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French Quarter

Coordinates:29°57′31″N90°03′54″W/ 29.95861°N 90.06500°W/29.95861; -90.06500
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the French Quarter in New Orleans. For other cities with "French Quarter" areas, seeFrench Quarter (disambiguation).
"Vieux Carré" redirects here. For the play, seeVieux Carré (play).For the cocktail, seeVieux Carré (cocktail).

French Quarter
Vieux Carré(French)
Neighborhood
The French Quarter, looking north with Mississippi River to the right
The French Quarter, looking north with Mississippi River to the right
Coordinates:29°57′31″N90°03′54″W/ 29.95861°N 90.06500°W/29.95861; -90.06500
CountryUnited States
StateLouisiana
CityNew Orleans
Planning DistrictDistrict 1, French Quarter/CBD
Area
• Total0.66 sq mi (1.7 km2)
• Land0.49 sq mi (1.3 km2)
• Water0.17 sq mi (0.4 km2)
Elevation
3 ft (0.9 m)
Population
(2010)
• Total3,888
• Density5,900/sq mi (2,300/km2)
Time zoneUTC-6(CST)
• Summer (DST)UTC-5(CDT)
ZIP Codes
70116 – 70130
Area code504
Vieux Carre Historic District
French Quarter is located in Louisiana
French Quarter
French Quarter is located in the United States
French Quarter
Built1734
NRHP referenceNo.66000377
Significant dates
Added to NRHPOctober 15, 1966[2]
Designated NHLDDecember 21, 1965[3]

TheFrench Quarter,also known as theVieux Carré,is the oldestneighborhoodin the city ofNew Orleans.After New Orleans (French:Nouvelle-Orléans) was founded in 1718 byJean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville,the city developed around theVieux Carré( "Old Square" in English), a central square. The district is more commonly called the French Quarter today, or simply "The Quarter", related to changes in the city with American immigration after the 1803Louisiana Purchase.[4]Most of the extant historic buildings were constructed either in the late 18th century, during the city's period of Spanish rule, or were built during the first half of the 19th century, after U.S. purchase and statehood.

The district as a whole has been designated as aNational Historic Landmark,with numerous contributing buildings that are separately deemed significant. It is a prime tourist destination in the city, as well as attracting local residents. Because of its distance from areas where the levee was breached duringHurricane Katrinain 2005 as well as the strength and height of the nearest Mississippi River Levees in contrast to other levees along the canals and lakefront,[5]it suffered relatively light damage from floodwater as compared to other areas of the city and the greater region.

History[edit]

The French claimed Louisiana in the 1690s, and Jean Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville was appointed Director General in charge of developing a colony in the territory, and founded New Orleans in 1718. In 1721, the royal engineerAdrien de Paugerdesigned the city's street layout. He named the streets after French royal houses and Catholic saints, and paid homage to France's ruling family, theHouse of Bourbon,with the naming of Bourbon Street.[6][page needed]New Orleans was ceded to the Spanish in 1763 following theSeven Years' War.TheGreat New Orleans Fire of 1788and another in1794destroyed 80 percent of the city's buildings, and so nearly all the French Quarter dates from the late 1790s onwards.

The Spanish introduced strict new fire codes that banned wooden siding in favor of fire-resistant brick, which was covered instucco,painted in the pastel hues fashionable at the time. The old French peaked roofs were replaced with flat tiled ones, but the still largely French population continued to build in similar styles, influenced by colonial architecture of the Caribbean, such as timber balconies and galleries. (In southeast Louisiana, a distinction is made between "balconies", which are self-supporting and attached to the side of the building, and "galleries,"which are supported from the ground by poles or columns.)

Elaborate ironwork galleries on the corner of Royal and Dumaine streets (featured are the Miltenberger Houses)
The 'galleries' introduced after 1851

WhenAnglophoneAmericans began to move in after theLouisiana Purchasein 1803, they mostly built on available land upriver, across modern-dayCanal Street.This thoroughfare became the meeting place of two cultures, oneFrancophoneCreoleand the other Anglophone American. (Local landowners had retained architect and surveyorBarthelemy Lafonto subdivide their property to create an American suburb). Themedianof the wide boulevard became a place where the two contentious cultures could meet and do business in both French and English. As such, it became known as the "neutral ground", and this name is still used for medians in the New Orleans area.

