Jump to content

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromFranz Ferdinand)

"Franz Ferdinand" redirects here. For the band, seeFranz Ferdinand (band).For other uses, seeFranz Ferdinand (disambiguation).

Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Archduke of Austria-Este
Franz Ferdinandc. 1914
BornFranz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria
(1863-12-18)18 December 1863
Graz,Duchy of Styria,Austrian Empire
Died28 June 1914(1914-06-28)(aged 50)
Sarajevo,Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina,Austria-Hungary
Burial4 July 1914
Artstetten Castle
Spouse
​
​
(m.1900;died1914)​
[1]
Issue
Names
Franz Ferdinand Karl Ludwig Joseph Maria
HouseHabsburg-Lorraine
FatherArchduke Karl Ludwig of Austria
MotherPrincess Maria Annunziata of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
OccupationArchduke of Austria
SignatureArchduke Franz Ferdinand's signature

Archduke Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria of Austria[a](18 December 1863 – 28 June 1914) was theheir presumptiveto the throne ofAustria-Hungary.[2]Hisassassination in Sarajevowas the most immediate cause ofWorld War I.

Franz Ferdinand was the eldest son ofArchduke Karl Ludwig of Austria,the younger brother ofEmperor Franz Joseph I of Austria.Followingthe deathofCrown Prince Rudolfin 1889 and the death of Karl Ludwig in 1896, Franz Ferdinand became the heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne. His courtship ofSophie Chotek,alady-in-waiting,caused conflict within the imperial household, and theirmorganatic marriagein 1900 was only allowed after he renounced his descendants' rights to the throne. Franz Ferdinand held significant influence over the military, and in 1913 he was appointed inspector general of the Austro-Hungarian armed forces.

On 28 June 1914, Franz Ferdinand and his wife wereassassinatedin Sarajevo by the 19-year-oldGavrilo Princip,a member ofYoung Bosnia.Franz Ferdinand's assassination led to theJuly Crisisand precipitated Austria-Hungary'sdeclaration of waragainstSerbia,which in turn triggered a series of events that eventually led – four weeks after his death – toAustria-Hungary's alliesandSerbia's alliesdeclaring war on each other, starting World War I.[3][4][5]

Biography

Early life

Franz Ferdinand was born inGraz,Austria,the eldest son ofArchduke Karl Ludwig of Austria(the younger brother ofFranz JosephandMaximilian) and of his second wife,Princess Maria Annunziata of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.In 1875, when he was eleven years old, his cousinFrancis V, Duke of Modena,died, naming Franz Ferdinand his heir on condition that he add the name "Este" to his own. This inheritance made Franz Ferdinand one of the wealthiest men in Austria.[citation needed]

Heir presumptive

In 1889, Franz Ferdinand's life changed dramatically. His cousinCrown Prince Rudolfcommitted suicide at his hunting lodge inMayerling.[6]This left Franz Ferdinand's father, Karl Ludwig, first in line to the throne. When Karl Ludwig died oftyphoid feverin 1896,[7]Franz Ferdinand became the heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.[8]

Despite this burden, he found time for travel and personal pursuits, such as his circumnavigation of the world between 1892 and 1893. After visiting India he spent time huntingkangaroosandemusin Australia in 1893,[9]then travelled on toNouméa,New Hebrides,Solomon Islands,New Guinea,Sarawak,Hong Kongand Japan.[10]After sailing across the Pacific on theRMSEmpress of ChinafromYokohamatoVancouver[11]he crossed the United States, arriving at theWorld's Columbian Exposition1893 on theChicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroadon a privatePullman carnamed Mascotte,[12]and staying at theLe xing ton Hotel,[13]before continuing through toNew Yorkand returning to Europe.

