Franz Kafka

"Kafka" redirects here. For other uses, seeKafka (disambiguation).

Franz Kafka
Kafka in 1923
Born	(1883-07-03)3 July 1883 Prague,Bohemia,Austria-Hungary
Died	3 June 1924(1924-06-03)(aged 40) Klosterneuburg,Lower Austria, Austria
Resting place	New Jewish Cemetery, Prague
Citizenship	Austria (until 1918) Czechoslovakia(from 1918)
Alma mater	German Charles-Ferdinand University
Occupations	Novelist short story writer insurance officer
Works	List
Style	Modernism
Signature

Franz Kafka(3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was a German-language novelist and writer fromPrague.He is widely regarded as one of the major figures of20th-century literature.His work fuses elements ofrealismand thefantastic.It typically features isolated protagonists facing bizarre or surrealistic predicaments and incomprehensible socio-bureaucraticpowers. It has been interpreted as exploring themes ofalienation,existential anxiety,guilt,andabsurdity.His best known works include the novellaThe Metamorphosisand novelsThe TrialandThe Castle.The termKafkaesquehas entered English to describe absurd situations like those depicted in his writing.

Kafka was born into a middle-class German-speakingCzech Jewishfamily in Prague, the capital of theKingdom of Bohemia,then part of theAustro-Hungarian Empire(today the capital of the Czech Republic).He trained as a lawyer, and after completing his legal education was employed full-time by an insurance company, forcing him to relegate writing to his spare time. Over the course of his life, Kafka wrote hundreds of letters to family and close friends, including his father, with whom he had a strained and formal relationship. He became engaged to several women but never married. He died in obscurity in 1924 at the age of 40 fromtuberculosis.

Kafka was a prolific writer, spending most of his free time writing, often late in the night. He burned an estimated 90 percent of his total work due to his persistent struggles with self-doubt. Much of the remaining 10 percent is lost or otherwise unpublished. Few of Kafka's works were published during his lifetime; the story collectionsContemplationandA Country Doctor,and individual stories, such as his novellaThe Metamorphosis,were published in literary magazines but received little attention.

In his will, Kafka instructed his close friend andliterary executorMax Brodto destroy his unfinished works, including his novelsThe Trial,The Castle,andAmerika,but Brod ignored these instructions and had much of his work published. Kafka's writings became famous in German-speaking countries after World War II, influencingGerman literature,and its influence spread elsewhere in the world in the 1960s. It has also influenced artists, composers, and philosophers.

Life

Early life

His parents, Hermann and Julie Kafka

Kafka was born near theOld Town Squarein Prague, then part of theAustro-Hungarian Empire.His family were German-speaking middle-classAshkenazi Jews.His father, Hermann Kafka (1854–1931), was the fourth child of Jakob Kafka,ashochetorritual slaughtererinOsek,a Czech village with a large Jewish population located nearStrakonicein southern Bohemia.Hermann brought the Kafka family to Prague. After working as a travelling sales representative, he eventually became a fashion retailer who employed up to 15 people and used the image of ajackdaw(kavkain Czech, pronounced and colloquially written askafka) as his business logo.Kafka's mother, Julie (1856–1934), was the daughter of Jakob Löwy, a prosperous retail merchant inPoděbrady,and was better educated than her husband.

Kafka's parents probably spoke a German influenced byYiddishthat was sometimes pejoratively calledMauscheldeutsch,but, as German was considered the vehicle of social mobility, they probably encouraged their children to speakStandard German.Hermann and Julie had six children, of whom Franz was the eldest.Franz's two brothers, Georg and Heinrich, died in infancy before Franz was seven; his three sisters wereGabriele( "Elli" ) (1889–1942),Valerie( "Valli" ) (1890–1942) andOttilie( "Ottla" ) (1892–1943). All three were murdered inthe HolocaustofWorld War II.Valli was deported to theŁódź Ghettoinoccupied Polandin 1942, but that is the last documentation of her; it is assumed she did not survive the war. Ottilie was Kafka's favourite sister.

Hermann is described by Kafka scholar and translatorStanley Corngoldas a "huge, selfish, overbearing businessman"and by Franz Kafka as "a true Kafka in strength, health, appetite, loudness of voice, eloquence, self-satisfaction, worldly dominance, endurance, presence of mind, knowledge of human nature, a certain way of doing things on a grand scale, of course with all the defects and weaknesses that go with all these advantages and into which your temperament and sometimes your hot temper drive you".On business days, both parents were absent from the home, with Julie Kafka working as many as 12 hours each day helping to manage the family business. Consequently, Kafka's childhood was somewhat lonely,and the children were reared largely by a series of governesses and servants. Kafka's troubled relationship with his father is evident in hisBrief an den Vater(Letter to His Father) of more than 100 pages, in which he complains of being profoundly affected by his father's authoritarian and demanding character;his mother, in contrast, was quiet and shy.The dominating figure of Kafka's father had a significant influence on Kafka's writing.

The Kafka family had a servant girl living with them in a cramped apartment. Franz's room was often cold. In November 1913 the family moved into a bigger apartment, although Ellie and Valli had married and moved out of the first apartment. In early August 1914, just after World War I began, the sisters did not know where their husbands were in the military and moved back in with the family in this larger apartment. Both Ellie and Valli also had children. Franz at age 31 moved into Valli's former apartment, quiet by contrast, and lived by himself for the first time.

Education

Kinský Palacewhere Kafka attendedgymnasiumand his father owned a shop

From 1889 to 1893, Kafka attended theDeutsche KnabenschuleGerman boys' elementary school at theMasný trh/Fleischmarkt(meat market), now known as Masná Street. His Jewish education ended with hisbar mitzvahcelebration at the age of 13. Kafka never enjoyed attending the synagogue and went with his father only on four high holidays a year.

After leaving elementary school in 1893, Kafka was admitted to the rigorous classics-oriented stategymnasium,Altstädter Deutsches Gymnasium,an academic secondary school at Old Town Square, within theKinský Palace.German was the language of instruction, but Kafka also spoke and wrote in Czech.He studied the latter at the gymnasium for eight years, achieving good grades.Although Kafka received compliments for his Czech, he never considered himself fluent in the language, though he spoke German with a Czech accent.He completed hisMaturaexams in 1901.

Admitted to theDeutsche Karl-Ferdinands-Universitätof Prague in 1901, Kafka began studying chemistry but switched to law after two weeks.Although this field did not excite him, it offered a range of career possibilities which pleased his father. In addition, law required a longer course of study, giving Kafka time to take classes in German studies and art history.He also joined a student club,Lese- und Redehalle der Deutschen Studenten(Reading and Lecture Hall of the German students), which organised literary events, readings and other activities.Among Kafka's friends were the journalistFelix Weltsch,who studied philosophy, the actorYitzchak Lowywho came from an orthodoxHasidicWarsaw family, and the writersLudwig Winder,Oskar BaumandFranz Werfel.

At the end of his first year of studies, Kafka metMax Brod,a fellow law student who became a close friend for life.Years later, Brod coined the termDer enge Prager Kreis( "The Close Prague Circle" ) to describe the group of writers, which included Kafka, Felix Weltsch and Brod himself.Brod soon noticed that, although Kafka was shy and seldom spoke, what he said was usually profound.Kafka was an avid reader throughout his life;together he and Brod read Plato'sProtagorasin the originalGreek,on Brod's initiative, andFlaubert'sL'éducation sentimentaleandLa Tentation de St. Antoine(The Temptation of Saint Anthony) in French, at his own suggestion.Kafka consideredFyodor Dostoevsky,Gustave Flaubert,Nikolai Gogol,Franz Grillparzer,andHeinrich von Kleistto be his "trueblood brothers".Besides these, he took an interest inCzech literatureand was also very fond of the works ofGoethe.Kafka was awarded the degree of Doctor of Law on 18 June 1906and performed an obligatory year of unpaid service as a law clerk for the civil and criminal courts.