During the 19th century, New Orleans was similar to other Southern cities in that its economy was based on sellingcash crops,such as sugar, tobacco and cotton produced by enslaved labor. By 1840, newcomers whose wealth came from these enterprises turned New Orleans into the third largestmetropolisin the country.[7][page needed]The city's port was the nation's second largest, withNew York Citybeing the largest.[8]

The development of New Orleans famous ornate cast iron 'galleries' began with the two storey examples on thePontalba BuildingsonJackson Square,completed in 1851. As the most prominent and high class address at the time, they set a fashion for others to follow, and multi-level cast iron galleries soon replaced the old timber French ones on older buildings as well as gracing new ones.[9]

Even before the Civil War, French Creoles had become a minority in the French Quarter.[10]In the late 19th century the Quarter became a less fashionable part of town, and many immigrants from southern Italy and Ireland settled there. From 1884 to 1924 an estimated 290,000 Italian immigrants, a great deal of them from Sicily, arrived in New Orleans and settled in the French Quarter, which acquired the nickname "Little Palermo."[11]In 1905, the Italian consul estimated that one-third to one-half of the Quarter's population were Italian-born or second generation Italian-Americans. Irish immigrants also settled heavily in the Esplanade area, which was called the "Irish Channel".[12]

In 1917, the closure ofStoryvillesent much of the vice formerly concentrated therein back into the French Quarter, which "for most of the remaining French Creole families.. was the last straw, and they began to move uptown."[13]This, combined with the loss of theFrench Opera Housetwo years later, provided a bookend to the era of French Creole culture in the Quarter.[14]Many of the remaining French Creoles moved to the university area.[15]

In the early 20th century, the Quarter's cheap rents and air of decay attracted abohemianartistic community, a trend which became pronounced in the 1920s. Many of these new inhabitants were active in the first preservation efforts in the Quarter, which began around that time.[16]As a result, the Vieux Carré Commission (VCC) was established in 1925, spearheaded by Elizabeth Werlein. Although initially only an advisory body, a 1936 referendum to amend the Louisiana constitution afforded it a measure of regulatory power. It began to exercise more power in the 1940s to preserve and protect the district.[17]

TheRue Bourbon,orBourbon Street,was named for the former ruling dynasty of France, now the ruling dynasty of Spain.

Meanwhile,World War IIbrought thousands of servicemen and war workers to New Orleans as well as to the surrounding region's military bases and shipyards. Many of these sojourners paid visits to the Vieux Carré. Although nightlife and vice had already begun to coalesce onBourbon Streetin the two decades following the closure of Storyville, the war produced a larger, more permanent presence of exotic, risqué, and often raucous entertainment on what became the city's most famous strip. Years of repeated crackdowns on vice in Bourbon Street clubs, which took on new urgency under MayordeLesseps Story Morrison,reached a crescendo with District AttorneyJim Garrison's raids in 1962, but Bourbon Street's clubs were soon back in business.[18]

A streetlight and sign in the French Quarter section of New Orleans, LA
TheLouisiana Supreme CourtBuilding

The plan to construct an elevated Riverfront Expressway between theMississippi Riverlevee and the French Quarter consumed the attention of Vieux Carré preservationists through much of the 1960s. On December 21, 1965, the "Vieux Carre Historic District" was designated aNational Historic Landmark.[3][19]After waging a decade-long battle against theVieux Carré Riverfront Expresswaythat utilized the newly passedNational Historic Preservation Act of 1966,preservationists and their allies forced the issue into federal court, eventually producing the cancellation of the freeway plan in 1969.[20]

The victory was important for the preservation of the French Quarter, but it was hardly the only challenge. Throughout the 1960s, new hotels opened regularly, often replacing large sections of the French Quarter. The VCC approved these structures as long as their designers adhered to prevailing exterior styles. Detractors, fearing that the Vieux Carré's charm might be compromised by the introduction of too many new inns, lobbied successfully for passage in 1969 of a municipal ordinance that forbade new hotels within the district's boundaries. However, the ordinance failed to stop the proliferation oftimesharecondominiums and clandestinebed and breakfastinns throughout the French Quarter or high-rise hotels just outside its boundaries.[21]In the 1980s, many long-term residents were driven away by rising rents, as property values rose dramatically with expectations of windfalls from the planned1984 World's Fairsite nearby.

More of the neighborhood was developed to supporttourism,which is important to the city's economy. But, the French Quarter still combines residential, hotels, guest houses, bars, restaurants and tourist-oriented commercial properties.

