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Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon

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This British surname isbarrelled,being made up of multiple names. It should be written asFreeman-Thomas,notThomas.
His ExcellencyThe Most Honourable
The Marquess of Willingdon
GCSIGCMGGCIEGBEPC
Viceroy and Governor-General of India
In office
18 April 1931 – 18 April 1936
MonarchsGeorge V
Edward VIII
Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonald
Stanley Baldwin
Preceded byThe Lord Irwin
Succeeded byThe Marquess of Linlithgow
13thGovernor General of Canada
In office
5 August 1926 – 4 April 1931
MonarchGeorge V
Prime MinisterCanadian
•W. L. M. King
•R. B. Bennett
British
•Stanley Baldwin
•Ramsay MacDonald
Preceded byThe Viscount Byng of Vimy
Succeeded byThe Earl of Bessborough
More...
Personal details
Born(1866-09-12)12 September 1866
Eastbourne,East Sussex,England
Died12 August 1941(1941-08-12)(aged 74)
Ebury Street,Westminster,London,England
Spouse
​
​
(m.1892)​
EducationEton College
Alma materTrinity College, Cambridge
ProfessionPolitician

Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon,GCSI,GCMG,GCIE,GBE,PC(12 September 1866 – 12 August 1941), styled as theEarl of Willingdonbetween 1931 and 1936, was aBritishLiberalpolitician and administrator who served asGovernor General of Canadaand asViceroy and Governor-General of India.

Freeman-Thomas was born inEnglandand educated atEton Collegeand then theUniversity of Cambridgebefore serving for 15 years in the Sussex Artillery. He then entered the diplomatic and political fields, acting asaide-de-campto his father-in-law when the latter wasGovernor of Victoriaand, in 1900, was elected to theBritish House of Commons.He thereafter occupied a variety of government posts, including secretary to theBritish prime ministerand, after being raised to the peerage as Lord Willingdon, asLord-in-waitingto KingGeorge V.From 1913, Willingdon held gubernatorial and viceregal offices throughout theBritish Empire,starting with thegovernorship of Bombayand then thegovernorship of Madras,before he was in 1926 appointed as the Governor-General of Canada to replace theViscount Byng of Vimy,occupying the post until succeeded by theEarl of Bessboroughin 1931. Willingdon was immediately thereafter appointed asViceroy and Governor-General of Indiato replaceLord Irwin(later created Earl of Halifax), and he served in the post until succeeded by theMarquess of Linlithgowin 1936.

After the end of his viceregal tenure, Willingdon was installed as theLord Warden of the Cinque Portsand was elevated in the peerage as the Marquess of Willingdon. After representing Britain at a number of organisations and celebrations, Willingdon died in 1941 at his home inLondon,and his ashes were interred inWestminster Abbey.

Early life and education[edit]

Freeman Thomas was born the only son ofFreeman Frederick Thomas,an officer in the rifle brigade of Ratton and Yapton, and his wife, Mabel, daughter ofHenry Brand,Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury(laterSpeaker of the House of Commons,who retired as 1stViscount Hampden). Before he was two, Thomas' father had died and he was raised thereafter by his mother, who sent him toEton College.[1]There, he acted as President of theEton Societyand was for three years a member of the school'scricketteam, serving as captain of the playing eleven during his final year. He carried this enthusiasm for sport on to theUniversity of Cambridge,where he was accepted toTrinity Collegeafter leaving Eton,[1]and was drafted into the Cambridge playing eleven, playing forSussexandI Zingari.His father had also played for Sussex. Upon his general admission from university, Freeman-Thomas then volunteered for fifteen years for the Sussex Artillery, achieving the rank ofmajor.[2]

Marriage and political career[edit]

In 1892, Freeman-Thomas assumed the additional surname ofFreemanbydeed poll[3]and married the Hon.Marie Brassey,the daughter ofThomas Brassey,then recently createdBaron Brassey.Freeman-Thomas often cited her as a source of support, stating once: "My wife has been a constant inspiration and encouragement."[4]The couple had two sons: Gerard, born 3 May 1893, andInigo,born 25 July 1899.[citation needed]Gerard was killed inWorld War Ion 14 September 1914, and Inigo eventually succeeded his father as Marquess of Willingdon.