Employment

Former home of the Worker's Accident Insurance Institute

On 1 November 1907, Kafka was employed at theAssicurazioni Generali,an insurance company, where he worked for nearly a year. His correspondence during that period indicates that he was unhappy with a work schedule—from 08:00 until 18:00—that made it extremely difficult to concentrate on writing, which was assuming increasing importance to him. On 15 July 1908, he resigned. Two weeks later, he found employment more amenable to writing when he joined the Worker's Accident Insurance Institute for the Kingdom of Bohemia (Úrazová pojišťovna dělnická pro Čechy v Praze). The job involved investigating and assessing compensation forpersonal injuryto industrial workers; accidents such as lost fingers or limbs were commonplace, owing to poorwork safetypolicies at the time. It was especially true of factories fitted with machinelathes,drills,planing machinesandrotary saws,which were rarely fitted with safety guards.

His father often referred to his son's job as an insurance officer as aBrotberuf,literally "bread job", a job done only to pay the bills; Kafka often claimed to despise it. Kafka was rapidly promoted and his duties included processing and investigating compensation claims, writing reports, and handling appeals from businessmen who thought their firms had been placed in too high a risk category, which cost them more in insurance premiums.He would compile and compose theannual reporton the insurance institute for the several years he worked there. The reports were well received by his superiors.Kafka usually got off work at 2 p.m., so that he had time to spend on his literary work, to which he was committed.Kafka's father also expected him to help out at and take over the familyfancy goodsstore.In his later years, Kafka's illness often prevented him from working at the insurance bureau and at his writing.

In late 1911, Elli's husband Karl Hermann and Kafka became partners in the firstasbestosfactory in Prague, known as Prager Asbestwerke Hermann & Co., having useddowrymoney from Hermann Kafka. Kafka showed a positive attitude at first, dedicating much of his free time to the business, but he later resented the encroachment of this work on his writing time.During that period, he also found interest and entertainment in the performances ofYiddish theatre.After seeing a Yiddish theatre troupe perform in October 1911, for the next six months Kafka "immersed himself in Yiddish language and in Yiddish literature".This interest also served as a starting point for his growing exploration of Judaism.It was at about this time that Kafka became a vegetarian.Around 1915, Kafka received his draft notice for military service in World WarI, but his employers at the insurance institute arranged for a deferment because his work was considered essential government service. He later attempted to join the military but was prevented from doing so by medical problems associated withtuberculosis,with which he was diagnosed in 1917.In 1918, the Worker's Accident Insurance Institute put Kafka on a pension due to his illness, for which there was no cure at the time, and he spent most of the rest of his life insanatoriums.

Private life

Felice Bauer and Franz Kafka

Kafka never married. According to Brod, Kafka was "tortured" by sexual desire,and Kafka's biographerReiner Stachstates that his life was full of "incessant womanising" and that he was filled with a fear of "sexual failure".Kafka visited brothels for most of his adult lifeand was interested in pornography.In addition, he had close relationships with several women during his lifetime. On 13 August 1912, Kafka metFelice Bauer,a relative of Brod's, who worked in Berlin as a representative of adictaphonecompany. A week after the meeting at Brod's home, Kafka wrote in his diary:

Miss FB. When I arrived at Brod's on 13 August, she was sitting at the table. I was not at all curious about who she was, but rather took her for granted at once. Bony, empty face that wore its emptiness openly. Bare throat. A blouse thrown on. Looked very domestic in her dress although, as it turned out, she by no means was. (I alienate myself from her a little by inspecting her so closely...) Almost broken nose. Blonde, somewhat straight, unattractive hair, strong chin. As I was taking my seat I looked at her closely for the first time, by the time I was seated I already had an unshakeable opinion.

Shortly after this meeting, Kafka wrote the story "Das Urteil"(" The Judgment ") in only one night and in a productive period worked onDer Verschollene(The Man Who Disappeared) andDie Verwandlung(The Metamorphosis). Kafka and Felice Bauer communicated mostly through letters over the next five years, met occasionally, and were engaged twice.Kafka's extant letters to Bauer were published asBriefe an Felice(Letters to Felice); her letters do not survive.After he had written to Bauer's father asking to marry her, Kafka wrote in his diary:

My job is unbearable to me because it conflicts with my only desire and my only calling, which is literature.... I am nothing but literature and can and want to be nothing else... Nervous states of the worst sort control me without pause... A marriage could not change me, just as my job cannot change me.

According to the biographers Stach andJames Hawes,Kafka became engaged a third time around 1920, to Julie Wohryzek, a poor and uneducated hotel chambermaid.Kafka's father objected to Julie because of herZionistbeliefs. Although Kafka and Julie rented a flat and set a wedding date, the marriage never took place. During this time, Kafka began a draft ofLetter to His Father.Before the date of the intended marriage, he took up with yet another woman.While he needed women and sex in his life, he had low self-confidence, felt sex was dirty, and was cripplingly shy—especially about his body.

Stach and Brod state that during the time that Kafka knew Felice Bauer, he had an affair with a friend of hers, Margarethe "Grete" Bloch,a Jewish woman from Berlin. Brod says that Bloch gave birth to Kafka's son, although Kafka never knew about the child. The boy, whose name is not known, was born in 1914 or 1915 and died in Munich in 1921.However, Kafka's biographerPeter-André Altsays that, while Bloch had a son, Kafka was not the father, as the pair were never intimate.Stach points out that there is a great deal of contradictory evidence around the claim that Kafka was the father.

Kafka was diagnosed with tuberculosis in August 1917 and moved for a few months to theBohemianvillage of Zürau (Siřem in Czech), where his sister Ottla worked on the farm of her brother-in-law Karl Hermann. He felt comfortable there and later described this time as perhaps the best period of his life, probably because he had no responsibilities. He kept diaries and made notes in exercise books (Oktavhefte). From those notes, Kafka extracted 109 numbered pieces of text on single pieces of paper (Zettel); these were later published asDie Zürauer Aphorismenoder Betrachtungen über Sünde, Hoffnung, Leid und den wahren Weg(The Zürau Aphorisms or Reflections on Sin, Hope, Suffering, and the True Way).

In 1920, Kafka began an intense relationship withMilena Jesenská,a Czech journalist and writer who was non-Jewish and who was married, but when she met Kafka, her marriage was a "sham".His letters to her were later published asBriefe an Milena.During a vacation in July 1923 toGraal-Müritzon theBaltic Sea,Kafka metDora Diamant,a 25-year-old kindergarten teacher from an orthodox Jewish family. Kafka, hoping to escape the influence of his family to concentrate on his writing, moved briefly to Berlin (September 1923-March 1924) and lived with Diamant. She became his lover and sparked his interest in theTalmud.He worked on four stories, includingEin Hungerkünstler(A Hunger Artist),which were published shortly after his death.

Siblings

Franz Kafka's sisters as children, from the leftValli,Elli,Ottla

Kafka's parents had six children; Kafka was the eldest.His two brothers, Georg and Heinrich, died in infancy; his three sisters, Gabriele ( "Elli" ) (September 22, 1889 – fall of 1942),Valerie( "Valli" ) (1890–1942) andOttilie( "Ottla" ) (1892–1943), are believed to have been murdered inthe Holocaustof theSecond World War.Ottilie was Kafka's favourite sister.

Gabriele was Kafka's eldest sister. She was known as Elli or Ellie; her married name is variously rendered as Hermann or Hermannová. She attended a German girls' school in Prague's Řeznická Street and later a private girls' secondary school.She married Karl Hermann (1883–1939), a salesman, in 1910. The couple had a son, Felix (1911–1940), and two daughters, Gertrude (Gerti) Kaufmann (1912–1972), and Hanna Seidner (1920–1941).After her marriage to Hermann, she became closer to her brother, whose letters showed an active interest in the upbringing and education of her children. He accompanied her on a 1915 trip to Hungary to visit Hermann, who was stationed there, and spent a summer with her and her children inMüritzthe year before he died.

With the outbreak of theGreat Depressionin 1929, the Hermann family business experienced financial difficulties and eventually went bankrupt.Karl Hermann died February 27, 1939, and Elli was supported financially by her sisters.On October 21, 1941, she was deported together with her daughter Hanna to theŁódź Ghetto,where she lived temporarily with her sister Valli and Valli's husband in the spring of 1942. She was probably killed in theKulmhof extermination campin the fall of 1942.Of Elli's three children, only her daughter Gerti survived theSecond World War.A memorial plaque commemorates the three sisters at the family grave in theNew Jewish Cemeteryin Prague.

