Jump to content

Friedrich Schiller

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Schiller" redirects here. For other uses, seeSchiller (disambiguation).

Hofrat(Saxe-Meiningen)

Friedrich Schiller
Portrait by Ludovike Simanowiz (1794)
Portrait byLudovike Simanowiz(1794)
BornJohann Christoph Friedrich Schiller
(1759-11-10)10 November 1759
Marbach am Neckar,Duchy of Württemberg
Died9 May 1805(1805-05-09)(aged 45)
Weimar,Duchy of Saxe-Weimar
Occupation
  • Playwright
  • poet
  • philosopher
  • historian
Literary movement
Notable works
Spouse
​
​
(m.1790)​
Children
  • Karl Ludwig Friedrich (1793–1857)
  • Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm (1796–1841)
  • Karoline Luise Friederike (1799–1850)
  • Emilie Henriette Luise (1804–1872)
Relatives
Signature

Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller(German:[ˈjoːhanˈkʁɪstɔfˈfʁiːdʁɪçfɔnˈʃɪlɐ],short:[ˈfʁiːdʁɪçˈʃɪlɐ]ⓘ;10 November 1759 – 9 May 1805) was a Germanplaywright,poet,philosopherandhistorian.Schiller is considered by most Germans to be Germany's most important classical playwright.

He was born in Marbach to a devoutly Protestant family. Initially intended for the priesthood, in 1773 he entered a military academy in Stuttgart and ended up studying medicine. His first play,The Robbers,was written at this time and proved very successful. After a brief stint as a regimental doctor, he left Stuttgart and eventually wound up in Weimar. In 1789, he became professor of History and Philosophy at Jena, where he wrote historical works.

During the last seventeen years of his life (1788–1805), Schiller developed a productive, if complicated, friendship with the already famous and influentialJohann Wolfgang von Goethe.They frequently discussed issues concerningaesthetics,and Schiller encouraged Goethe to finish works that he had left as sketches. This relationship and these discussions led to a period now referred to asWeimar Classicism.Together they founded the Weimar Theater.

They also worked together onXenien,a collection of shortsatiricalpoems in which both Schiller and Goethe challenge opponents of their philosophical vision.

Early life and career

[edit]

Friedrich Schiller was born on 10 November 1759, inMarbach,Württemberg,as the only son of military doctorJohann Kaspar Schiller(1723–1796) andElisabetha Dorothea Schiller(1732–1802). They also had five daughters, includingChristophine,the eldest. Schiller grew up in a very religious Protestant[1]family and spent much of his youth studying theBible,which would later influence his writing for the theatre.[2]His father was away in theSeven Years' Warwhen Friedrich was born. He was named after kingFrederick the Great,but he was called Fritz by nearly everyone.[3]Kaspar Schiller was rarely home during the war, but he did manage to visit the family once in a while. His wife and children also visited him occasionally wherever he happened to be stationed.[4]When the war ended in 1763, Schiller's father became a recruiting officer and was stationed inSchwäbisch Gmünd.The family moved with him. Due to the high cost of living—especially the rent—the family moved to the nearby town ofLorch.[5]

Although the family was happy in Lorch, Schiller's father found his work unsatisfying. He sometimes took his son with him.[6]In Lorch, Schiller received his primary education. The quality of the lessons was fairly bad, and Friedrich regularly cut class with his older sister.[7]Because his parents wanted Schiller to become apriest,they had the priest of the village instruct the boy inLatinandGreek.Father Moser was a good teacher, and later Schiller named the cleric in his first playDie Räuber(The Robbers) after him. As a boy, Schiller was excited by the idea of becoming a cleric and often put on black robes and pretended to preach.[8]

In 1766, the family left Lorch for theDuke of Württemberg's principal residence,Ludwigsburg.Schiller's father had not been paid for three years, and the family had been living on their savings but could no longer afford to do so. So Kaspar Schiller took an assignment to the garrison in Ludwigsburg.[9]

Portrait of Friedrich Schiller byGerhard von Kügelgen(1808/1809)

There the boy Schiller came to the attention ofKarl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg.He entered theKarlsschule Stuttgart(an elite military academy founded by the Duke), in 1773, where he eventually studied medicine. During most of his short life, he suffered from illnesses that he tried to cure himself.