In 1897 Freeman-Thomas was appointedaide-de-campto his father-in-law, who was then theGovernor of Victoria,Australia.[4]Upon his return to the United Kingdom, Freeman-Thomas joined theLiberal Partyandin 1900 was electedto theBritish House of Commonsto represent the borough ofHastings.[5]He then served as a juniorlord of the Treasuryin theLiberal Cabinetthat sat from December 1905 to January 1906.[6]Though he lost in theJanuary 1906 elections,Freeman-Thomas returned to the House of Commons by winning theby-election for Bodmin,[7]and, for some time, served as a secretary to theprime minister,H. H. Asquith.For his services in government, Freeman-Thomas was in 1910 elevated to thepeerageasBaron WillingdonofRattonin theCounty of Sussex,[8]and the following year was appointed asLord-in-waitingto KingGeorge V,becoming a favourite tennis partner of the monarch.[4]His father-in-law was created Earl Brassey at the coronation in that year.

Governorship of Bombay[edit]

Further information:Kheda Satyagraha of 1918
A 1916 charity stamp for theBombay Presidency War and Relief Fundorganised by Lady Willingdon.

Willingdon was on 17 February 1913 appointed as theCrown Governor of Bombay,replacingthe Lord Sydenham of Combe,[9]and to mark this event, Willingdon was on 12 March 1913 honoured with induction into theOrder of the Indian Empireas a Knight Grand Commander (additional).[10]Within a year, however, the First World War had erupted, and India, as a part of theBritish Empire,was immediately drawn into the conflict. Lord Willingdon strove to serve the Allied cause, taking responsibility for treating the wounded from theMesopotamian campaign.In the midst of those dark times,Mahatma Gandhireturned to Bombay from South Africa and Willingdon was one of the first persons to welcome him and invite him toGovernment Housefor a formal meeting. This was the first meeting Willingdon had with Gandhi and he later described the Indian spiritual leader as "honest, but aBolshevikand for that reason very dangerous. "

Mahatma Gandhi,whose return to India and subsequent nationalistic activities would cause problems for Willingdon as Crown Governor of Bombay and Madras

In 1917, the year before Willingdon's resignation of the governorship, a severe famine broke out in theKhedaregion of theBombay Presidency,which had far reaching effects on the economy and left farmers in no position to pay their taxes. Still, the government insisted that tax not only be paid but also implemented a 23% increase to the levies to take effect that year. Kheda thus became the setting for Gandhi's firstsatyagrahain India, and, with support fromSardar Vallabhbhai Patel,Narhari Parikh,Mohanlal Pandya,andRavishankar Vyas,organised aGujarat sabha.The people under Gandhi's influence then rallied together and sent a petition to Willingdon, asking that he cancel the taxes for that year. However,the Cabinetrefused and advised the Governor to begin confiscating property by force, leading Gandhi to thereafter employ non-violent resistance to the government, which eventually succeeded and made Gandhi famous throughout India after Willingdon's departure from the colony. For his actions there, in relation to governance and the war effort, Willingdon was on 3 June 1918 appointed by the King as a Knight Grand Commander of theOrder of the Star of India.[11]

Governorship of Madras[edit]

Willingdon returned to the United Kingdom from Bombay only briefly before he was appointed on 10 April 1919 as thegovernor of Madras.This posting came shortly after theMontagu–Chelmsford Reformsof 1918 were formalised by theGovernment of India Act,which distributed power in India between the executive and legislative bodies.[12]Thus, in November 1920, Willingdon dropped thewrits of electionfor the first election for theMadras Legislative Council;however, due to their adherence to Gandhi'snon-cooperation movement,theIndian National Congressparty refused to run any candidates and theJustice Partywas subsequently swept into power. Willingdon appointedA. Subbarayalu Reddiaras his premier andPrince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn(a former Governor General of Canada), opened the first meeting of the Legislative Assembly.