Personality

Kafka as a Doctor of Law, around 1906

Kafka had a lifelong suspicion that people found him mentally and physically repulsive. However, many of those who met him found him to possess obvious intelligence and a sense of humour; they also found him handsome, although of austere appearance.Kafka was thought to be "very self-analytic".Brod compared Kafka toHeinrich von Kleist,noting that both writers had the ability to describe a situation realistically with precise details.Brod thought Kafka was one of the most entertaining people he had met; Kafka enjoyed sharing his humour with his friends but also helped them in difficult situations with good advice.According to Brod, he was a passionate reciter, able to phrase his speech as though it were music.Brod felt that two of Kafka's most distinguishing traits were "absolute truthfulness" (absolute Wahrhaftigkeit) and "precise conscientiousness" (präzise Gewissenhaftigkeit).He explored inconspicuous details in depth and with such precision and love that unforeseen things surfaced that seemed strange but absolutely true (nichts als wahr).

Kafka's letters and unexpurgated diaries reveal repressed homoerotic desires, including an infatuation with novelistFranz Werfeland fascination with the work ofHans Blüheron male bonding.Saul Friedländerargues that this mental struggle may have informed the themes of alienation and psychological brutality in his writing.

Although Kafka showed little interest in exercise as a child, he later developed a passion for games and physical activity,and was an accomplished rider, swimmer, and rower.On weekends, he and his friends embarked on long hikes, often planned by Kafka himself.His other interests includedalternative medicine,modern education systems such asMontessori,and technological novelties such as airplanes and film.Writing was vitally important to Kafka; he considered it a "form of prayer".He washighly sensitiveto noise and preferred absolute quiet when writing.

Pérez-Álvarez has claimed that Kafka had symptomatology consistent withschizoid personality disorder.His style, it is claimed, not only inDie Verwandlung(The Metamorphosis) but in other writings, appears to show low- to medium-level schizoid traits, which Pérez-Álvarez claims to have influenced much of his work.His anguish can be seen in this diary entry from 21 June 1913:

Die ungeheure Welt, die ich im Kopfe habe. Aber wie mich befreien und sie befreien, ohne zu zerreißen. Und tausendmal lieber zerreißen, als in mir sie zurückhalten oder begraben. Dazu bin ich ja hier, das ist mir ganz klar.

The tremendous world I have inside my head, but how to free myself and free it without being torn to pieces. And a thousand times rather be torn to pieces than retain it in me or bury it. That, indeed, is why I am here, that is quite clear to me.

and in Zürau Aphorism number 50:

Der Mensch kann nicht leben ohne ein dauerndes Vertrauen zu etwas Unzerstörbarem in sich, wobei sowohl das Unzerstörbare als auch das Vertrauen ihm dauernd verborgen bleiben können.

Man cannot live without a permanent trust in something indestructible within himself, though both that indestructible something and his own trust in it may remain permanently concealed from him.

Alessia Coralli and Antonio Perciaccante of San Giovanni di Dio Hospital have posited that Kafka may have hadborderline personality disorderwith co-occurring psychophysiologicalinsomnia.Joan LachkarinterpretedDie Verwandlungas "a vivid depiction of the borderline personality" and described the story as "model for Kafka's own abandonment fears, anxiety, depression, and parasitic dependency needs. Kafka illuminated the borderline's general confusion of normal and healthy desires, wishes, and needs with something ugly and disdainful."

Though Kafka never married, he held marriage and children in high esteem. He had several girlfriends and lovers across his life.He may have suffered from an eating disorder. Doctor Manfred M. Fichter of the Psychiatric Clinic,University of Munich,presented "evidence for the hypothesis that the writer Franz Kafka had suffered from an atypicalanorexia nervosa",and that Kafka was not just lonely and depressed but also "occasionally suicidal".In his 1995 bookFranz Kafka, the Jewish Patient,Sander Gilmaninvestigated "why a Jew might have been considered 'hypochondriacal' or 'homosexual' and how Kafka incorporates aspects of these ways of understanding the Jewish male into his own self-image and writing ".Kafka considered suicide at least once, in late 1912.

Political views

Before World War I,Kafka attended several meetings of theKlub mladých,a Czech anarchist,anti-militarist,andanti-clericalorganization.Hugo Bergmann,who attended the same elementary and high schools as Kafka, fell out with Kafka during their last academic year (1900–1901) because "[Kafka's] socialism and myZionismwere much too strident ".Bergmann said: "Franz became a socialist, I became a Zionist in 1898. The synthesis of Zionism and socialism did not yet exist."Bergmann claims that Kafka wore ared carnationto school to show his support forsocialism.In one diary entry, Kafka made reference to the influential anarchist philosopherPeter Kropotkin:"Don't forget Kropotkin!"

During the communist era, the legacy of Kafka's work forEastern Blocsocialism was hotly debated. Opinions ranged from the notion that he satirised the bureaucratic bungling of a crumblingAustro-Hungarian Empire,to the belief that he embodied the rise of socialism.A further key point wasMarx's theory of alienation.While the orthodox position was that Kafka's depictions of alienation were no longer relevant for a society that had supposedly eliminated alienation, a 1963 conference held inLiblice,Czechoslovakia, on the eightieth anniversary of his birth, reassessed the importance of Kafka's portrayal of bureaucracy.Whether Kafka was a political writer is still an issue of debate.

Judaism and Zionism

Further information:Franz Kafka and Judaism

Kafka in 1910

Kafka grew up in Prague as a German-speaking Jew.He was deeply fascinated by theJews of Eastern Europe,who he thought possessed an intensity of spiritual life that was absent from Jews in the West. His diary contains many references toYiddish writers.Yet he was at times alienated from Judaism and Jewish life. On 8 January 1914, he wrote in his diary:

Was habe ich mit Juden gemeinsam? Ich habe kaum etwas mit mir gemeinsam und sollte mich ganz still, zufrieden damit daß ich atmen kann, in einen Winkel stellen.

What have I in common with Jews? I have hardly anything in common with myself and should stand very quietly in a corner, content that I can breathe.

In his adolescent years, Kafka declared himself anatheist.

Hawes suggests that Kafka, though very aware of his ownJewishness,did not incorporate it into his work, which, according to Hawes, lacks Jewish characters, scenes or themes.In the opinion of literary criticHarold Bloom,although Kafka was uneasy with his Jewish heritage, he was the quintessential Jewish writer.Lothar Kahn is likewise unequivocal: "The presence of Jewishness in Kafka'soeuvreis no longer subject to doubt ".Pavel Eisner,one of Kafka's first translators, interpretsDer Process(The Trial) as the embodiment of the "triple dimension of Jewish existence in Prague... his protagonist Josef K. is (symbolically) arrested by a German (Rabensteiner), a Czech (Kullich), and a Jew (Kaminer). He stands for the 'guiltless guilt' that imbues the Jew in the modern world, although there is no evidence that he himself is a Jew ".

In his essaySadness in Palestine?!,Dan Mironexplores Kafka's connection to Zionism: "It seems that those who claim that there was such a connection and that Zionism played a central role in his life and literary work, and those who deny the connection altogether or dismiss its importance, are both wrong. The truth lies in some very elusive place between these two simplistic poles."Kafka considered moving toPalestinewith Felice Bauer, and later with Dora Diamant. He studiedHebrewwhile living in Berlin, hiring a friend of Brod's from Palestine, Pua Bat-Tovim, to tutor himand attending Rabbi Julius Grünthaland RabbiJulius Guttmann's classes in the BerlinHochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums(College for the Study of Judaism),where he also studiedTalmud.

Livia Rothkirchencalls Kafka the "symbolic figure of his era".His contemporaries included numerous Jewish, Czech, and German writers who were sensitive to Jewish, Czech, and German culture. According to Rothkirchen, "This situation lent their writings a broad cosmopolitan outlook and a quality of exaltation bordering on transcendental metaphysical contemplation. An illustrious example is Franz Kafka".

Towards the end of his life Kafka sent a postcard to his friend Hugo Bergmann in Tel Aviv, announcing his intention to emigrate to Palestine. Bergmann refused to host Kafka because he had young children and was afraid that Kafka would infect them with tuberculosis.