While at the Karlsschule, Schiller readRousseauand Goethe and discussedClassicalideals with his classmates. At school, he wrote his first play,The Robbers,which dramatizes the conflict between two aristocratic brothers: the elder, Karl Moor, leads a group of rebellious students into the Bohemian forest where they become Robin Hood-like bandits, while Franz Moor, the younger brother, schemes to inherit his father's considerable estate. The play's critique of social corruption and its affirmation of proto-revolutionary republican ideals astounded its original audience. Schiller became an overnight sensation. Later, Schiller would be made an honorary member of the French Republic because of this play. The play was inspired byLeisewitz'earlier playJulius of Taranto,a favourite of the young Schiller.[10]

In 1780, he obtained a post as regimental doctor inStuttgart,a job he disliked. In order to attend the first performance ofThe RobbersinMannheim,Schiller left his regiment without permission. As a result, he was arrested, sentenced to 14 days of imprisonment, and forbidden by Karl Eugen from publishing any further works.[11]

He fled Stuttgart in 1782, going viaFrankfurt,Mannheim,Leipzig,andDresdentoWeimar.During the journey, he had an affair withCharlotte von Kalb,an army officer's wife. At the centre of an intellectual circle, she was known for her cleverness and instability. To extricate himself from a dire financial situation and attachment to a married woman, Schiller eventually sought help from family and friends.[12]In 1787, he settled in Weimar and in 1789, was appointed professor ofHistory and PhilosophyinJena,where he wrote only historical works.

Marriage and family

[edit]
Medal byStefan Schwartz[de]to his 100th Death Anniversary, after a sculpture of 1794 byDannecker,Vienna 1905, obverse

On 22 February 1790, Schiller marriedCharlotte von Lengefeld(1766–1826), sister of writerCaroline von Wolzogen(1763–1847) and daughter of forest administrator ofLouis Günther II, Prince of Schwarzburg-RudolstadtCarl Christoph von Lengefeld[de](1715–1775) and his wifeLouise von Lengefeld[de],nee Wurmb (1743–1823). Two sons Karl Friedrich Ludwig (1793–1857) and Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm (1796–1841) and two daughters Karoline Luise Henriette (1799–1850) and Luise Henriette Emilie (1804–1872) were born between 1793 and 1804. The last living descendant of Schiller was a grandchild of Emilie, BaronAlexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm(1865–1947), who died atBaden-Baden,Germany, in 1947.[13]

Weimar and later career

[edit]

Schiller returned with his family to Weimar from Jena in 1799. Goethe convinced him to return to playwriting. He and Goethe founded theWeimar Theater,which became the leading theater in Germany. Their collaboration helped lead to a renaissance of drama in Germany.

For his achievements, Schiller wasennobledin 1802 by the Duke of Saxe-Weimar, adding the nobiliary particle "von"to his name.[12]He remained in Weimar,Saxe-Weimaruntil his death at 45 fromtuberculosisin 1805.

Legacy and honors

[edit]
Lithographportrait from 1905, captioned "Friedrich von Schiller" in recognition of his 1802 ennoblement

The first authoritative biography of Schiller was by his sister-in-lawCaroline von Wolzogenin 1830,Schillers Leben(Schiller's Life).[14]

The coffin containing what was purportedly Schiller's skeleton was brought in 1827 into theWeimarer Fürstengruft(Weimar's Ducal Vault), the burial place of the house ofSaxe-Weimar-Eisenachin theHistorical Cemetery of Weimarand later also Goethe's resting place. On 3 May 2008, scientists announced that DNA tests have shown that theskull of this skeletonis not Schiller's, and his tomb is now vacant.[15]The physical resemblance between this skull and the extantdeath mask[16]as well as to portraits of Schiller, had led many experts to believe that the skull was Schiller's.