Franz Ferdinand posing in front of a killed elephant, 1893

Franz Ferdinand had a fondness fortrophy huntingthat was excessive even by the standards of European nobility in his day.[14]In his diaries he kept track of 272,511 game kills,[15]5,000 of which weredeer.About 100,000 trophies were on exhibit at his Bohemian castle atKonopiště[16][17]which he also stuffed with various antiquities, his other great passion.[18]

Military career

Franz Ferdinand, like most males in the rulingHabsburgline, entered theAustro-Hungarian Armyat a young age. He was frequently and rapidly promoted, given the rank oflieutenantat age fourteen,captainat twenty-two,colonelat twenty-seven, andmajor generalat thirty-one.[19]While never receiving formal staff training, he was considered eligible for command and at one point briefly led the primarily Hungarian 9thHussarRegiment.[20]In 1898 he was given a commission "at the special disposition of His Majesty" to make inquiries into all aspects of the military services and military agencies were commanded to share their papers with him.[21]

He also held honorary ranks in theAustro-Hungarian Navy,and received the rank ofadmiralat the close of the Austro-Hungarian naval maneuvers in September 1902.[22]

Franz Ferdinand exerted influence on the armed forces even when he did not hold a specific command through a militarychancerythat produced and received documents and papers on military affairs. This was headed byAlexander Brosch von Aarenau[de]and eventually employed a staff of sixteen.[21]His authority was reinforced in 1907 when he secured the retirement of the Emperor's confidantFriedrich von Beck-Rzikowskyas Chief of the General Staff. Beck's successor,Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf,was personally selected by Franz Ferdinand.[23]

Franz in 1913, as heir-presumptive to the elderly emperor, had been appointed inspector general of all the armed forces of Austria-Hungary (Generalinspektor der gesamten bewaffneten Macht), a position superior to that previously held byArchduke Albrechtand including presumed command in wartime.[24]

Marriage and family

Archduke Franz Ferdinand with his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, and their three children (from left), Prince Ernst von Hohenberg, Princess Sophie, and Maximilian, Duke of Hohenberg, in 1910

In 1894, Franz Ferdinand met CountessSophie Chotek,alady-in-waitingtoArchduchess Isabella,wife ofArchduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen.[25]Franz began to visit Archduke Friedrich's villa in Pressburg (nowBratislava), and in turn Sophie wrote to Franz Ferdinand during his convalescence fromtuberculosison the island ofLošinjin theAdriatic.They kept their relationship a secret,[26]until it was discovered by Isabella.

To be eligible to marry a member of the imperial House of Habsburg, one had to be a member of one of the reigning or formerly reigning dynasties of Europe. The Choteks were not one of these families. Deeply in love, Franz Ferdinand refused to consider marrying anyone else. Finally, in 1899, Emperor Franz Joseph agreed to permit Franz Ferdinand to marry Sophie, provided that the marriage would bemorganaticand that their descendants would not have succession rights to the throne.[6]Sophie would not share her husband's rank, title,precedence,or privileges, nor would she normally appear in public beside him. She would not be allowed to ride in the royal carriage or sit in the royal box in theaters.[26]

The wedding took place on 1 July 1900, at Reichstadt (nowZákupy) inBohemia;Franz Joseph did not attend the ceremony, nor did Franz Ferdinand's brothers or any other archduke.[6]The only members of the imperial family present were Franz Ferdinand's stepmother,Princess Maria Theresa of Braganza,and her two daughters. Upon the marriage, Sophie was given the title "Princess of Hohenberg" (Fürstin von Hohenberg) with the style "Her Serene Highness" (Ihre Durchlaucht). In 1909, she was given the more senior title "Duchess of Hohenberg" (Herzogin von Hohenberg) with the style "Her Highness" (Ihre Hoheit). This raised her status considerably, but she was still required to yield precedence at court to all the archduchesses. Whenever a function required the couple to assemble with the other members of the imperial family, Sophie had to stand far down the line, separated from her husband.[26]

Franz Ferdinand's children were:

Franz Ferdinand and Sophie visited England in the autumn of 1913, spending a week withGeorge VandQueen MaryatWindsor Castlebefore going to stay for another week with theDuke of PortlandatWelbeck Abbey,Nottinghamshire,where they arrived on 22 November. He attended a service at the local Catholic church inWorksop.Franz Ferdinand and the Duke of Portland went game shooting on the Welbeck estate when, according to Portland's memoirs,Men, Women and Things:

One of the loaders fell down. This caused both barrels of the gun he was carrying to be discharged, the shot passing within a few feet of the archduke and myself. I have often wondered whether the Great War might not have been averted, or at least postponed, had the archduke met his death there and not in Sarajevo the following year.[29]