The following year, the Governor found himself dealing with a series of communal riots that in August 1921 broke out in theMalabar District.[13]Following a number of cases of arson, looting, and assaults,[14]Willingdon declared martial law just before thegovernment of Indiasent in a large force to quell the riots.[13][15]At around the same time, over 10,000 workers in the Buckingham and Carnatic Mills ofMadras cityorganised for six months a general strike contemporaneous with the non-cooperation movement, which also sparked riots between pro- and anti-strike workers that were again only put down with police intervention.[16][17]

When he returned once more to the United Kingdom at the end of his tenure as the Governor of Madras, Willingdon was made a viscount, becoming on 24 June 1924 theViscount Willingdon,of Ratton in the County of Sussex.[18]

Governor General of Canada[edit]

The Viscount Willingdon inspects theGovernor General's Foot GuardsonParliament Hillas part of theDominion Daycelebrations, 1927, the 60th jubilee ofCanadian confederation

It was announced on 5 August 1926 that George V had, by commission under theroyal sign-manualandsignet,approved the recommendation of hisBritish prime minister,Stanley Baldwin,to appoint Willingdon as his representative in Canada. The sittingConservativeBritish Cabinethad initially not considered Willingdon as a candidate for the governor generalcy, as he was seen to have less of the necessary knowledge of affairs and public appeal that other individuals held. However, the King himself put forward Willingdon's name for inclusion in the list sent to Canada, and it was that name that the thenCanadian prime minister,William Lyon Mackenzie King,chose as his preference for the nomination to the King.[19]George V readily accepted, and Willingdon was notified of his appointment while on a diplomatic mission inChina.

This would be the last Canadian viceregal appointment made by the monarch in his or her capacity assovereign of the United Kingdom,as it was decided at theImperial Conference in October 1926that theDominionsof theBritish Empirewould thereafter be equal with one another, and the monarch would operate for a specific country only under the guidance of that country's ministers. Though this was not formalised until the enactment of theStatute of Westminsteron 11 December 1931, the concept was brought into practice at the start of Willingdon's tenure as Governor General of Canada.[4]

PrincesEdwardandGeorge,along with Viscount Willingdon, outsideRideau Hall's main door, August 1927

TheBalfour Declaration of 1926,issued during the Imperial Conference, also declared that governors-general would cease to act as representatives of the British government in diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and individual dominions. Accordingly, in 1928, the United Kingdom appointed its firstHigh Commissionerto Canada thus effectively ending the governor general's, and Willingdon's, diplomatic role as the British government's envoy to Ottawa.[20]

Willingdon arrived atQuebec Cityin late 1926, and on 2 October was sworn in as governor general in a ceremony in thesalon rougeof theparliament buildings of Quebec.His following journey toOttawato take up residence in the country's official royal and viceroyal home,Rideau Hall,was just the first of many trips Willingdon took around Canada, meeting with a variety of Canadians and bringing with him what was described as "a sense of humour and an air of informality to his duties."[19]He also became the first governor general totravel by air,flying from Ottawa toMontrealand back, as well as the first to make official visits abroad; not only did he tour theCaribbeanin 1929, but he further paid a visit to theUnited States,going there in 1927 to meet with and receive state honours fromPresidentCalvin Coolidge.[21]On that visit, the Governor General was welcomed inWashingtonbythe King's emissary to the US,Vincent Massey,who would later himself be appointed as Governor General of Canada.[4]

Lord Willingdon withReginald Johnstonand the formerEmperor of Chinain Tianjin, China, 1920s

In Canada, Willingdon hosted members ofthe Royal Family,including the King's two sons,Prince Edward, Prince of Wales,andPrince George,who, along with Baldwin, came to Canada to participate in the celebrations of theDiamond JubileeofConfederation.The Princes resided at Rideau Hall and the Prince of Wales, accompanied by Willingdon, dedicated at thePeace Towerboth thealtarof theMemorial Chamberand theDominion Carillon,[22]the first playing of which on that day was heard by listeners across the country on the first ever coast-to-coast radio broadcast in Canada.[23]This dedication marked the completion of theCentre BlockofParliament Hill,and the following year, Willingdon moved the annual governor general'sNew Year'slevéeto that building from theEast Block,where the party had been held since 1870.[24]A few months before the end of his viceregal tenure in Canada, Willingdon was once more elevated in the peerage, becoming on 23 February 1931 theEarl of WillingdonandViscount Ratendone.[25]