Death

Franz Kafka's grave in Prague-Žižkov designed by Leopold Ehrmann

Kafka'slaryngealtuberculosisworsened and in March 1924 he returned from Berlin to Prague,where members of his family, principally his sister Ottla and Dora Diamant, took care of him. He went to Hugo Hoffmann's sanatorium inKierlingjust outsideViennafor treatment on 10 April,and died there on 3 June 1924. The cause of death seemed to be starvation: the condition of Kafka's throat made eating too painful for him, and sinceparenteral nutritionhad not yet been developed, there was no way to feed him.Kafka was editing "A Hunger Artist" on his deathbed, a story whose composition he had begun before his throat closed to the point that he could not take any nourishment.His body was brought back to Prague where he was buried on 11 June 1924, in theNew Jewish CemeteryinPrague-Žižkov.Kafka was virtually unknown during his own lifetime, but he did not consider fame important. He rose to fame rapidly after his death,particularly after World War II. The Kafka tombstone was designed by architectLeopold Ehrmann.

Works

Further information:Franz Kafka bibliography

First page of Kafka'sLetter to His Father

All of Kafka's published works, except some letters he wrote in Czech to Milena Jesenská, were written in German. What little was published during his lifetime attracted scant public attention.

Kafka finished none of his full-length novels and burned around 90 percent of his work,much of it during the period he lived in Berlin with Diamant, who helped him burn the drafts.In his early years as a writer he was influenced by von Kleist, whose work he described in a letter to Bauer as frightening and whom he considered closer than his own family.

Kafka drew and sketched extensively. Until May 2021, only about 40 of his drawings were known.In 2022,Yale University PresspublishedFranz Kafka: The Drawings.

Stories

Kafka's earliest published works were eight stories that appeared in 1908 in the first issue of the literary journalHyperionunder the titleBetrachtung(Contemplation). He wrote the story "Beschreibung eines Kampfes"(" Description of a Struggle ")in 1904; he showed it to Brod in 1905 who advised him to continue writing and convinced him to submit it toHyperion.Kafka published a fragment in 1908and two sections in the spring of 1909, all in Munich.

In a creative outburst on the night of 22 September 1912, Kafka wrote the story "Das Urteil" ( "The Judgment", literally: "The Verdict" ) and dedicated it to Felice Bauer. Brod noted the similarity in names of the main character and his fictional fiancée, Georg Bendemann and Frieda Brandenfeld, to Franz Kafka and Felice Bauer.The story is often considered Kafka's breakthrough work. It deals with the troubled relationship of a son and his dominant father, facing a new situation after the son's engagement.Kafka later described writing it as "a complete opening of body and soul",a story that "evolved as a true birth, covered with filth and slime".The story was first published in Leipzig in 1912 and dedicated "to Miss Felice Bauer", and in subsequent editions "for F."

In 1912, Kafka wroteDie Verwandlung(The Metamorphosis,orThe Transformation),published in 1915 in Leipzig. The story begins with a travelling salesman waking to find himself transformed into anungeheures Ungeziefer,a monstrousvermin,Ungezieferbeing a general term for unwanted and unclean pests, especially insects. Critics regard the work as one of the seminal works of fiction of the 20th century.The story "In der Strafkolonie"(" In the Penal Colony "), dealing with an elaboratetortureand execution device, was written in October 1914,revised in 1918, and published in Leipzig during October 1919. The story "Ein Hungerkünstler"(" A Hunger Artist "), published in the periodicalDie neue Rundschauin 1924, describes a victimized protagonist who experiences a decline in the appreciation of his strange craft ofstarving himself for extended periods.His last story, "Josefine, die Sängerin oder Das Volk der Mäuse"(" Josephine the Singer, or the Mouse Folk "), also deals with the relationship between an artist and his audience.

Novels

Franz Kafka notebook with words in German and Hebrew. From the Collection of theNational Libraryof Israel.

Kafka began his first novel in 1912;its first chapter is the story "Der Heizer"(" The Stoker "). He called the work, which remained unfinished,Der Verschollene(The Man Who DisappearedorThe Missing Person), but when Brod published it after Kafka's death he named itAmerika.The inspiration for the novel was the time Kafka spent in the audience of Yiddish theatre the previous year, bringing him to a new awareness of his heritage, which led to the thought that an innate appreciation for one's heritage lives deep within each person.More explicitly humorous and slightly more realistic than most of Kafka's works, the novel shares themotifof an oppressive and intangible system putting the protagonist repeatedly in bizarre situations.It uses many details of experiences from his relatives who had emigrated to Americaand is the only work for which Kafka considered an optimistic ending.

In 1914 Kafka began the novelDer Process(The Trial),the story of a man arrested and prosecuted by a remote, inaccessible authority, with the nature of his crime revealed neither to him nor to the reader. He did not complete the novel, although he finished the final chapter. According toNobel Prize winnerand Kafka scholarElias Canetti,Felice is central to the plot ofDer Processand Kafka said it was "her story".Canetti titled his book on Kafka's letters to FeliceKafka's Other Trial,in recognition of the relationship between the letters and the novel.Michiko Kakutaninotes in a review forThe New York Timesthat Kafka's letters have the "earmarks of his fiction: the same nervous attention to minute particulars; the same paranoid awareness of shifting balances of power; the same atmosphere of emotional suffocation—combined, surprisingly enough, with moments of boyish ardour and delight."

According to his diary, Kafka was already planning his novelDas Schloss(The Castle), by 11 June 1914; however, he did not begin writing it until 27 January 1922.The protagonist is theLandvermesser(land surveyor) named K., who struggles for unknown reasons to gain access to the mysterious authorities of a castle who govern the village. Kafka's intent was that the castle's authorities notify K. on his deathbed that his "legal claim to live in the village was not valid, yet, taking certain auxiliary circumstances into account, he was to be permitted to live and work there".Dark and at timessurreal,the novel is focused onalienation,bureaucracy,the seemingly endless frustrations of man's attempts to stand against the system, and the futile and hopeless pursuit of an unattainable goal. Hartmut M. Rastalsky noted in his thesis: "Like dreams, his texts combine precise 'realistic' detail with absurdity, careful observation and reasoning on the part of the protagonists with inexplicable obliviousness and carelessness."

Publishing history

First edition ofBetrachtung,1912

Kafka's stories were initially published in literary periodicals. His first eight were printed in 1908 in the first issue of the bi-monthlyHyperion.Franz Bleipublished two dialogues in 1909 which became part of "Beschreibung eines Kampfes" ( "Description of a Struggle" ).A fragment of the story "Die Aeroplane in Brescia"(" The Aeroplanes at Brescia "), written on a trip to Italy with Brod, appeared in the dailyBohemiaon 28 September 1909.On 27 March 1910, several stories that later became part of the bookBetrachtungwere published in the Easter edition ofBohemia.In Leipzig during 1913, Brod and publisherKurt Wolffincluded "Das Urteil. Eine Geschichte von Franz Kafka."(" The Judgment. A Story by Franz Kafka. ") in their literary yearbook for the art poetryArkadia.In the same year, Wolff published "Der Heizer"(" The Stoker ") in the Jüngste Tag series, where it enjoyed three printings.The story "Vor dem Gesetz"(" Before the Law ") was published in the 1915 New Year's edition of the independent Jewish weeklySelbstwehr;it was reprinted in 1919 as part of the story collectionEin Landarzt(A Country Doctor) and became part of the novelDer Process.Other stories were published in various publications, includingMartin Buber'sDer Jude,the paperPrager Tagblatt,and the periodicalsDie neue Rundschau,Genius,andPrager Presse.

Kafka's first published book,Betrachtung(Contemplation,orMeditation), was a collection of 18stories written between 1904 and 1912. On a summer trip toWeimar,Brod initiated a meeting between Kafka and Kurt Wolff;Wolff publishedBetrachtungin theRowohlt Verlagat the end of 1912 (with the year given as 1913).Kafka dedicated it to Brod, "Für M.B.",and added in the personal copy given to his friend"So wie es hier schon gedruckt ist, für meinen liebsten Max‍—Franz K."(" As it is already printed here, for my dearest Max ").

Kafka's novellaDie Verwandlung(The Metamorphosis) was first printed in the October 1915 issue ofDie Weißen Blätter,a monthly edition ofexpressionistliterature, edited byRené Schickele.Another story collection,Ein Landarzt(A Country Doctor), was published by Kurt Wolff in 1919,dedicated to Kafka's father.Kafka prepared a final collection of four stories for print,Ein Hungerkünstler(A Hunger Artist),which appeared in 1924 after his death, inVerlag Die Schmiede.On 20 April 1924, theBerliner Börsen-Courierpublished Kafka's essay onAdalbert Stifter.