Assassination

Main article:Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
As described by contemporary Spanish magazineEl Mundo Gráfico:"The moment when the Austrian archdukes, following the first attempt against their lives, arrived at the City Council (of Sarajevo), where they were received by the mayor and the municipal corporation."
Franz Ferdinand's blood-stained uniform
The 1910Gräf & StiftBois de Boulognephaetonautomobile in which Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated. It is now displayed in theMuseum of Military Historyin Vienna
Latin bridge (prev. Princip bridge) in Sarajevo. Across the bridge is a street of several grayish houses not more than four stories high.
TheLatin Bridgenear the assassination site

On Sunday, 28 June 1914, at about 10:45 am, Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated inSarajevo,the capital of theAustro-Hungarian province of Bosnia and Herzegovina.The perpetrator was 19-year-oldGavrilo Princip,a member ofYoung Bosniaand one of a group of assassins organized and armed by theBlack Hand.[5]

Earlier in the day, the couple had been attacked byNedeljko Čabrinović,also a Young Bosnia conspirator, who had thrown a grenade at their car. However, the bomb detonated behind them, injuring the occupants in the following car. On arriving at the Governor's residence, Franz asked "So you welcome your guests with bombs!"[30]

After a short rest at the Governor's residence, the royal couple insisted on seeing all those who had been injured by the bomb at the local hospital. However, no one told the drivers that the itinerary had been changed. When the error was discovered, the drivers had to turn around. As the cars backed down the street and onto a side street, the line of cars stalled. At this time, Princip was sitting at a cafe across the street. He instantly seized his opportunity and walked across the street and shot the royal couple.[30]He first shot Sophie in the abdomen and then shot Franz Ferdinand in the neck. Franz leaned over his crying wife. He was still alive when witnesses arrived to render aid.[5]His dying words to Sophie were, "Don't die darling, live for our children."[30]Princip's weapon was the pocket-sizedFN Model 1910pistol chambered for the.380 ACPcartridge provided him by Serbian ArmyMilitary IntelligenceLieutenant-ColonelandBlack HandleaderDragutin Dimitrijević.[31]Franz Ferdinand's aides attempted to undo his coat but realized they needed scissors to cut it open: the outer lapel had been sewn to the inner front of the jacket for a smoother fit to improve his appearance to the public. Whether or not as a result of this obstacle, his wound could not be attended to in time to save him, and he died within minutes. Sophie also died en route to the hospital.[32]

A detailed account of the shooting can be found inSarajevoby Joachim Remak:[33]

One bullet pierced Franz Ferdinand's neck while the other pierced Sophie's abdomen.... As the car was reversing (to go back to the Governor's residence because the entourage thought the Imperial couple were unhurt) a thin streak of blood shot from the Archduke's mouth onto Count Harrach's right cheek (he was standing on the car's running board). Harrach drew out a handkerchief to still the gushing blood. The Duchess, seeing this, called: "For Heaven's sake! What happened to you?" and sank from her seat, her face falling between her husband's knees.

Harrach and Potoriek... thought she had fainted... only her husband seemed to have an instinct for what was happening. Turning to his wife despite the bullet in his neck, Franz Ferdinand pleaded: "Sopherl! Sopherl! Sterbe nicht! Bleibe am Leben für unsere Kinder!– Sophie dear! Don't die! Stay alive for our children! "Having said this, he seemed to sag down himself. His plumed hat... fell off; many of its green feathers were found all over the car floor. Count Harrach seized the Archduke by the uniform collar to hold him up. He asked"Leiden Eure Kaiserliche Hoheit sehr?– Is Your Imperial Highness suffering very badly? ""Es ist nichts.– It is nothing. "said the Archduke in a weak but audible voice. He seemed to be losing consciousness during his last few minutes, but, his voice growing steadily weaker, he repeated the phrase perhaps six or seven times more.

Arattlebegan to issue from his throat, which subsided as the car drew in front of the Konak bersibin (Town Hall). Despite several doctors' efforts, the Archduke died shortly after being carried into the building while his beloved wife was almost certainly dead from internal bleeding before the motorcade reached the Konak.