Effect of Hurricane Katrina[edit]

Main article:Effects of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans

As with other parts of the city developed before the late 19th century, and on higher land predating New Orleans' levee systems, the French Quarter remained substantially dry following Hurricane Katrina. Its elevation is five feet (1.5 m) above sea level.[22]Some streets had minor flooding, and several buildings suffered significant wind damage. Most of the major landmarks suffered only minor damage.[23]In addition, the Quarter largely escaped the looting and violence that occurred after the storm; nearly all of the antique shops and art galleries in the French Quarter, for example, were untouched.[24]

MayorRay Naginofficially reopened the French Quarter on September 26, 2005 (almost a month after the storm), for business owners to inspect their property and clean up. Within a few weeks, a large selection of French Quarter businesses had reopened. TheHistoric New Orleans Collection's Williams Research Center Annex was the first new construction completed in the French Quarter after Hurricane Katrina.[25]

Post-Katrina[edit]

In 2020Mayor of New OrleansLaToya Cantrellproposed ending use of automobiles in the French Quarter.[26]

Geography[edit]

The French Quarter is located at29°57′31″N90°03′54″W/ 29.95861°N 90.06500°W/29.95861; -90.06500[27]and has an elevation of 1 foot (0.3 m).[28]According to theUnited States Census Bureau,the district has a total area of 0.66 square miles (1.7 km2). 0.49 square miles (1.3 km2) of which is land and 0.17 square miles (0.4 km2) (25.76%) of which is water.

Boundaries[edit]

The most common definition of the French Quarter includes all the land stretching along theMississippi RiverfromCanal StreettoEsplanade Avenue(13 blocks) and inland toNorth Rampart Street(seven to nine blocks). It equals an area of 78 square blocks. Some definitions, such as city zoning laws, exclude the properties facing Canal Street, which had already been redeveloped by the time architectural preservation was considered, and the section between Decatur Street and the river, much of which had long served industrial and warehousing functions.

Any alteration to structures in the remaining blocks is subject to review by the Vieux Carré Commission, which determines whether the proposal is appropriate for the historic character of the district. Its boundaries as defined by the City Planning Commission are: Esplanade Avenue to the north, theMississippi Riverto the east, Canal Street,Decatur Streetand Iberville Street to the south and theBasin Street,St. Louis Street and North Rampart Street to the west.[29]

The National Historic Landmark district is stated to be 85 square blocks.[3][19]The Quarter is subdistrict of the French Quarter/CBD Area.

Adjacent neighborhoods[edit]

Further information:Neighborhoods in New Orleans

Demographics[edit]

As of thecensusof 2000, there were 4,176 people, 2,908 households, and 509 families residing in the neighborhood.[30]Thepopulation densitywas 8,523 /mi2(3,212 /km2). As of thecensusof 2010, there were 3,813 people, 2,635 households, and 549 families residing in the neighborhood.[30]

Landmarks and attractions[edit]

Jackson Square[edit]

Main article:Jackson Square (New Orleans)
Jacksonequestrian statueandSt. Louis Cathedral– flanked bythe Cabildoandthe Presbytere

Jackson Square (formerlyPlace d'ArmesorPlaza de Armas,in French and Spanish, respectively), originally designed by architect and landscaper Louis H. Pilié (officially credited only with the iron fence), is a public, gated park the size of a city block, located at the front of the French Quarter (GPS29°57′27″N90°03′47″W/ 29.95748°N 90.06310°W/29.95748; -90.06310). In the mid-19th century, the square was named after President (formerly General, ofBattle of New Orleansacclaim)Andrew Jackson.[citation needed]

In 1856, city leaders purchased anequestrian statueof Jackson from the sculptor Clark Mills. The statue was placed at the center of the square, which was converted to a park from its previous use as amilitary paradeground and execution site. (Convicted criminals were sometimes hanged in the square. After theslave insurrection of 1811during theU.S. territorial period,some of the insurgents were sentenced to death here inOrleans Parishunder a justice system which had not yet been converted to American ideals, and their severed heads were displayed here.)[31]

The square originally overlooked theMississippi Riveracross Decatur Street; however, the view was blocked in the 19th century when larger levees were built along the river. The riverfront was long devoted to shipping-related activities at the heart of theport.The administration of MayorMoon Landrieuput in a scenic boardwalk across from Jackson Square; it is known as the "Moon Walk" in his honor. At the end of the 1980s, old wharves and warehouses were demolished to createWoldenberg Park,extending the riverfront promenade up toCanal Street.[32]