Max Brod

First edition ofDer Prozess,1925

Kafka left his work, both published and unpublished, to his friend andliterary executorMax Brodwith explicit instructions that it should be destroyed on Kafka's death; Kafka wrote: "Dearest Max, my last request: Everything I leave behind me... in the way of diaries, manuscripts, letters (my own and others'), sketches, and so on, [is] to be burned unread. "Brod ignored this request and published the novels and collected works between 1925 and 1935. Brod defended his action by claiming that he had told Kafka, "I shall not carry out your wishes", and that "Franz should have appointed another executor if he had been absolutely determined that his instructions should stand".

Brod took many of Kafka's papers, which remain unpublished, with him in suitcases to Palestine when he fled there in 1939.Kafka's last lover,Dora Diamant(later, Dymant-Lask), also ignored his wishes, secretly keeping 20notebooks and 35letters. These were confiscated by theGestapoin 1933, but scholars continue to search for them.

As Brod published the bulk of the writings in his possession,Kafka's work began to attract wider attention and critical acclaim. Brod found it difficult to arrange Kafka's notebooks in chronological order. One problem was that Kafka often began writing in different parts of the book; sometimes in the middle, sometimes working backwards from the end.Brod finished many of Kafka's incomplete works for publication. For example, Kafka leftDer Processwith unnumbered and incomplete chapters andDas Schlosswith incomplete sentences and ambiguous content;Brod rearranged chapters, copy-edited the text, and changed the punctuation.Der Processappeared in 1925 inVerlag Die Schmiede.Kurt Wolff published two other novels,Das Schlossin 1926 andAmerikain 1927. In 1931, Brod edited a collection of prose and unpublished stories asThe Great Wall of China,including the titular short story"The Great Wall of China".The book appeared in theGustav Kiepenheuer Verlag.Brod's sets are usually called the "Definitive Editions".

Modern editions

In 1961Malcolm Pasleyacquired for theOxfordBodleian Librarymost of Kafka's original handwritten works.The text forDer Processwas later purchased through auction and is stored at the German Literary Archives inMarbach am Neckar,Germany.Subsequently, Pasley headed a team (including Gerhard Neumann, Jost Schillemeit and Jürgen Born) which reconstructed the German novels;S. Fischer Verlagrepublished them.Pasley was the editor forDas Schloss,published in 1982, andDer Process(The Trial), published in 1990. Jost Schillemeit was the editor ofDer Verschollene(Amerika) published in 1983. These are called the "Critical Editions" or the "Fischer Editions".

In 2023, the first unexpurgated edition ofKafka's diarieswas published in English,"more than three decades after this complete text appeared in German. The sole previous English edition, with Brod's edits, was issued in the late 1940s".The new edition revealed that Brod had expunged homoerotic references, and negative comments about Eastern European Jews.

Unpublished papers

When Brod died in 1968, he left Kafka's unpublished papers, which are believed to number in the thousands, to his secretaryEsther Hoffe.She released or sold some, but left most to her daughters, Eva and Ruth, who also refused to release the papers. A court battle began in 2008 between the sisters and theNational Library of Israel,which claimed these works became the property of the nation of Israel when Brod emigrated toBritish Palestinein 1939. Esther Hoffe sold the original manuscript ofDer Processfor US$2 million in 1988 to the German Literary ArchiveMuseum of Modern Literaturein Marbach am Neckar.A ruling by a Tel Aviv family court in 2010 held that the papers must be released and a few were, including a previously unknown story, but the legal battle continued.The Hoffes claim the papers are their personal property, while the National Library of Israel argues they are "cultural assets belonging to the Jewish people".The National Library also suggests that Brod bequeathed the papers to them in his will.The Tel Aviv Family Court ruled in October 2012, six months after Ruth's death, that the papers were the property of the National Library. The Israeli Supreme Court upheld the decision in December 2016.

Critical response

Critical interpretations

The poetW. H. Audencalled Kafka "theDanteof the twentieth century ";the novelistVladimir Nabokovplaced him among the greatest writers of the 20th century.Gabriel García Márqueznoted the reading of Kafka'sThe Metamorphosisshowed him "that it was possible to write in a different way".A prominent theme of Kafka's work, first established in the short story "Das Urteil",is father–son conflict: the guilt induced in the son is resolved through suffering and atonement.Other prominent themes and archetypes include alienation, physical and psychological brutality, characters on a terrifying quest, and mystical transformation.

Kafka's style has been compared to that of Kleist as early as 1916, in a review of "Die Verwandlung" and "Der Heizer" by Oscar Walzel inBerliner Beiträge.The nature of Kafka's prose allows for varied interpretations and critics have placed his writing into a variety of literary schools.Marxists,for example, have sharply disagreed over how to interpret Kafka's works.Some accused him of distorting reality whereas others claimed he was critiquing capitalism.The hopelessness and absurdity common to his works are seen as emblematic ofexistentialism.Some of Kafka's books are influenced by theexpressionistmovement, though the majority of his literary output was associated with the experimentalmodernistgenre. Kafka also touches on the theme of human conflict with bureaucracy. William Burrows claims that such work is centred on the concepts of struggle, pain, solitude, and the need for relationships.Others, such asThomas Mann,see Kafka's work as allegorical: a quest, metaphysical in nature, for God.

According toGilles DeleuzeandFélix Guattari,the themes of alienation and persecution, although present in Kafka's work, have been overemphasised by critics. They argue that Kafka's work is more deliberate and subversive—and more joyful—than may first appear. They point out that reading Kafka while focusing on the futility of his characters' struggles reveals Kafka's humour; he is not necessarily commenting on his own problems, but rather pointing out how people tend to invent problems. In his work, Kafka often creates malevolent, absurd worlds.Kafka read drafts of his works to his friends, typically concentrating on his humorous prose. The writerMilan Kunderasuggests that Kafka'ssurrealist humourmay have been an inversion of Dostoevsky's presentation of characters who are punished for a crime. In Kafka's work, a character is punished although a crime has not been committed. Kundera believes that Kafka's inspirations for his characteristic situations came both from growing up in a patriarchal family and from living in a totalitarian state.

Attempts have been made to identify the influence of Kafka's legal background and the role of law in his fiction.Most interpretations identify aspects of law and legality as important in his work,in which the legal system is often oppressive.The law in Kafka's works, rather than being representative of any particular legal or political entity, is usually interpreted to represent a collection of anonymous, incomprehensible forces. These are hidden from the individual but control the lives of the people, who are innocent victims of systems beyond their control.Critics who support thisabsurdistinterpretation cite instances where Kafka describes himself in conflict with an absurd universe, such as the following entry from his diary:

Enclosed in my own four walls, I found myself as an immigrant imprisoned in a foreign country;... I saw my family as strange aliens whose foreign customs, rites, and very language defied comprehension;... though I did not want it, they forced me to participate in their bizarre rituals;... I could not resist.

However, James Hawes argues many of Kafka's descriptions of the legal proceedings inDer Process—metaphysical, absurd, bewildering and nightmarish as they might appear—are based on accurate and informed descriptions of German and Austrian criminal proceedings of the time, which wereinquisitorialrather thanadversarial.Although he worked in insurance, as a trained lawyer Kafka was "keenly aware of the legal debates of his day".In an early 21st-century publication that uses Kafka's office writings as its point of departure,Pothik Ghosh states that with Kafka, law "has no meaning outside its fact of being a pure force of domination and determination".

Translations

The first instance of Kafka being translated into English was in 1925, when William A. Drake published "A Report for an Academy" in theNew York Herald Tribune.Eugene Jolas translated Kafka's "The Judgment" for the modernist journaltransitionin 1928.In 1930,EdwinandWilla Muirtranslated the first German edition ofDas Schloss.This was published asThe CastlebySecker & Warburgin England andAlfred A. Knopfin the United States.A 1941 edition, including a homage by Thomas Mann, spurred a surge in Kafka's popularity in the United States during the late 1940s.The Muirs translated all shorter works that Kafka had seen fit to print; they were published bySchocken Booksin 1948 asThe Penal Colony: Stories and Short Pieces,including additionallyThe First Long Train Journey,written by Kafka and Brod, Kafka's "A Novel about Youth", a review of Felix Sternheim'sDie Geschichte des jungen Oswald,his essay on Kleist's "Anecdotes", his review of the literary magazineHyperion,and an epilogue by Brod.