The assassinations, along with thearms race,nationalism,imperialism,militarismofImperial Germanyand the alliance system all contributed to theorigins of World War I,which began a month after Franz Ferdinand's death, with Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia.[34]The assassination of Franz Ferdinand is considered the most immediate cause of World War I.[35]

After his death,Archduke Karlbecame the heir presumptive of Austria-Hungary. Franz Ferdinand was buried with his wife Sophie inArtstetten Castle,Austria.[36]

Character

The German historian Michael Freund described Franz Ferdinand as "a man of uninspired energy, dark in appearance and emotion, who radiated an aura of strangeness and cast a shadow of violence and recklessness... a true personality amidst the amiable inanity that characterized Austrian society at this time."[37]As his sometime admirerKarl Krausput it, "he was not one who would greet you... he felt no compulsion to reach out for the unexplored region which the Viennese call their heart."[38]His relations with Emperor Franz Joseph were tense; the emperor's personal servant recalled in his memoirs that "thunder and lightning always raged when they had their discussions."[39]The commentaries and orders which the heir to the throne wrote as margin notes to the documents of the Imperial central commission for architectural conservation (where he was Protector) reveal what can be described as "choleric conservatism."[40]The Italian historian Leo Valiani provided the following description.

Francis Ferdinand was a prince of absolutist inclinations, but he had certain intellectual gifts and undoubted moral earnestness. One of his projects – though because of his impatient, suspicious, almost hysterical temperament, his commitment to it, and the methods by which he proposed to bring it about, often changed – was to consolidate the structure of the state and the authority and popularity of the Crown, on which he saw clearly that the fate of the dynasty depended, by abolishing, if not the dominance of the German Austrians, which he wished to maintain for military reasons, though he wanted to diminish it in the civil administration, certainly the far more burdensome sway of the Magyars over the Slav and Romanian nationalities which in 1848–49 had saved the dynasty in armed combat with the Hungarian revolution. Baron Margutti(de),Francis Joseph's aide-de-camp, was told by Francis Ferdinand in 1895 and – with a remarkable consistency in view of the changes that took place in the intervening years – again in 1913, that the introduction of the dual system in 1867 had been disastrous and that, when he ascended the throne, he intended to re-establish strong central government: this objective, he believed, could be attained only by the simultaneous granting of far-reaching administrative autonomy to all the nationalities of the monarchy. In a letter of February 1, 1913, toBerchtold,the Foreign Minister, in which he gave his reasons for not wanting war with Serbia, Franz Ferdinand said that "irredentism in our country... will cease immediately if our Slavs are given a comfortable, fair and good life" instead of being trampled on (as they were being trampled on by the Hungarians). It must have been this which caused Berchtold, in a character sketch of Francis Ferdinand written ten years after his death, to say that, if he had succeeded to the throne, he would have tried to replace the dual system by a supranational federation.[41]

After the tragic assassination of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie in 1914, Marie Valerie, the daughter of Emperor Franz Joseph, observed that her father had placed more trust in the newly designated heir, his grandnephew Archduke Charles. The emperor confessed to his daughter about the assassination, stating: "For me, it is a relief from a great worry."[42]

Political views

Map of thefederalization of Austria-Hungaryplanned by Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the member states with separate governments

"The three cornerstones of Ferdinand’s political conviction were clericalism, anti-democratic views, and anti-Hungarianism,” and the basis of his worldview was that “politics is a matter only for the ruler, while the people, the masses have to obey.” Franz Ferdinand often complained that in Hungary, the glorification of revolutionary heroLajos Kossuth,the decline of the monarchical principle, and the dominance of the Freemasons and the Jewish people was prevalent.[43]Historians have disagreed on how to characterize the political philosophies of Franz Ferdinand, some attributing generally liberal views on the empire's nationalities while others have emphasized his dynastic centralism, Catholic conservatism, and tendency to clash with other leaders.[19]

He advocated granting greater autonomy to ethnic groups within the Empire and addressing their grievances, especially the Czechs inBohemiaand the south Slavic peoples inCroatiaandBosnia,who had been left out of theAustro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867.[44]Yet his feelings towards the Hungarians were less generous, often described as antipathy. For example, in 1904 he wrote that "The Hungarians are all rabble, regardless of whether they are minister or duke, cardinal or burgher, peasant, hussar, domestic servant, or revolutionary", and he regarded evenIstván Tiszaas a revolutionary and "patented traitor".[45]He regardedHungarian nationalismas a revolutionary threat to the Habsburg dynasty and reportedly became angry when officers of the 9th Hussars Regiment (which he commanded) spoke Hungarian in his presence – despite the fact that it was the official regimental language.[20]He further regarded the Hungarian branch of the Dual Monarchy's army, theHonvédség,as an unreliable and potentially threatening force within the empire, complaining at the Hungarians' failure to provide funds for the joint army[46]and opposing the formation of artillery units within the Hungarian forces.[47]