On the opposite side of the square from the River are three 18th‑century historic buildings, which were the city's heart in the colonial era. The center of the three isSt. Louis Cathedral.Thecathedralwas designated aminor basilicabyPope Paul VI.To its left isthe Cabildo,the old city hall, now a museum, where the final transfer papers for theLouisiana Purchasewere signed. To the cathedral's right isthe Presbytère,built to match the Cabildo. The Presbytère, originally planned to house the city'sRoman Catholicpriests and authorities, was adapted as a courthouse at the start of the 19th century after the Louisiana Purchase, when civilian government was elevated over church authority. In the 20th century it was adapted as a museum.[citation needed]

On each side of the square are thePontalba Buildings,matching red-brick, one-block-long, four‑story buildings constructed between 1849 and 1851. The ground floors house shops and restaurants; the upper floors are apartments. The buildings were planned as row townhouses; they were not converted to rental apartments until the 1930s (during theGreat Depression).[citation needed]

The buildings were designed and constructed byBaroness Micaela Almonester Pontalba,daughter of DonAndres Almonaster y Rojas,a prominent Spanish philanthropist inCreoleNew Orleans. Micaela Almonaster was born in Louisiana in 1795. Her father died three years later, and she became sole heiress to his fortune and his New Orleans land holdings.[citation needed]

Directly across from Jackson Square is theJax Brewerybuilding, the original home of a localbeer.After the company ceased to operate independently, the building was converted for use by retail businesses, including restaurants and specialty shops. In recent years, some retail space has been converted into riverfrontcondominiums.[citation needed]Behind the Jax Brewery lies the Toulouse Street Wharf, the regular pier for the excursion steamboat,Natchez.

From the 1920s through the 1980s, Jackson Square became known for attractingpainters,young art students, andcaricaturists.In the 1990s, the artists were joined bytarot card readers,mimes,fortune tellers, and other street performers.[citation needed]

Live music has been a regular feature of the entire Quarter, including the Square, for more than a century. Formal concerts are also held, although more rarely. Street musicians play for tips.[citation needed]

Diagonally across the square from the Cabildo isCafé du Monde,open 24 hours a day except forChristmas Day.The historic open-aircafeis known for itscafé au lait,its coffee blended withchicory,and itsbeignets,made and served there continuously since theCivil Warperiod (1862). It is a custom for anyone visiting for the first time to blow thepowdered sugaroff a beignet and make a wish.[citation needed]

Bourbon Street[edit]

Main article:Bourbon Street
TheOld Absinthe House

The most well-known of the French Quarter streets, Bourbon Street, or Rue Bourbon, is known for its drinking establishments. Most of the bars frequented by tourists are new but the Quarter also has a number of notable bars with interesting histories. TheOld Absinthe Househas kept its name even thoughabsinthewas banned in the U.S. from 1915 to 2007 because it was believed to have toxic qualities.[citation needed]

Pat O'Brien's Baris known both for inventing the redHurricanecocktail and for having the firstdueling pianobar. Pat O'Brien's is located at 718 St. Peter Street.[33]

Lafitte's Blacksmith Shopis a tavern located on the corner of Bourbon and St. Philip streets. Built sometime before 1772, it is one of the older surviving structures in New Orleans. It is also the oldest bar in all of America that still operates as a bar. According to legend, the structure was once a business owned by theLafitte brothers,perhaps as a "front" for their smuggling operations atBarataria Bay.[citation needed]

TheNapoleon Housebar and restaurant is in the former home of mayorNicholas Girod.It was named for an unrealized plot to rescueNapoleonfrom his exile inSaint Helenaand bring him to New Orleans.[34]

The originalJohnny White'sbar is a favorite ofmotorcycle bikers.In 2005 an offshoot called Johnny White's Hole in the Wall, along withMolly's at the Market,drew national media attention as the only businesses in the city to stay open throughout Hurricane Katrina and the weeks after the storm.[citation needed]

Spirits on Bourbonwas featured on the season three ofBar Rescue.It has become a staple of Bourbon Street, with its light-up skull cup and Resurrection drink.[citation needed]

