fair. He committed no crime in Minneapolis and should not suffer as if he did."The New York Times'Frank Richjoined Kameny in calling for Craig's pardon.[43]

In November 2007, Kameny wrote an open letter of protest to NBC journalistTom Brokaw(and his publisherRandom House), who wroteBoom!: Voices of the Sixties Personal Reflections on the '60s and Today,over the total lack of mention of gay and lesbian rights activism during the 1960s and upbraiding Brokaw for having "'de-gayed' an entire generation".[44]The letter was co-signed by formerWashington PosteditorHoward Kurtz,Harry Rubinstein (curator,National Museum of American History),John Earl Haynes,Dudley Clendinen and Stephen Bottum. Brokaw appeared on Kurtz's CNN showReliable Sourcesto defend the exclusion, saying that "the gay rights movement came slightly later. It lifted off during that time and I had to make some choices about what I was going to concentrate on. The big issues were the anti-war movement, the counterculture."[45]

Death

[edit]

Kameny suffered from heart disease in his last years, but maintained a full schedule of public appearances, his last being a speech to an LGBT group in Washington, D.C., on September 30, 2011.

Kameny was found dead in his Washington home on October 11, 2011 (National Coming Out Day).[46]The medical examiner determined the cause of death to be natural causes due toarteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease.[47]

DC statehood activism

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DC Statehood advocates Hector Rodriguez and Frank Kameny at the Palisades neighborhoods' annual July 4 parade, 2011. Photo by Ann Loikow.

In 1981, Kameny became an elected delegate[48]to the District of Columbia Statehood Constitutional Convention,[49]which was an initiative towardsDC statehood.[50]He remained an advocate forDC statehoodthrough the end of his life.[51]Aresidentof thePalisades,he was a fixture at the neighborhood's annualJuly 4parade.

Awards and honors

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In 2006, Kameny andBarbara Gittingsreceived the firstJohn E. Fryer,MD Award from the American Psychiatric Association.[52]

In 2007, theSmithsonian Institution'sNational Museum of American Historyincluded Kameny's picket signs carried in front of theWhite Housein 1965 in the Smithsonian exhibit "Treasures of American History". The Smithsonian now has 12 of the original picket signs carried by gay and lesbian Americans at the first demonstration for gay rights held in front of the White House.[53]TheLibrary of Congressacquired Kameny's papers in 2006, documenting his life and leadership.[54]

In February 2009,Kameny's homein Washington was designated as a Washington, D.C., historic landmark by the District of Columbia's Historic Preservation Review Board.[55]

On June 29, 2009,John Berry(Director of theOffice of Personnel Management) formally apologized to Kameny on behalf of the United States government.[25][56]Berry, who is openly gay, presented Kameny with the Theodore Roosevelt Award, the OPM's most prestigious award.[57]

Frank Kameny Way in Washington, D.C.

On June 10, 2010, following a unanimous vote by theDupont CircleAdvisory Neighborhood Commission,Washington, D.C. mayorAdrian Fentyunveiled new street signs designating 17th Street between P and R streets, N.W., as "Frank Kameny Way" in Kameny's honor.[58]

At a luncheon on December 10, 2010, in the Caucus room of theCannon House Office Building,Kameny was honored with the 2010 Cornelius R. "Neil" Alexander Humanitarian Award.[59]

Kameny was invited to attend the December 22, 2010, ceremony where PresidentBarack Obamasigned theDon't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010.Kameny was a member ofTriangle Foundation's Board of Advisors.[60]

Following Kameny's death, the giantrainbow flagon the flagpole at the corner of Market Street andCastro Streetin theCastro neighborhood of San Franciscowas flown at half-staff for 24 hours beginning on the afternoon of October 12, 2011, at the request of the creator of the rainbow flag,Gilbert Baker.[61]

On November 2, 2011,Kameny's housewas listed on theNational Register of Historic Places.[62][63]

In January 2012, during its national meeting, theAmerican Astronomical Societyheld a public ceremony to present a posthumous certificate of appreciation to Kameny,[64]recognizing "his exemplary lifelong commitment to promoting equal rights for homosexual men and women" and how his "activism removed discriminatory barriers that had cut short many careers." The recognition had been planned several months before his death, but Kameny passed before the meeting took place. The award was accepted on behalf of Kameny by his close personal friend Mr. Charles Francis, cofounder of the Kameny Papers Project, and three LGBTQ astronomers at various career stages.