He also advocated a cautious approach towardsSerbia– repeatedly locking horns withFranz Conrad von Hötzendorf,Vienna's hard-line Chief of theAustro-Hungarian General Staff,warning that harsh treatment of Serbia would bring Austria-Hungary into open conflict withRussia,to the ruin of both empires.[citation needed]

He was disappointed when Austria-Hungary failed to act as a great power, such as during theBoxer Rebellionin 1900. Other nations, including, in his description, "dwarf states like Belgium and Portugal",[23]had soldiers stationed in China, but Austria-Hungary did not. However, Austria-Hungary did participate in theEight-Nation Allianceto suppress the Boxers, and sent soldiers as part of the "international relief force".

Franz Ferdinand was a prominent and influential supporter of theAustro-Hungarian Navyin a time when sea power was not a priority in Austrian foreign policy and the Navy was relatively little known or supported by the public. After his assassination in 1914, the Navy honoured Franz Ferdinand and his wife with alying in stateaboardSMSViribus Unitis.

Commemorations

The bluish-tinted stamp shows Sophia, duchess of Hohenberg on the left, and Franz Ferdinand on the right. The stamp is titled "Militärpost" ("Military Mail") at the top, and the date of the couple's deaths at the bottom.
Commemorative postage stamp (Austria-Hungary)

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and hisCastle of Artstettenwere selected as a main motif for the Austrian 10 euroThe Castle of Artstetten commemorative coin,minted on 13 October 2004. The reverse shows the entrance to the crypt of the Hohenberg family. There are two portraits below, showing Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg.[48]

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

  • 18 December 1863 – 20 November 1875:His Imperial and Royal HighnessArchduke and Prince Franz Ferdinand of Austria, Royal Prince of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia[49]
  • 20 November 1875 – 28 June 1914:His Imperial and Royal HighnessFranz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria-Este[50]

Honours and awards

Domestic[50]

Foreign[50]

Arms and monogram

Armorial achievementof Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria-Este
Imperial Monogram

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^German:Franz Ferdinand von Österreich-Este,German pronunciation:[fʁant͡sˌfɛʁdinantfɔnˈøːstəʁaɪ̯çˌɛstə]ⓘ