Later editions, notably those of 1954 (Dearest Father: Stories and Other Writings), included text, translated by Eithne Wilkins andErnst Kaiser,that had been deleted by earlier publishers.Known as "Definitive Editions", they include translations ofThe Trial, Definitive,The Castle, Definitive,and other writings. These translations are generally accepted to have a number of biases and are considered to be dated in interpretation.Published in 1961 by Schocken Books,Parables and Paradoxespresented in a bilingual edition byNahum N. Glatzerselected writings,drawn from notebooks, diaries, letters, short fictional works and the novelDer Process.

New translations were completed and published based on the recompiled German text of Pasley and Schillemeit‍—The Castle, CriticalbyMark Harman(Schocken Books,1998),The Trial, CriticalbyBreon Mitchell(Schocken Books, 1998),andThe Man Who Disappeared (Amerika)byMichael Hofmann(Penguin Books,1996)andAmerika: The Missing Personby Mark Harman (Schocken Books, 2008).

Translation problems to English

Further information:Franz Kafka bibliography § English translations

Further information:The Metamorphosis § Translations of the opening sentence

Kafka often made extensive use of a characteristic particular to German, which permits long sentences that sometimes can span an entire page. Kafka's sentences then deliver an unexpected impact just before the full stop—this being the finalizing meaning and focus. This is due to the construction ofsubordinate clauses in German,which require that the verb be at the end of the sentence. Such constructions are difficult to duplicate in English, so it is up to the translator to provide the reader with the same (or at least equivalent) effect as the original text.German's more flexible word order andsyntacticaldifferences provide for multiple ways in which the same German writing can be translated into English.An example is the first sentence of Kafka'sThe Metamorphosis,which is crucial to the setting and understanding of the entire story:

Als Gregor Samsa eines Morgens aus unruhigen Träumen erwachte, fand er sich in seinem Bett zu einem ungeheuren Ungeziefer verwandelt.

As Gregor Samsa one morning from restless dreams awoke, found he himself in his bed into a monstrous vermin transformed.

—original —literal word-for-word translation

The sentence above also exemplifies an instance of another difficult problem facing translators: dealing with the author's intentional use of ambiguousidiomsand words that have several meanings, which results in phrasing that is difficult to translate precisely.English translators often render the wordUngezieferas 'insect'; in Middle German, however,Ungezieferliterally means 'an animal unclean for sacrifice';in today's German, it means 'vermin'. It is sometimes used colloquially to mean 'bug'—a very general term, unlike the scientific 'insect'. Kafka had no intention of labeling Gregor, the protagonist of the story, as any specific thing but instead wanted to convey Gregor's disgust at his transformation.Another example of this can be found in the final sentence of "Das Urteil"(" The Judgement "), with Kafka's use of the German nounVerkehr.Literally,Verkehrmeans 'intercourse' and, as in English, can have either a sexual or a non-sexual meaning. The word is additionally used to mean 'transport' or 'traffic'; therefore the sentence can also be translated as: "At that moment an unending stream of traffic crossed over the bridge."The double meaning ofVerkehris given added weight by Kafka's confession to Brod that when he wrote that final line he was thinking of "a violent ejaculation".

Legacy

Literary and cultural influence

Jaroslav Róna's bronzeStatue of Franz Kafkain Prague

Unlike many famous writers, Kafka is rarely quoted by others. Instead, he is noted more for his visions and perspective.Kafka had a strong influence onGabriel García Márquez,Milan Kunderaand the novelThe Palace of DreamsbyIsmail Kadare.Shimon Sandbank, a professor, literary critic, and writer, also identifies Kafka as having influencedJorge Luis Borges,Albert Camus,Eugène Ionesco,J. M. CoetzeeandJean-Paul Sartre.AFinancial Timesliterary critic credits Kafka with influencingJosé Saramago,and Al Silverman, a writer and editor, states thatJ. D. Salingerloved to read Kafka's works.The Romanian writerMircea Cărtărescusaid "Kafka is the author I love the most and who means, for me, the gate to literature"; he also described Kafka as "the saint of literature".

Kafka has been cited as an influence on the Swedish writerStig Dagerman,and the Japanese writerHaruki Murakami,who paid homage to Kafka in his novelKafka on the Shorewith the namesake protagonist.

David Černý'sHead of Franz Kafkasculpture in Prague

In 1999 a committee of 99 authors, scholars, and literary critics rankedDer ProcessandDas Schlossthe second and ninthmost significant German-language novels of the 20th century.Harold Bloomsaid "when he is most himself, Kafka gives us a continuous inventiveness and originality that rivalsDanteand truly challengesProustandJoyceas that of the dominant Western author of our century ".Sandbank argues that despite Kafka's pervasiveness, his Enigma tic style has yet to be emulated.Neil Christian Pages, a professor of German Studies and Comparative Literature atBinghamton Universitywho specialises in Kafka's works, says Kafka's influence transcends literature and literary scholarship; it impacts visual arts, music, and popular culture.Harry Steinhauer, a professor of German and Jewish literature, says that Kafka "has made a more powerful impact on literate society than any other writer of the twentieth century".Brod said that the 20th century will one day be known as the "century of Kafka".

Michel-André Bossy writes that Kafka created a rigidly inflexible and sterile bureaucratic universe. Kafka wrote in an aloof manner full of legal and scientific terms. Yet his serious universe also had insightful humour, all highlighting the "irrationality at the roots of a supposedly rational world".His characters are trapped, confused, full of guilt, frustrated, and lacking understanding of their surreal world. Much post-Kafka fiction, especially science fiction, follows the themes and precepts of Kafka's universe. This can be seen in the works of authors such asGeorge OrwellandRay Bradbury.

The following are examples of works across a range of dramatic, literary, and musical genres that demonstrate the extent of Kafka's cultural influence:

Title	Year	Medium	Remarks	Ref
Ein Landarzt	1951	opera	byHans Werner Henze,based on Kafka's story
"A Friend of Kafka"	1962	short story	by Nobel Prize winnerIsaac Bashevis Singer,about a Yiddish actor called Jacques Kohn who said he knew Franz Kafka; in this story, according to Jacques Kohn, Kafka believed in theGolem,a legendary creature fromJewish folklore
The Trial	1962	film	the film's director,Orson Welles,said, "Say what you like, but The Trial is my greatest work, even greater thanCitizen Kane"
Watermelon Man	1970	film	partly inspired byThe Metamorphosis,where a white bigot wakes up as a black man
Kafka-Fragmente, Op. 24	1985	music	by Hungarian composerGyörgy Kurtágfor soprano and violin, using fragments of Kafka's diary and letters
A Letter to Elise	1992	music	by English rock bandThe Cure,was heavily influenced byLetters to Feliceby Kafka
Kafka's Dick	1986	play	byAlan Bennett,in which the ghosts of Kafka, his father Hermann and Brod arrive at the home of an English insurance clerk (and Kafka aficionado) and his wife
Better Morphosis	1991	short story	parodic short story byBrian W. Aldiss,where a cockroach wakes up one morning to find out that it has turned into Franz Kafka
Kafka	1991	film	starsJeremy Ironsas theeponymousauthor; written byLem Dobbsand directed bySteven Soderbergh,the movie mixes his life and fiction providing a semi-biographical presentation of Kafka's life and works; Kafka investigates the disappearance of one of his colleagues, taking Kafka through many of the writer's own works, most notablyThe CastleandThe Trial
Das Schloß	1992	opera	German-language opera byAribert Reimannwho wrote his ownlibrettobased onKafka's noveland its dramatization by Max Brod, premiered on 2 September 1992 at theDeutsche Oper Berlin,staged byWilly Deckerand conducted byMichael Boder.
Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life	1993	film	short comedy film made forBBC Scotland,won anOscar,was written and directed byPeter Capaldi,and starredRichard E. Grantas Kafka
Bad Mojo	1996	computer game	loosely based onThe Metamorphosis,with characters named Franz and Roger Samms, alluding toGregor Samsa
In the Penal Colony	2000	opera	byPhilip Glass,to a libretto byRudy Wurlitzer
Kafka on the Shore	2002	novel	by Japanese writerHaruki Murakami,onThe New York Times10 Best Books of 2005 list,World Fantasy Awardrecipient
Statue of Franz Kafka	2003	sculpture	an outdoor sculpture on Vězeňská street in the Jewish Quarter of Prague, by artistJaroslav Róna
Kafka's Trial	2005	opera	by Danish composerPoul Ruders,based on the novel and parts of Kafka's life; first performed in 2005, released on CD
Kafka's Soup	2005	book	byMark Crick,is a literarypastichein the form of acookbook,with recipes written in the style of a famous author
Kafka the Musical	2011	radio play	byBBC Radio 3produced as part of theirPlay of the Weekprogramme. Franz Kafka was played byDavid Tennant
Sound Interpretations – Dedication To Franz Kafka	2012	music	HAZE Netlabel released musical compilationSound Interpretations – Dedication To Franz Kafka.In this release musicians rethink the literary heritage of Kafka
Google Doodle	2013	internet culture	Google had asepia-toned doodleof a roach in a hat opening a door, honoring Kafka's 130th birthday
The Metamorphosis	2013	dance	Royal Ballet production ofThe MetamorphosiswithEdward Watson
Café Kafka	2014	opera	by Spanish composer Francisco Coll on a text by Meredith Oakes, built from texts and fragments by Franz Kafka; Commissioned byAldeburgh Music,Opera NorthandRoyal Opera Covent Garden
Head of Franz Kafka	2014	sculpture	an outdoor sculpture inPraguebyDavid Černý
VRwandlung	2018	virtual reality	a virtual reality experience of the first part ofThe Metamorphosis,directed byMika Johnson
Franz	TBA	film	Upcoming biographical film directed byAgnieszka Holland