On July 3, 2012,asteroid(40463)Frankkamenywas named in Kameny's honor by theInternational Astronomical Unionand theMinor Planet Center.[65][66][67][68][69][70]

In 2013, Kameny was inducted into theLegacy Walk,an outdoor public display in Chicago which celebratesLGBThistory and people.[71]

In 2015, Kameny received a U.S. Veterans Administration memorial headstone, at Washington, D.C.'sCongressional Cemeteryat his memorial site; the headstone was dedicated during a ceremony on the morning of November 11, 2015, onVeterans Day.[72]In front of the headstone is a marker inscribed with the slogan "Gay is Good".[72]Kameny coined that slogan, and in a 2009 AP interview said about coining it, "If I am remembered for anything I hope it will be that."[73]

In June 2019, Kameny was one of the inaugural fifty American "pioneers, trailblazers, and heroes" inducted on theNational LGBTQ Wall of Honorwithin theStonewall National Monument(SNM) inNew York City'sStonewall Inn.[74][75]The SNM is the firstU.S. national monumentdedicated toLGBTQ rightsandhistory,[76]and the wall's unveiling was timed to take place during the50th anniversaryof theStonewall riots.[77]

TheNational LGBTQ+ Bar Associationpresents the Frank Kameny Award annually in honor of Kameny,[78]the only recipient of the association's Dan Bradley Award who was not a law school graduate, to a member of the LGBTQ+ community who has paved the way for important legal victories without a United States Juris Doctor.[79]

On June 2, 2021, Kameny was featured on that day'sGoogle Doodlein celebration ofPride Month.[80]