Germany's oldest Schiller memorial (1839) on Schillerplatz, Stuttgart

The city of Stuttgart erected in 1839 a statue in his memory on a square renamedSchillerplatz.ASchiller monumentwas unveiled on Berlin'sGendarmenmarktin 1871.

The German-American community of New York City donated a bronze sculpture of Schiller toCentral Parkin 1859. It was Central Park'sfirst installed sculpture.[17]

Chicagodedicated a statue to Schillerin its Lincoln Park.

Schiller Park in Columbus, Ohio is named for Schiller, and has been centered on a statue of his likeness since it was donated in 1891. During the First World War, the name of the park was changed to Washington Park in response to anti-German sentiment, but was changed back several years later. It is the primary park for the South Side neighborhood of German Village.[18]

There is a Friedrich Schiller statue onBelle Islein Detroit, Michigan. This statue of the German playwright was commissioned by Detroit's German-American community in 1908 at a cost of $12,000; the designer was Herman Matzen.

An Ignatium Taschner bronze of Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller stands in Como Park - Saint Paul, MN. It was dedicated in 1907. The sculpture was donated by U.S. German Societies of Saint Paul and private citizens of German descent to commemorate the renowned Johann von Schiller.

His image has appeared on several coins and banknotes in Germany, including the 1964German Democratic Republic10 Mark banknotes,[19]1972 German Democratic Republic 20 Mark commemorative coins,[20]and 1934German Reich5 Reichsmark commemorative coins.[21]

In September 2008, the German-French TV channelArteconducted a poll among its viewers to determine the greatest European playwright ( "King of Drama" ). Schiller was voted in second place afterWilliam Shakespeare.[22]

On 10 November 2019,Googlecelebrated his 260th birthday with aGoogle Doodle.[23]

Siblings

[edit]

Friedrich Schiller had five sisters, two of whom died in childhood and three of whom lived to adulthood:

Writing

[edit]
Kleinere prosaische Schriften. 1(1792)

Philosophical papers

[edit]
Photograph of a large bronze statue of two men standing hand-in-hand, side by side and facing forward. The statue is on a stone pedestal, which has a plaque that reads "Dem Dichterpaar/Goethe und Schiller/das Vaterland".
Goethe–Schiller Monument(1857),Weimar

Schiller wrote many philosophical papers on ethics andaesthetics.He synthesized the thought ofImmanuel Kantwith the thought of theGerman idealistphilosopher,Karl Leonhard Reinhold.He elaborated uponChristoph Martin Wieland's concept ofdie schöne Seele(the beautiful soul), a human being whose emotions have been educated by reason, so thatPflicht und Neigung(duty and inclination) are no longer in conflict with one another; thus beauty, for Schiller, is not merely an aesthetic experience, but a moral one as well: the Good is the Beautiful. The link between morality and aesthetics also occurs in Schiller's controversial poem, "Die Götter Griechenlandes"(The Gods of Greece). The" gods "in Schiller's poem are thought by modern scholars to represent moral and aesthetic values, which Schiller tied toPaganismand an idea ofenchanted nature.[24]In this respect, Schiller's aesthetic doctrine shows the influence ofChristian theosophy.[25]

There is general consensus among scholars that it makes sense to think of Schiller as aliberal,[26][27][28]and he is frequently cited as acosmopolitanthinker.[29][30][31]Schiller's philosophical work was particularly concerned with the question of human freedom, a preoccupation which also guided his historical research, such as on theThirty Years' Warand theDutch Revolt,and then found its way as well into his dramas: theWallensteintrilogyconcerns the Thirty Years' War, whileDon Carlosaddresses the revolt of the Netherlands against Spain. Schiller wrote two important essays on the question of thesublime(das Erhabene), entitled "Vom Erhabenen"and"Über das Erhabene";these essays address one aspect of human freedom—the ability to defy one's animal instincts, such as the drive for self-preservation, when, for example, someone willingly sacrifices themselves for conceptual ideals.