"Kafkaesque"

"Kafkaesque" redirects here. For the Breaking Bad episode, seeKafkaesque (Breaking Bad).

The term "Kafkaesque"is used to describe concepts and situations reminiscent of Kafka's work, particularlyDer Process(The Trial) andDie Verwandlung(The Metamorphosis).Examples include instances in which bureaucracies overpower people, often in asurreal,nightmarish milieu that evokes feelings of senselessness, disorientation, and helplessness. Characters in a Kafkaesque setting often lack a clear course of action to escape alabyrinthinesituation. Kafkaesque elements often appear inexistential works,but the term has transcended the literary realm to apply to real-life occurrences and situations that are incomprehensibly complex, bizarre, or illogical.

Numerous films and television works have been described as Kafkaesque, and the style is particularly prominent in dystopian science fiction. Works in this genre that have been thus described includePatrick Bokanowski's filmThe Angel(1982), Terry Gilliam's filmBrazil(1985), andAlex Proyas' science fictionfilm noir,Dark City(1998). Films from other genres which have been similarly described includeRoman Polanski'sThe Tenant(1976),Joseph Losey’sMonsieur Klein(1976)and theCoen brothers'Barton Fink(1991).The television seriesThe PrisonerandThe Twilight Zoneare also frequently described as Kafkaesque.

However, with common usage, the term has become so ubiquitous that Kafka scholars note it is often misused.More accurately then, according to authorBen Marcus,paraphrased in "What it Means to be Kafkaesque" by Joe Fassler inThe Atlantic,"Kafka's quintessential qualities are affecting use of language, a setting that straddles fantasy and reality, and a sense of striving even in the face of bleakness—hopelessly and full of hope."

Commemorations

Plaque marking the birthplace of Franz Kafka in Prague, designed by Karel Hladík and Jan Kaplický, 1966

3412 Kafkais anasteroidfrom the inner regions of theasteroid belt,approximately 6 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 January 1983 by American astronomersRandolph KirkandDonald RudyatPalomar Observatoryin California, United States,and named after Kafka by them.

TheFranz Kafka Museumin Prague is dedicated to Kafka and his work. A major component of the museum is an exhibit,The City of K. Franz Kafka and Prague,which was first shown inBarcelonain 1999, moved to theJewish Museumin New York City, and finally established in Prague inMalá Strana(Lesser Town), along theMoldau,in 2005. The Franz Kafka Museum calls its display of original photos and documentsMěsto K. Franz Kafka a Praha( "City K. Kafka and Prague" ) and aims to immerse the visitor into the world in which Kafka lived and about which he wrote.

TheFranz Kafka Prize,established in 2001, is an annual literary award of theFranz Kafka Societyand the City of Prague. It recognizes the merits of literature as "humanistic character and contribution to cultural, national, language and religious tolerance, its existential, timeless character, its generally human validity, and its ability to hand over a testimony about our times".The selection committee and recipients come from all over the world, but are limited to living authors who have had at least one work published in Czech.The recipient receives $10,000, a diploma, and a bronze statuette at a presentation inPrague's Old Town Hall,on the Czech State Holiday in late October.

San Diego State Universityoperates theKafka Project,which began in 1998 as the official international search for Kafka's last writings.

References

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• Janouch, Gustav (1971).Conversations with Kafka(2 ed.). New York: New Directions Books. p.17.ISBN978-0-8112-0071-4.Retrieved16 November2015.
• Kafka, Franz (1948).The Penal Colony: Stories and Short Pieces(1987 ed.). New York: Schocken Books.ISBN978-0-8052-3198-4.
• Kafka, Franz (1954).Dearest Father: Stories and Other Writings.New York: Schocken Books.
• Kafka, Franz (1988).The Castle.New York: Schocken Books.ISBN978-0-8052-0872-6.
• Kafka, Franz (1996).The Metamorphosis and Other Stories.New York: Barnes & Noble.ISBN978-1-56619-969-8.
• Kafka, Franz (1998).The Trial.New York: Schocken Books.ISBN978-0-8052-0999-0.
• Kafka, Franz (2009).The Trial.Oxford: Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-923829-3.
• Kafka, Franz(1988).Brod, Max(ed.).The Diaries: 1910–1923.New York: Schocken Books.ISBN978-0-8052-0906-8.
• Kahn, Lothar; Hook, Donald D. (1993).Between Two Worlds: A Cultural History of German-Jewish Writers.Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press.ISBN978-0-8138-1233-5.
• Karl, Frederick R. (1991).Franz Kafka: Representative Man.Boston: Ticknor & Fields.ISBN978-0-395-56143-0.
• Koelb, Clayton (2010).Kafka: A Guide for the Perplexed.Chippenham, Wiltshire: Continuum International Publishing Group.ISBN978-0-8264-9579-2.
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Journals

• Adams, Jeffrey (Summer 2002)."Orson Welles'sThe Trial:Film Noir and the Kafkaesque ".College Literature, Literature and the Visual Arts.29(3). West Chester, Pennsylvania: 140–157.JSTOR25112662.Archivedfrom the original on 6 August 2020.Retrieved13 November2021.PDF VersionArchived9 February 2020 at theWayback Machine
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• Durantaye, Leland de la(2007)."Kafka's Reality and Nabokov's Fantasy: On Dwarves, Saints, Beetles, Symbolism and Genius"(PDF).Comparative Literature.59(4): 315.doi:10.1215/-59-4-315.S2CID7056408.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 25 May 2010.
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• Luke, F. D. (April 1951). "Kafka's 'Die Verwandlung'".Modern Language Review.46(2). Cambridge: 232–245.doi:10.2307/3718565.JSTOR3718565.
• McElroy, Bernard (Summer 1985). "The Art of Projective Thinking: Franz Kafka and the Paranoid Vision".Modern Fiction Studies.31(2). Cambridge: 217.doi:10.1353/mfs.0.0042.S2CID170564041.
• Panichas, George A. (2004)."Kafka's Afflicted Vision: A Literary-Theological Critique"(PDF).Humanitas.17(1–2). Bowie, Maryland: 83–107.doi:10.5840/humanitas2004171/26.S2CID160098208.Archived(PDF)from the original on 16 February 2021.Retrieved13 November2021.
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Newspapers