References

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Citations

  1. ^Dunlap, David W.(October 12, 2011)."Franklin Kameny, Gay Rights Pioneer, Dies at 86".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on September 1, 2018.RetrievedFebruary 21,2017.
  2. ^Bullough, Vern L.(2002), Bullough, Vern L. (ed.),Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context,New York: The Haworth Press, p.207,ISBN1-56023-193-9
  3. ^Chibbaro Jr., Lou(October 4, 2006)."Kameny's work finds new home"(PDF).Washington Blade.Archived(PDF)from the original on October 16, 2011.RetrievedMarch 28,2008.
  4. ^Johnson, David K.(2002), "Franklin E. Kameny (1925–)", inBullough, Vern L.(ed.),Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context,New York: The Haworth Press, pp.209–18,ISBN1-56023-193-9
  5. ^ab"Gay rights epicenter named landmark".USA Today. February 27, 2009.Archivedfrom the original on January 14, 2011.RetrievedDecember 4,2013.
  6. ^Gaynair, Gillian (June 8, 2009)."DC pride festival honors gay rights pioneer Kameny".Associated Press. Archived fromthe originalon October 19, 2012.RetrievedJune 8,2009.
  7. ^abcCervini, Eric (2020).The Deviant's War: The Homosexual vs. the United States of America.New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 7–8.ISBN978-0-374-13979-7.
  8. ^abCervini, Eric (2020).The Deviant's War: The Homosexual vs. the United States of America.New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 16.ISBN978-0-374-13979-7.
  9. ^abDe Leon, David. Leaders from the 1960s: A Biographical Sourcebook of American Activism. Greenwood Press (June 30, 1994). p. 253.
  10. ^Jon Rowe (February 14, 2008)."Frank Kameny on Atheism, Theism, & Gays".Archivedfrom the original on November 5, 2011.RetrievedOctober 12,2011.
  11. ^abcCervini, Eric (2020).The Deviant's War: The Homosexual vs. the United States of America.New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 9–11.ISBN978-0-374-13979-7.
  12. ^ab"HRC, 'Franklin E. Kameny'".Hrc.org. Archived fromthe originalon November 3, 2013.RetrievedDecember 4,2013.
  13. ^"A Photoelectric Study of Some RV Tauri and Yellow Semiregular Variables"(PDF).Harvard University.May 1956. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on May 24, 2012.RetrievedJuly 15,2012.
  14. ^Vider, Stephen (2021). ""The Ultimate Extension of Gay Community": Communal Living, Gay Liberation and the Reinvention of the Household ".The Queerness of Home: Gender, Sexuality, and the Politics of Domesticity after World War II.Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.ISBN978-0-226-80822-2.
  15. ^Long, Michael G. (2019).Gay is Good: The Life and Letters of Gay Rights Pioneer Franklin Kameny.New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 8.ISBN9780815652915.
  16. ^Shand-Tucci, Douglas.The Crimson Letter: Harvard, Homosexuality, and the Shaping of American Culture.St. Martin's Press; 1st edition (May 19, 2003). p. 268.
  17. ^Hirshman, Linda. "OBIT: Present at the Creation: Frank Kameny, the modest, stubborn man who helped start the gay rights movement."SlateOctober 12, 2011
  18. ^Canaday, Margot (2023).Queer Career: Sexuality and Work in Modern America.Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.ISBN9780691205953.
  19. ^Cecil Adams (November 22, 1991)."What percentage of black parentage do you need to be considered black?".The Straight Dope.Archivedfrom the original on November 4, 2013.RetrievedNovember 2,2013.
  20. ^Cervini, Eric (2020).he Deviant's War: The Homosexual vs. the United States of America.New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 239.ISBN978-0-374-13979-7.
  21. ^abCervini, Eric (2020).The Deviant's War: The Homosexual vs. the United States of America.New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 101–2.ISBN978-0-374-13979-7.
  22. ^"Kameny, Franklin E."jfklibrary.org – John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum.Archivedfrom the original on May 24, 2016.RetrievedJune 16,2016.
  23. ^Meeker, Martin (2001)."Behind the Mask of Respectability: Reconsidering the Mattachine Society and Male Homophile Practice, 1950s and 1960s".Journal of the History of Sexuality.10(1): 78–116.doi:10.1353/sex.2001.0015.ISSN1043-4070.JSTOR3704790.
  24. ^Cervini, Eric (2020).The Deviant's War: The Homosexual vs. the United States of America.New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 172.ISBN978-0-374-13979-7.
  25. ^abcd"Kameny, Frank (b. 1925)".glbtq, Inc. Archived fromthe originalon May 24, 2011.RetrievedJanuary 9,2011.
  26. ^abcLong, Michael G. (2012).Martin Luther King Jr., Homosexuality, and the Early Gay Rights Movement: Keeping the Dream Straight?.Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 124–26.ISBN978-1-137-27551-6.
  27. ^abCervini, Eric (2020).The Deviant's War: The Homosexual vs. the United States of America.Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 201–2.ISBN978-0-374-13979-7.
  28. ^Peacock, Kent W. “Race, the Homosexual, and the Mattachine Society of Washington, 1961-1970.”Journal of the History of Sexuality,vol. 25, no. 2, 2016, pp. 267–96.JSTOR,http:// jstor.org/stable/44862300. Accessed 22 Feb. 2024.
  29. ^Cervini, Eric (2020).he Deviant's War: The Homosexual vs. the United States of America.New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 239.ISBN978-0-374-13979-7.
  30. ^Canaday, Margot (2023).Queer Career: Sexuality and Work in Modern America.Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.ISBN9780691205953.
  31. ^Cervini, Eric (2020).he Deviant's War: The Homosexual vs. the United States of America.New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 239.ISBN978-0-374-13979-7.
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  33. ^Cervini, Eric (2020).The Deviant's War: The Homosexual vs. the United States of America.New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 264–80.ISBN978-0-374-13979-7.
  34. ^Boldt, David R. (February 23, 1971)."Homosexual Files Delegate Papers: Number of Contestants Is Now Eight".The Washington Post.p. A17.
  35. ^Slavin, Sarah (1995).U.S. women's interest groups: Institutional Profiles.Greenwood Publishing Group. p.645.ISBN0-313-25073-1.RetrievedOctober 11,2015.
  36. ^Scasta, David L. (2003)"John E. Fryer, MD, and the Dr. H. Anonymous Episode"in Drescher, Jack and Merlino, Joseph P. (eds.) (2012)American Psychiatry and Homosexuality: An Oral HistoryRoutledge. pp. 15–28ISBN978-1136859939;originally published in theJournal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy6(4):73–84.
  37. ^Philip Kennicott (September 8, 2007)."At Smithsonian, Gay Rights Is Out of the Closet, Into the Attic".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on February 2, 2017.RetrievedAugust 28,2017.
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  39. ^"Task Force mourns the death of pioneering gay activist and founding board member Frank Kameny".National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. October 11, 2011. Archived fromthe originalon October 3, 2014.RetrievedJuly 9,2014.he and a dozen other members of our community briefed then-Public Liaison Midge Costanza
  40. ^"LGBT Advocate White House Aide Costanza Dies".Advocate. March 24, 2010.Archivedfrom the original on July 14, 2014.RetrievedJuly 9,2014.Costanza met with gay activists including Frank Kameny,Troy Perry,Elaine Noble,and Task Force co–executive directorsBruce VoellerandJean O'Leary.
  41. ^"The Anti-Gay 'Lavender Scare' Is Rarely Taught in Schools".Time.December 22, 2020.RetrievedAugust 3,2023.
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  43. ^Frank Rich (September 23, 2007)."Pardon Poor Larry Craig".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on December 20, 2016.RetrievedFebruary 21,2017.
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Bibliography

  • Bianco, David (1999).Gay Essentials: Facts for Your Queer Brain.Los Angeles: Alyson Books.ISBN1-55583-508-2.
  • Cervini, Eric (2020).The Deviant's War: The Homosexual vs. the United States of America.New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.ISBN978-0374139797
  • Gambone, Philip(2010)Travels in a Gay Nation: Portraits of LGBTQ Americans.Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.ISBN978-0299236847
  • Kisseloff, Jeff (2007).Generation on Fire: Voices of Protest from the 1960s, an Oral History.Le xing ton: University Press of Kentucky.ISBN978-0813124162
  • Murdoch, Joyce and Price, Deb (2001).Courting Justice: Gay Men and Lesbians v. the Supreme Court.New York: Basic Books.ISBN978-0465015146
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