Plays

[edit]

Schiller is considered by most Germans to be Germany's most important classical playwright. Critics like F. J. Lamport andErich Auerbachhave noted his innovative use of dramatic structure and his creation of new forms, such as the melodrama and the bourgeois tragedy.[citation needed]What follows is a brief chronological description of the plays.

  • The Robbers(Die Räuber): The language ofThe Robbersis highly emotional, and the depiction of physical violence in the play marks it as a quintessential work of Germany'sRomanticSturm und Drangmovement.The Robbersis considered by critics likePeter Brooksto be the first Europeanmelodrama.The play pits two brothers against each other in alternating scenes, as one quests for money and power, while the other attempts to create revolutionary anarchy in theBohemian Forest.The play strongly criticises the hypocrisies of class and religion, and the economic inequities of German society; it also conducts a complicated inquiry into the nature of evil. Schiller was inspired by the playJulius of TarantobyJohann Anton Leisewitz.[10]
  • Fiesco(Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua):
  • Intrigue and Love(Kabale und Liebe): The aristocratic Ferdinand von Walter wishes to marry Luise Miller, the bourgeois daughter of the city's music instructor. Court politics involving the duke's beautiful but conniving mistress Lady Milford and Ferdinand's ruthless father create a disastrous situation reminiscent of Shakespeare'sRomeo and Juliet.Schiller develops his criticisms of absolutism and bourgeois hypocrisy in thisbourgeois tragedy.Act 2, scene 2 is an anti-Britishparodythat depicts a firing-squad massacre. Young Germans who refused to join theHessiansand British to quash theAmerican Revolutionary Warare fired upon.[32]
  • Don Carlos:This play marks Schiller's entrée into historical drama. Very loosely based on the events surrounding the realDon Carlosof Spain, Schiller's Don Carlos is another republican figure—he attempts to free Flanders from the despotic grip of his father, KingPhillip.The Marquis Posa's famous speech to the king proclaims Schiller's belief in personal freedom and democracy.
  • TheWallensteintrilogy:Consisting ofWallenstein's Camp,The Piccolomini,andWallenstein's Death,these plays tell the story of the last days and assassination of the treasonous commanderAlbrecht von Wallensteinduring theThirty Years' War.
  • Mary Stuart(Maria Stuart): This history of the Scottish queen, who was Elizabeth I's rival, portrays Mary Stuart as a tragic heroine, misunderstood and used by ruthless politicians, including and especially, Elizabeth.
    Monument inKaliningrad(formerlyKönigsberg), Russia
  • The Maid of Orleans(Die Jungfrau von Orleans): aboutJoan of Arc
  • The Bride of Messina(Die Braut von Messina)
  • William Tell(Wilhelm Tell)
  • Demetrius(unfinished)

Aesthetic Letters

[edit]
Main article:Play drive

A pivotal work by Schiller wasOn the Aesthetic Education of Man in a Series of Letters[33](Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen), first published 1794, which was inspired by the great disenchantment Schiller felt about theFrench Revolution,its degeneration into violence and the failure of successive governments to put its ideals into practice.[34]Schiller wrote that "a great moment has found a little people"; he wrote theLettersas a philosophical inquiry into what had gone wrong, and how to prevent such tragedies in the future. In theLettershe asserts that it is possible to elevate the moral character of a people, by first touching their souls with beauty, an idea that is also found in his poemDie Künstler(The Artists): "Only through Beauty's morning-gate, dost thou penetrate the land of knowledge."