TheBourbon Puband Oz, both located at the intersection of Bourbon and St. Ann Streets, are the two largestgayclubs in New Orleans.Café Lafitte in Exile,located at the intersection of Bourbon and Dumaine, is the oldest continuously runninggay barin the United States. These and other gay establishments sponsor the raucousSouthern DecadenceFestival duringLabor Dayweekend. This festival is often referred to as New Orleans' Gay Mardi Gras. St. Ann Street is often called "the Lavender Line" or "the Velvet Line" in reference to its being on the edge of the French Quarter's predominately gay district. While gay residents live throughout the French Quarter, that portion northeast of St. Ann Street is generally considered to be the gay district.[citation needed]

New Orleans and its French Quarter are one of a few places in the United States where possession and consumption ofalcoholinopen containersis allowed on the street.[35]French Quarter Street is also home tojazzmusic; there are many street performers andjazzshops. Many streets are filled withjazzclubs with livejazzperformances, making it an attractive destination in theneighborhood.[36]

Museums[edit]

The French Quarter boasts several museums, including theNew Orleans Historic Voodoo Museum,New Orleans Pharmacy Museum,New Orleans Jazz Museum,and the Museum of Death.

Restaurants[edit]

The neighborhood contains many restaurants, ranging from formal to casual, patronized by both visitors and locals. Some are well-known landmarks, such asAntoine'sandTujague's,which have been in business since the 19th century.Arnaud's,Galatoire's,Broussard's,andBrennan'sare also venerable.[citation needed]

Less historic—but also well-known—French Quarter restaurants include those run by chefsPaul Prudhomme( "K-Paul's" ),Emeril Lagasse( "NOLA" ), andJohn Besh.Port of Call onEsplanade Avenuehas been in business for more than 30 years, and is recognized for its popular "Monsoon" drink (their answer to the "Hurricane" atPat O'Brien's Bar) as well as for its food.[citation needed]

The Gumbo Shop is another traditional eatery in the Quarter and where casual dress is acceptable. For a take-out lunch,Central GroceryonDecatur Streetis the home of the originalmuffalettaItaliansandwich,with New Orleans being a major center for Italian cuisine in the American South.[citation needed]

Hotels[edit]

See also:Canal Street, New Orleans § Hotels

Accommodations in the French Quarter range from large international chain hotels, tobed and breakfasts,to time-share condominiums and small guest houses with only one or two rooms.[citation needed]The French Quarter is known for its traditional-style hotels, such as the Bourbon Orleans,Hotel Monteleone(family-owned), Royal Sonesta, the Astor, and theOmni Royal Orleans.[citation needed]TheHotel St. Pierreis a small hotel also consisting of historic French Quarter houses, with a courtyard patio.[citation needed]

The Audubon Cottages are a collection of sevenCreole cottages,two of which were utilized byJohn James Audubonin the early 19th century when he worked in New Orleans for a short time.[citation needed]Also utilized by Audubon was the current breakfast room of the Dauphine Orleans Hotel, a 111-room hotel located on Dauphine Street.[37][38]The Dauphine Orleans Hotel's on-site bar, May Baily's Place, was once one of New Orleans' most-known brothels, and it is rumored that the ghosts of prostitutes andAmerican Civil Warsoldiers haunt the property.[37]

Education[edit]

Orleans Parish School Board(OPSB) manages the public school system.