In their time the viceroyal couple, the Earl and Countess of Willingdon fostered their appreciation of the arts, building on previous governor generalthe Earl Grey's Lord Grey Competition for Music and Drama by introducing the Willingdon Arts Competition, which dispensed awards for painting and sculpture. They also left at Rideau Hall a collection of carpets andobjets d'artthat they had collected during their travels around India andChina,and many of which were restored in 1993 to theLong Galleryof Rideau Hall.[26]However, Willingdon's tastes also included sports, particularly fishing, tennis, skating, skiing, curling, cricket, and golf.[4]For the latter, he in 1927 donated to theRoyal Canadian Golf AssociationtheWillingdon Cupfor Canadian interprovincial amateur golf competition, which has been contested annually since that year.

During his residence in Ottawa, Willingdon was a regular attendee at home matches of theOttawa Senators,continuing a tradition of patronage by sitting Governors-General of the local professional club. In 1930, he donated a trophy to be awarded to the Senators player "of the greatest assistance to his team", which the organization cheekily interpreted as an award for the player to lead the team in assists[27]and dubbed the Willington Trophy.

Viceroy and Governor-General of India[edit]

Appointment[edit]

A cartoon from 1932 depicting the Viscount Willingdon on ahunger strikeagainstGandhi

He had not been Governor General of Canada for five years before Willingdon received word that he was to be sent back to India as that country'sviceroy and governor general.After being appointed to theBritish Privy Councilon 20 March 1931,[28]he was sworn in as such on 18 April 1931, merely two weeks after he was replaced in Canada bythe Earl of Bessborough.When Willingdon arrived again in India, the country was gripped by theGreat Depressionand was soon leading Britain's departure from thegold standard,seeing thousands of tonnes of gold shipped to the United Kingdom through the port of Bombay. Of this, Willingdon said: "For the first time in history, owing to the economic situation, Indians are disgorging gold. We have sent to London in the past two or three months, £25,000,000 sterling and I hope that the process will continue."

Jailing leaders of Congress[edit]

Simultaneously, Willingdon found himself dealing with the consequences of the nationalistic movements thatGandhihad earlier started when Willingdon was Governor of Bombay and then Madras. TheIndia Officetold Willingdon that he should conciliate only those elements of Indian opinion that were willing to work with the Raj. That did not includeNehruand theIndian National Congress,which launched its Civil Disobedience Movement on 4 January 1932. Therefore, Willingdon took decisive action.[29]He imprisoned Gandhi. He outlawed the Congress, he rounded up all members of the Working Committee and the Provincial Committees and imprisoned them, and banned Congress youth organizations. In total he imprisoned 80,000 Indian activists. Without most of their leaders, protests were uneven and disorganized, boycotts were ineffective, illegal youth organizations proliferated but were ineffective, more women became involved, and there was terrorism, especially in theNorth-West Frontier Province.Gandhi remained in prison until 1933.[30][31]Willingdon relied on his military secretary,Hastings Ismay,for his personal safety.[32]

Construction projects[edit]

The Marquess of Willingdon in later life.

It was also by Willingdon's hand, as Governor-in-Council, that theLloyd Barragewas commissioned, seeing £20 million put into the construction of thebarrageacross the mouth of theIndus River,which not only provided labour but also brought millions of hectares of land in theThar Desertunderirrigation.[33]Further, Willingdon established theWillingdon Airfield(now known as Safdarjung Airport) inDelhiand, after he was denied entry to theRoyal Bombay Yacht Clubbecause he was accompanied by Indian friends, despite his being the viceroy, Willingdon was motivated to establish theWillingdon Sports Clubin Bombay, with membership open to both Indians and British and which still operates today.[34]

As he had been in Canada, Willingdon acted for India asChief Scoutof theBharat Scouts and Guidesand took this role as more than anex-officiotitle. Convinced thatScoutingwould contribute greatly to the welfare of India, he promoted the organisation, especially in rural villages, and requested thatJ. S. Wilsonpay special attention to cooperation between Scouting and village development.[35]

Post-viceregal life[edit]

Once back in the United Kingdom, Willingdon associated withRoland Gwynne.Willingdon was one of the notable guests of parties at Gwynne'sEast Sussexestate,Folkington Manor.[36]He was also honoured by George V, not only by being appointed as theLord Warden of the Cinque Ports—one of the higher honours bestowed by the sovereign and normally reserved for members of the Royal Family and former prime ministers—but he was also elevated once more in the peerage, being createdMarquess of Willingdonby Edward VIII on 26 May 1936,[37]making him the most recent person to be promoted to such a rank.