References

  1. ^Albertini, Luigi(1953).Origins of the War of 1914.Vol. II. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 38.OCLC168712.
  2. ^Brook-Shepherd, Gordon (1987).Royal Sunset: The European Dynasties and the Great War.Doubleday. p.139.ISBN978-0-385-19849-3.
  3. ^Marshall, S. L. A.(2001).World War I.Mariner Books. p. 1.ISBN0-618-05686-6.
  4. ^Keegan, John(2000).The First World War.Vintage. p. 48.ISBN0-375-70045-5.
  5. ^abcJohnson, Lonnie (1989).Introducing Austria: A Short History.Studies in Austrian Literature, Culture, and Thought. Ariadne Press. pp. 52–54.ISBN0-929497-03-1.
  6. ^abc Brook-Shepherd, Gordon (1997).The Austrians: A Thousand-Years Odyssey.Carroll & Graf. pp. 107, 125–126.ISBN0-7867-0520-5.
  7. ^ "The Crown Prince's Successor".The New York Times.2 February 1889.Accessed 22 May 2009.
  8. ^"Franz Ferdinand, archduke of Austria-Este | Biography, Assassination, Facts, & World War I | Britannica".britannica.10 October 2023.Retrieved5 December2023.
  9. ^"The Archduke Franz Ferdinand".The Argus.Melbourne, Victoria. 23 May 1893. p. 5.Retrieved20 April2018.
  10. ^"Distinguished Visitors".Australian Town and Country Journal.Sydney, New South Wales. 15 April 1893. p. 29.Retrieved20 April2018.
  11. ^KatalogLand in Sicht!: Österreich auf weiter FahrtArchived28 May 2008 at theWayback Machine(CatalogueLand Ahoy!: Austria on the Seven Seas) (inPDFand inGerman language) p. 8. Exhibition by the Austrian Mint, 17 August – 3 February 2006.Münze Österreich(Austrian Mint). Accessed 22 May 2009.
  12. ^"Will See the Fair".The Champaign County News | Champaign County, Illinois.7 October 1893.Retrieved7 November2021.
  13. ^"Le xing ton Hotel, Michigan Boulevard and 22nd Street".The Chicago Tribune | Chicago, Illinois.9 October 1893.Retrieved7 November2021.
  14. ^Wladimir Aichelburg,Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand von Österreich-Este und Artstetten,Vienna: Lehner, 2000,ISBN978-3-901749-18-6,p. 31(in German):"Tatsächlich war Franz Ferdinand ein außergewöhnlich leidenschaftlicher Jäger"– "It is a fact that Franz Ferdinand was an unusually passionate hunter."
  15. ^Mindich, Talia (27 June 2014)."8 things you didn't know about Franz Ferdinand".PBS.Retrieved10 September2020.
  16. ^Michael Hainisch,ed. Friedrich Weissensteiner,75 Jahre aus bewegter Zeit: Lebenserinnerungen eines österreichischen Staatsmannes,Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für neuere Geschichte Österreichs 64, Vienna: Böhlau, 1978,ISBN978-3-205-08565-2,p. 367(in German):"Konopischt... das einst dem Erzherzoge Franz Ferdinand gehört hatte. Das Schloß ist voller Jagdtrophäen"- "Konopiště... which once belonged to Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The castle is full of hunting trophies."
  17. ^Neil Wilson and Mark Baker,Prague: City Guide,Lonely Planet City Guide, 9th ed. Footscray, Victoria / Oakland, California / London: Lonely Planet, 2010,ISBN978-1-74179-668-1,p. 237.
  18. ^Thomas Veszelits,Prag,HB-Bildatlas 248, Ostfildern: HB, 2003,ISBN978-3-616-06152-8,p. 106.(in German):"Jagdtrophäen, Waffen aus drei Jahrhunderten und Kunstschätze füllten die Räume"– "Hunting trophies, weapons dating to three centuries, and art treasures filled the rooms."
  19. ^abRothenburg, G. (1976).The Army of Francis Joseph.West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. p. 141.
  20. ^abRothenburg 1976,p. 120.
  21. ^abRothenburg 1976,p. 141.
  22. ^"Court News".The Times.No. 36865. London. 5 September 1902. p. 7.
  23. ^abRothenburg 1976,p. 136.
  24. ^Rothenburg 1976,p. 170.
  25. ^Radziwill, Catherine (1916).The Austrian Court From Within.London: Cassel and Company, LTD.ISBN1-4021-9370-X.
  26. ^abcMeyer, G. J. (2007).A World Undone: The Story of the Great War 1914 to 1918.Bantam Dell. p. 5.ISBN978-0-553-38240-2.
  27. ^Schwarz, Otto.Hinter den Fassaden der Ringstrasse: Geschichte, Menschen, Geheimnisse.Amalthea, Vienna, 2007,ISBN978-3-85002-589-8,p. 26(in German)
  28. ^The Family CryptArchived21 August 2011 at theWayback Machine,Artstetten Castle.
  29. ^Watson, Greig."Could Franz Ferdinand Welbeck gun accident have halted WWI?".BBC News.
  30. ^abcBeyer, Rick,The Greatest Stories Never Told,Harper Collins,ISBN978-0-06-001401-8.pp. 146–147
  31. ^ Belfield, Richard (2005).The Assassination Business: A History of State-Sponsored Murder.Carroll & Graf.ISBN978-0-7867-1343-1.
  32. ^ MacDonogh, Giles (2003).The Last Kaiser: The Life of Wilhelm II.St. Martin's Griffin. p. 351.ISBN978-0-312-30557-4.
  33. ^Remak, Joachim (1959).Sarajevo: The Story of a Political Murder.Criterion. pp. 137–142.ASINB001L4NB5U.