TheRoman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleansoperates area Catholic schools. Cathedral Academy, originally St. Louis Cathedral School, was in the French Quarter.[39]It opened in 1914,[40]and had a building separate from that of its parish.[41]In 2012 the archdiocese decided to close the school. It had 156 students in 2012, and the archdiocese's criterion for optimal enrollment in a K–7 was 200. St. Stephen School inUptown New Orleansoffered places to St. Louis Cathedral students.[40]Cathedral Academy parents stated opposition against the closure.[40]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^"City Charter".City of New Orleans. Archived fromthe originalon January 4, 2010.
  2. ^"National Register Information System".National Register of Historic Places.National Park Service.January 23, 2007.
  3. ^abc"Vieux Carre Historic District"(National Historic Landmark summary listing). National Park Service. Archived fromthe originalon September 25, 2008.RetrievedJanuary 31,2008.
  4. ^"New Orleans French Quarter History, Architecture and Pictures".Archived fromthe originalon March 25, 2013.RetrievedOctober 28,2006.
  5. ^"Archived copy".Archived fromthe originalon January 30, 2015.RetrievedFebruary 15,2015.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ^Asbury, Herbert(1936).The French Quarter: An Informal History of the New Orleans Underworld.Garden City, New York: Garden City Publishing Company.
  7. ^Souther, J. Mark (2006).New Orleans on Parade.Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
  8. ^"Coffee Trade and Port of New Orleans".crt.state.la.us.January 14, 2014.RetrievedOctober 23,2018.
  9. ^"Pontalba Buildings"(National Register of Historic Places Inventory).
  10. ^Ellis, Scott S. (2010).Madame Vieux Carré: the French Quarter in the Twentieth Century.University of Mississippi. p. 7.ISBN978-1-60473-358-7.
  11. ^Scott, Mike."The Sicilian surge: When the French Quarter became 'Little Palermo'".NOLA.RetrievedJune 29,2021.
  12. ^Ellis (2010),p. 11.
  13. ^Ellis (2010),pp. 20–21.
  14. ^Ellis (2010),p. 21.
  15. ^Widmer, Mary Lou (2007).New Orleans 1900 to 1920.Pelican Publishing. p. 23.ISBN978-1-58980-401-2.
  16. ^Ellis (2010),p. 24.
  17. ^Ellis (2010),p. 43.
  18. ^Souther, J. Mark (2013).New Orleans on Parade: Tourism and the Transformation of the Crescent City.Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 41–50.
  19. ^abHeintzelman, Patricia (February 1975)."National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Vieux Carré Historic District".National Park Service.
  20. ^Souther (2013),pp. 66–71.
  21. ^Souther (2013),pp. 54–63, 203.
  22. ^Wilking, Rick (August 31, 2005)."Officials rescue Katrina's survivors amid 'chaos'".Reuters. Archived fromthe originalon September 11, 2005.RetrievedNovember 27,2009.
  23. ^"New Orleans French Quarter Dining, Hotel & Nightlife".FrenchQuarter.
  24. ^Rosenblatt, Susannah; Rainey, James (September 27, 2005)."Katrina Takes a Toll on Truth, News Accuracy".Los Angeles Times.Archived fromthe originalon November 5, 2005.
  25. ^"Chartres Street Campus | The Historic New Orleans Collection".hnoc.org.
  26. ^Williams, Jessica (May 27, 2020)."French Quarter as pedestrian-only zone? LaToya Cantrell says she's for it, task force to study".The Times Picayune.RetrievedMay 27,2020.
  27. ^"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990".United States Census Bureau.February 12, 2011.RetrievedApril 23,2011.
  28. ^"US Board on Geographic Names".United States Geological Survey.October 25, 2007.RetrievedJanuary 31,2008.
  29. ^Greater New Orleans Community Data Center."French Quarter Neighborhood".Archived fromthe originalon September 19, 2008.RetrievedJune 21,2008.
  30. ^ab"French Quarter Neighborhood".Greater New Orleans Community Data Center. Archived fromthe originalon June 10, 2012.RetrievedJanuary 5,2012.
  31. ^Blyth, Robert (2012).Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve.
  32. ^"Woldenberg Park".neworleans.RetrievedJuly 12,2022.
  33. ^Marszalek, Keith I. (November 30, 2008)."Home of the 'Hurricane' Pat O'Brien's turns 75 this week".nola.Archived fromthe originalon March 24, 2012.RetrievedJune 19,2009.
  34. ^"Napoleon House History".Napoleon House.2022.RetrievedJanuary 13,2022.
  35. ^"City of New Orleans memo".Archived fromthe originalon October 4, 2007.RetrievedDecember 21,2019.
  36. ^Lorenza Brascia (July 3, 2017)."Your best day in New Orleans, guided by sound".CNN.RetrievedOctober 19,2021.
  37. ^abReynolds, Jane (February 10, 2015)."Seven New Orleans hotels with amazing history".USA Today.RetrievedApril 27,2021.
  38. ^Dickinson, Joy (2001).Scarlett Slept Here: A Book Lover's Guide to the South.Citadel Press.ISBN978-0806520926.
  39. ^"Home".Cathedral Academy.RetrievedMay 29,2020.
  40. ^abcTan, Sarah (December 6, 2012)."Archdiocese of New Orleans to close Cathedral Academy".The Times Picayune.RetrievedMay 29,2020.
  41. ^Harden, Kari Dequine (December 10, 2012)."School's shuttering saddens parents".The Times Picayune.RetrievedMay 29,2020.[...]and is in the French Quarter just a few blocks from its affiliated church, St. Louis Cathedral.

External links[edit]

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