Willingdon did not cease diplomatic life altogether: he undertook a goodwill mission toSouth America,representing the Ibero-American Institute, and chaired the British committee on the commissioning of army officers. In 1940, he also represented the United Kingdom at the celebrations for the centennial of the formation ofNew Zealand.The next year, however, on 12 August, the Marquess of Willingdon died at 5 Lygon Place, nearEbury Street,in London, and his ashes were interred inWestminster Abbey.

Honours[edit]

Titles[edit]

Viceregal styles of
the Viscount Willingdon
(1926–1931)
then
the Earl of Willingdon
(1931–1936)
Reference styleHis Excellency The Right Honourable
(in Canada, also)Son Excellence le très honorable
Spoken styleYour Excellency
(in Canada, also)Votre Excellence


Statue of Lord Willingdon inCoronation Park, Delhi
Appointments
Medals

Honorary military appointments[edit]

Honorific eponyms[edit]

Awards
Organizations
Geographic locations
Schools

Arms[edit]

Coat of arms of Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon
Crest
1st: A demi lion rampant Gules charged on the shoulder with an Ermine spot Argent (Freeman); 2nd: Issuant out of an antique crown Azure a boar's head proper (Thomas).
Escutcheon
Quarterly, 1st and 4th: Argent three lions rampant Gules a chief azure (Thomas); 2nd and 3rd: Ermine two pallets in pale Azure over all three fusils conjoined in fess Or (Freeman).
Supporters
On either side a freeman armed cap à pie in English armour of the 17th century Proper.
Motto
Honesty Is The Best Policy[43]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ab"Thomas (post Freeman-Thomas), Freeman (THMS885F)".A Cambridge Alumni Database.University of Cambridge.
  2. ^"No. 27389".The London Gazette.20 December 1901. p. 8985.
  3. ^"Thomas, Freeman Freeman-, first marquess of Willingdon (1866–1941)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography(online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33266.(Subscription orUK public library membershiprequired.)
  4. ^abcdefOffice of the Governor General of Canada."Governor General > Former Governors General > The Marquess of Willingdon".Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived fromthe originalon 11 February 2009.Retrieved3 April2009.
  5. ^"No. 27244".The London Gazette.6 November 1900. p. 6770.
  6. ^"No. 27866".The London Gazette.22 December 1905. p. 9171.
  7. ^"No. 27935".The London Gazette.27 July 1906. p. 5130.
  8. ^"No. 28398".The London Gazette.22 July 1910. p. 5269.
  9. ^"No. 28693".The London Gazette.25 February 1913. p. 1446.
  10. ^"No. 28701".The London Gazette.18 March 1913. p. 2060.
  11. ^"No. 30723".The London Gazette.31 May 1918. p. 6529.
  12. ^"Episodes in the chronology of the world's revival"(PDF).The New York Times.1 January 1922.Retrieved5 April2009.
  13. ^abAssociated Press (28 August 1921)."Military occupy riot area in India"(PDF).The New York Times.Retrieved5 April2009.
  14. ^"More Moplah Disorders"(PDF).The New York Times.14 September 1921.Retrieved5 April2009.
  15. ^"64 Out of 100 Moplah Prisoners Suffocated in a Closed Car on Train in India"(PDF).The New York Times.22 November 1921.Retrieved5 April2009.
  16. ^"Ambush British in India"(PDF).The New York Times.2 September 1921.Retrieved5 April2009.
  17. ^Mendelsohn, Oliver; Marika Vicziany (1998).The Untouchables: Subordination, Poverty, and the State in Modern India.Cambridge University Press. p. 94.ISBN978-0-521-55671-2.
  18. ^"No. 32949".The London Gazette.24 June 1924. p. 4887.
  19. ^abHillmer, Norman (16 December 2013)."Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon".The Canadian Encyclopedia.Historica Canada.Archivedfrom the original on 21 July 2009.