  34. ^Johnson 1989,p. 56.
  35. ^John McCannon.AP World History.Copyright 2010, 2008, Barron's Educational Series, Inc. page 9.
  36. ^"Profile: Archduke Franz Ferdinand".ABC News.27 June 2014.Retrieved27 November2022.
  37. ^Freund, Michael: Deutsche Geschichte. Die Große Bertelsmann Lexikon-Bibliothek, Bd. 7. C. Bertelsmann Verlag, 1961. p.901
  38. ^Die Fackel.Issue 10 July 1914
  39. ^Ketterl, Eugen.Der alte Kaiser wie nur einer ihn sah.Cissy Klastersky (ed.), Gerold & Co., Vienna 1929
  40. ^Brückler, Theodor:Franz Ferdinand als Denkmalpfleger.Die "Kunstakten" der Militärkanzlei im Österreichischen Staatsarchiv. Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 2009.ISBN978-3-205-78306-0
  41. ^Valiani, Leo,The End of Austria-Hungary,Alfred A. Knopf, New York (1973) pp. 9–10 [translation of:La Dissoluzione dell'Austria-Ungheria,Casa Editrice Il Saggiatore, Milano (1966) pp. 19–20]
  42. ^Palmer, Alan(1994).Twilight of the Habsburgs: the Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph.Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 324.ISBN978-1857998696.
  43. ^Quote of historian László Gulyás (2019): The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand: The Archduke Who Despised Hungarians Url:[1]
  44. ^ Morton, Frederick (1989).Thunder at Twilight: Vienna 1913/1914.Scribner. p.191.ISBN978-0-684-19143-0.
  45. ^History of Transylvania.Béla Köpeczi (General Editor); Zoltán Szasz (Editor). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. 1994.ISBN963-05-6703-2.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: others (link)
  46. ^Rothenburg 1976,p. 147.
  47. ^Rothenburg 1976,p. 133.
  48. ^Austrian 10-Euro Coins.Austriancoins (9 October 2002). Retrieved on 2013-08-16.
  49. ^Kaiser Joseph II. harmonische Wahlkapitulation mit allen den vorhergehenden Wahlkapitulationen der vorigen Kaiser und Könige.Since 1780 official title used for princes ( "zu Ungarn, Böhmen, Dalmatien, Kroatien, Slawonien, Königlicher Erbprinz")
  50. ^abcHof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie(1914), Genealogy p. 2
  51. ^Boettger, T. F."Chevaliers de la Toisón d'Or - Knights of the Golden Fleece".La Confrérie Amicale.Retrieved25 June2019.
  52. ^"A Szent István Rend tagjai"[Members of the Saint Stephen Order] (in Hungarian). Archived fromthe originalon 22 December 2010.
  53. ^Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden(1910), "Großherzogliche Orden"p. 41
  54. ^Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Bayern(1906), "Königliche-Orden"p. 9
  55. ^Jørgen Pedersen (2009).Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009(in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 338.ISBN978-87-7674-434-2.
  56. ^Italy. Ministero dell'interno (1914).Calendario generale del regno d'Italia.p.83.
  57. ^Hình Bộ phương tắc (2017).Minh trị thời đại の huân chương ngoại giao nghi lễ(PDF)(in Japanese). Minh trị thánh đức kỷ niệm học được kỷ yếu. p. 149.
  58. ^"Johor di Persada Global – Portal Kesultanan Johor".Portal Kesultanan Johor.Johor Royal Council.
  59. ^Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach(1900), "Großherzogliche Hausorden"p. 17Archived6 September 2020 at theWayback Machine
  60. ^Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg(1907), "Königliche Orden" p. 28
  61. ^Sachsen (1901). "Königlich Orden".Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1901.Dresden: Heinrich. p.4– via hathitrust.org.
  62. ^Royal Thai Government Gazette(1 June 1902)."ส่งเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ไปพระราชทาน"(PDF)(in Thai). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 4 March 2016.Retrieved8 May2019.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  63. ^"Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III",Guía Oficial de España,1914, p. 200,retrieved21 March2019
  64. ^Sveriges statskalender(in Swedish), 1905, p. 440,retrieved6 January2018– via runeberg.org
  65. ^Shaw, Wm. A. (1906)The Knights of England,I,London,p. 216
  66. ^"No. 27454".The London Gazette.15 July 1902. p. 4509.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related toArchduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.
Wikiquote has quotations related toArchduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Cadet branch of theHouse of Lorraine
Born:18 December 1863Died:28 June 1914
Royal titles
Preceded by Archduke of Austria-Este
1875–1914 		Succeeded by
Titles in pretence
Preceded by — TITULAR —
Duke of Modena
1875–1914 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria&oldid=1241330240"