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Further reading

• Anderson, Mark, ed. (1989).Reading Kafka: Prague, Politics, and theFin de Siècle. New York:Schocken Books.
• Baruffi, Alessandro (2016).The Tales of Franz Kafka: English Translation with Original Text in German.Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: LiteraryJoint Press.ISBN978-1-329-82109-5.
• Begley, Louis(2008).The Tremendous World I Have Inside My Head, Franz Kafka: A Biographical Essay.New York: Atlas & Co.ISBN978-1-934633-06-9.
• Calasso, Roberto(2005).K.Translated by Geoffrey Brock. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.ISBN978-1-4000-4189-3.
• Citati, Pietro(1987).Kafka.New York: Alfred A. Knopf.ISBN978-0-394-56840-9.
• Coots, Steve (2002).Franz Kafka (Beginner's Guide).London: Hodder & Stoughton.ISBN978-0-340-84648-3.
• Corngold, Stanley;Wagner, Benno (2011).Franz Kafka: The Ghosts in the Machine.Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press.ISBN978-0-8101-2769-2.
• Corngold, Stanley;Gross, Ruth V. (2011).Kafka for the Twenty-First Century.New York: Camden House.ISBN978-1-57113-482-0.
• Czech, Danuta(1992).Kalendarz wydarzeń w KL Auschwitz(in Polish). Oświęcim: Wydawn.
• Deleuze, Gilles;Guattari, Félix(1986).Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature.Theory and History of Literature. Vol. 30. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.ISBN978-0-8166-1515-5.
• Duttlinger, Carolin(2007).Kafka and Photography.Oxford: Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-921945-2.
• Duttlinger, Carolin (2013).The Cambridge Introduction to Franz Kafka.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-521-75771-3.
• Frenkel, Sheera (30 May 2012)."Kafka's Final Absurdist Tale Plays Out in Tel Aviv".NPR.Archivedfrom the original on 18 April 2018.Retrieved28 September2012.
• Gray, Ronald (1962).Kafka: A Collection of Critical Essays.Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.ISBN978-1-199-77830-7.
• Gilman, Sander L.(1995).Franz Kafka: The Jewish Patient.New York: Routledge.ISBN041591177X.
• Gilman, Sander L.(2005).Franz Kafka.London: Reaktion Books Ltd.ISBN1 86189 254 3.
• Greenberg, Martin(1968).The Terror of Art: Kafka and Modern Literature.New York: Basic Books.ISBN978-0-465-08415-9.
• Glatzer, Nahum Norbert(1986).The Loves of Franz Kafka.New York: Schocken Books.ISBN978-0-8052-4001-6.
• Glasauer, Willi(1986).Exposición Kafka & CIA.: Hitos y Mitos de la Cultura Dibujos(in Spanish). Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores.
• Glasauer, Willi(1986).Kafka Gesamtwerk.Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores.
• Montalbán, Manuel Vázquez;Glasauer, Willi(1988).Escenas de la Literatura Universal y Retratos de Grandes Autores(in Spanish). Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores.
• Heller, Paul(1989).Franz Kafka: Wissenschaft und Wissenschaftskritik(in German). Tübingen: Stauffenburg.ISBN978-3-923721-40-5.
• Kopić, Mario(1995). "Franz Kafka and Nationalism".Erewhon: An International Quarterly.2(2). Amsterdam.
• Hayman, Ronald(1981).K: A Biography of Kafka.London: Phoenix Press.ISBN978-1-84212-415-4.
• Lundberg, Phillip (2011).Essential Kafka: Rendezvous with Otherness.Authorhouse.ISBN978-1-4389-9021-7.
• Mairowitz, David Zane,andCrumb, Robert(1993).Kafka for Beginners.Cheltenham, England: Icon Publishing Ltd; also published asIntroducing Kafka(1994). Northampton, Massachusetts: Kitchen Sink Press.
• Major, Michael (2011).Kafka... For Our Time.San Diego, California: Harcourt Publishing.ISBN978-0-9567982-1-3.
• Suchoff, David (2012).Kafka's Jewish Languages: The Hidden Openness of Tradition.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.ISBN978-0-8122-4371-0.
• Thiher, Allen (1990).Franz Kafka: A Study of the Short Fiction.Twayne's Studies in Short Fiction. Vol. 12. Boston: Twayne Publishers.ISBN0805783237.
• Thiher, Allen (2018).Understanding Franz Kafka.Columbia, South Carolins: University of South Carolina Press.ISBN9781611178289.
• Robertson, Ritchie(2004).Kafka: A Very Short Introduction.Oxford: Oxford University Press; illustrated edition titledKafka: A Brief Insight(New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., 2010).
• Robertson, Ritchie, ed. (2024).Kafka: Making of an Icon.Oxford, UK: Bodleian Library.
• Wagenbach, Klaus(1984).Franz Kafka: Pictures of a Life.New York: Pantheon Books.

Books on Kafka and Prague

• Eisner, Pavel(1950).Franz Kafka and Prague.New York: Golden Griffin Books.
• Frynta, Emanuel (1960).Kafka and Prague.London: Batchworth Press Limited.
• Hatefutsoth, Beth (1980).Kafka–Prague.Tel Aviv:The Nahum Goldman Museum of the Jewish Diaspora.
• Kállay, Karol (2005).Franz Kafka and Prague.Bratislava: Slovart Publishing Ltd. (Chicago, Illinois: Independent Publishers Group).
• Salfellner, Harald (1998).Franz Kafka and Prague: Third greatly revised and enlarged edition.Prague: Vitalis.
• Salfellner, Harald (2011).Franz Kafka and Prague: A Literary Guide.Prague: Vitalis.
• Wagenbach, Klaus (1996).Kafka's Prague: A Travel Reader.Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press.
• Železná, Marta, ed. (1998).Kafka and Prague.Third revised edition. Prague: Franz Kafka Publishers.

Journals

• Ryan, Michael P. (1999). "Samsa and Samsara: Suffering, Death and Rebirth in 'The Metamorphosis'".The German Quarterly.72(2). Durham, North Carolina: 133–152.doi:10.2307/408369.JSTOR408369.S2CID59481029.
• Kopić, Mario(2004)."Kafka and Nationalism".Odjek. Archived fromthe originalon 12 October 2013.Retrieved10 September2013.
• Danta, Chris (April 2008). "Sarah's Laughter: Kafka's Abraham".Modernism/modernity.15(2). Baltimore, Maryland: 343–359.doi:10.1353/mod.2008.0048.S2CID170492502.
• Jirsa, Tomáš (2015)."Reading Kafka Visually: Gothic Ornament and the Motion of Writing in Kafka'sDer Process"(PDF).Central Europe.13(1–2). London: 36–50.doi:10.1080/14790963.2015.1107322.S2CID159892429.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 9 February 2020.
• McGee, Kyle."Fear and Trembling in the Penal Colony".Kafka Project.Archivedfrom the original on 28 June 2010.Retrieved26 April2013.

External links

• Literature by and about Franz Kafkain theGerman National Librarycatalogue
• Works by Franz KafkaatProject Gutenberg
• Franz Kafkaat theInternet Speculative Fiction Database
• Works by or about Franz KafkaatInternet Archive
• Franz KafkaatIMDb
• Works by Franz KafkaatLibriVox(public domain audiobooks)
• Oxford Kafka Research Centre– information on ongoing international Kafka research
• Translated excerpts from Kafka's Diaries 1910–1923
• Franz KafkaatCurlie
• The Album of Franz Kafka,Franz Kafka receives a tribute in this album of "recomposed photographs".
• Journeys of Franz KafkaPhotographs of places where Kafka lived and worked
• Franz Kafka: Manuscripts, drawings and personal lettersBBC
• Společnost Franze Kafky a nakladatelství Franze KafkyArchived30 June 2017 at theWayback MachineFranz Kafka Society and Publishing House in Prague
• What makes something "Kafkaesque"?A Ted talk on Kafka, his works and his legacy, by Noah Tavlin
• "New Centenary Exhibition Explores Kafka’s Life, Work and Influence",1 April 2024, finebooksmagazine. "Kafka: Making of an Icon... After the exhibition’s run at the Weston Library, Bodleian Libraries, Oxford, from May 30 until October 27, [2024,] it will move to the Morgan Library in New York running November 22 through April 13, 2025". Review: Hutchinson, Ben,"The author as adjective",The Times Literary Supplement,13 June 2024.
• Upcoming exhibit "Franz Kafka"at theMorgan Library & Museumin Manhattan from 22 November 2024 through 13 April 2025