  20. ^"What's in a name?" – The curious tale of the office of High Commissioner,by Lorna Lloyd.
  21. ^Hubbard, R. H. (1977).Rideau Hall.Montreal and London: McGill-Queen's University Press. p.166.ISBN978-0-7735-0310-6.
  22. ^Library and Archives Canada."The Books of Remembrance > History of the Books".Queen's Printer for Canada.Retrieved23 December2008.
  23. ^Library of Parliament."The House of Commons Heritage Collection > Carillon > History".Queen's Printer for Canada.Retrieved24 December2008.
  24. ^Phillips, R. A. J. (1982)."The House That History Built".Canadian Parliamentary Review.5(1). Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada.Retrieved4 January2009.
  25. ^"No. 33692".The London Gazette.24 February 1931. p. 1283.
  26. ^MacMillan, Margaret; Harris, Majorie; Desjardins, Anne L. (2004).Canada's House: Rideau Hall and the Invention of a Canadian Home.Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf Canada.ISBN978-0-676-97675-5.
  27. ^"Coveted Trophy for Senators".Ottawa Citizen:11. 11 February 1930.Retrieved13 April2020.
  28. ^"No. 33700".The London Gazette.20 March 1931. p. 1877.
  29. ^John F. Riddick (2006).The History of British India: A Chronology.Greenwood. p. 110.ISBN978-0313322808.
  30. ^Brian Roger Tomlinson,The Indian National Congress and the Raj, 1929–1942: the penultimate phase(Springer, 1976).
  31. ^Rosemary Rees.India 1900–47(Heineman, 2006), p. 122.
  32. ^Ismay, Hastings (1960).The Memoirs of General Lord Ismay.New York: Viking Press. p. 66.ISBN978-0-8371-6280-5.
  33. ^George, Robert E.; Sencourt, Robert (1949).Heirs of Tradition: Tributes of a New Zealander.p. 66.
  34. ^Streat, Raymond, Marguerite Dupree (1987).Lancashire and Whitehall.Manchester University Press ND. p. 260.ISBN0-7190-2390-4.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  35. ^Wilson, John S.;Baden-Powell, Olave(1959).Scouting Round the World.London: Blandford Press. pp. 91–93.ASINB0000CKE7M.
  36. ^Cullen, Pamela V. (2006).A Stranger in Blood: The Case Files on Dr John Bodkin Adams.London: Elliott & Thompson.ISBN1-904027-19-9.
  37. ^"No. 34289".The London Gazette.29 May 1936. p. 3440.
  38. ^"No. 28515".The London Gazette.21 July 1911. p. 5429.
  39. ^"No. 28686".The London Gazette.31 January 1913. p. 761.
  40. ^"No. 33184".The London Gazette.20 July 1926. p. 4795.
  41. ^"No. 33700".The London Gazette.20 March 1931. p. 1877.
  42. ^"Friends of Geographical Names of Alberta > 300 Names > Top 300 Names > Willingdon, Mount".Friends of Geographical Names of Alberta. Archived fromthe originalon 23 July 2009.Retrieved4 April2009.
  43. ^Burke's Peerage.1949.

External links[edit]

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Government offices
Preceded by Governor of Bombay
17 February 1913 – 16 December 1918 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Governor of Madras
10 April 1919 – 12 April 1924 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Governor General of Canada
1926–1931 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Viceroy of India
1931–1936 		Succeeded by
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Member of ParliamentforHastings
1900–1906 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Member of ParliamentforBodmin
July 1906–January 1910 		Succeeded by
Court offices
Preceded by Lord-in-waiting
1911–1913 		Succeeded by
Honorary titles
Preceded by Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
1936–1941 		Succeeded by
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation Marquess of Willingdon
1936–1941 		Succeeded by
Earl of Willingdon
1931–1941
Viscount Willingdon
1924–1941
Baron Willingdon
1910–1941
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