On the philosophical side,Lettersput forth the notion ofder sinnliche Trieb / Sinnestrieb( "the sensuous drive" ) andFormtrieb( "the formal drive" ). In a comment toImmanuel Kant's philosophy, Schiller transcends the dualism betweenFormtriebandSinnestriebwith the notion ofSpieltrieb( "theplay drive"), derived from, as are a number of other terms, Kant'sCritique of the Faculty of Judgment.The conflict between man's material, sensuous nature and his capacity for reason (Formtriebbeing the drive to impose conceptual and moral order on the world), Schiller resolves with the happy union ofFormtriebandSinnestrieb,the "play drive", which for him is synonymous with artistic beauty, or "living form". On the basis ofSpieltrieb,Schiller sketches inLettersa futureideal state(aeutopia), where everyone will be content, and everything will be beautiful, thanks to the free play ofSpieltrieb.Schiller's focus on the dialectical interplay betweenFormtriebandSinnestriebhas inspired a wide range of succeeding aesthetic philosophical theory, including notablyJacques Rancière's conception of the "aesthetic regime of art", as well as social philosophy inHerbert Marcuse.In the second part of his important workEros and Civilization,Marcuse finds Schiller's notion ofSpieltriebuseful in thinking a social situation without the condition of modernsocial alienation.He writes, "Schiller'sLetters... aim at remaking of civilization by virtue of the liberating force of the aesthetic function: it is envisaged as containing the possibility of a new reality principle. "[35]

Freemasonry

[edit]

Some Freemasons speculate that Schiller was aFreemason,but this has not been proven.[36]In 1787, in his tenth letter aboutDon Carlos,Schiller wrote: "I am neitherIlluminatusnor Mason, but if the fraternization has a moral purpose in common with one another, and if this purpose for human society is the most important,... "[37]In a letter from 1829, two Freemasons fromRudolstadtcomplain about the dissolving of their LodgeGünther zum stehenden Löwenthat was honoured by the initiation of Schiller. According to Schiller's great-grandsonAlexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm,Schiller was brought to the lodge by Wilhelm Heinrich Karl von Gleichen-Rußwurm. No membership document has been found.[37]

Musical settings

[edit]

Ludwig van Beethovensaid that a great poem is more difficult to set to music than a merely good one because the composer must rise higher than the poet – "who can do that in the case of Schiller? In this respect Goethe is much easier," wrote Beethoven.[38]

There are relatively few famous musical settings of Schiller's poems. Notable exceptions are Beethoven's setting of "An die Freude" (Ode to Joy)[32]in the final movement of hisNinth Symphony,Johannes Brahms' choral setting of "Nänie",and"Des Mädchens Klage"byFranz Schubert,who set 44 of Schiller's poems[39]asLieder,mostly for voice and piano, also including "Die Bürgschaft".

Schiller on his deathbed – drawing by the portraitistFerdinand Jagemann,1805

The Italian composerGiuseppe Verdiadmired Schiller greatly and adapted several of his stage plays for his operas:

Donizetti'sMaria Stuardais based onMary Stuart;Rossini'sGuillaume Tellis an adaptation ofWilliam Tell.Nicola Vaccai'sGiovanna d'Arco(1827) is based onThe Maid of Orleans,and hisLa sposa di Messina(1839) onThe Bride of Messina.Bruch’sThe Lay of the Bellis also based on a poem by Schiller.[40][41]Elise Schmezer(1810–1856) used Schiller’s text for herLied“Das Geheimnis”.[42]Tchaikovsky's 1881 operaThe Maid of Orleansis partly based on Schiller's work. In 1923, German composerFrieda Schmitt-Lermannwrote the music for a theatre production (Das Lied von der Glocke)based on Schiller's text. German-Russian composerZinaida Petrovna Ziberovacreated a musical setting for Schiler'sWilliam Tellin 1935.[43]The 20th-century composerGiselher KlebeadaptedThe Robbersfor his first opera ofthe same name,which premiered in 1957.

Schiller's burial

[edit]

A poem written about the poet's burial:

Two dim and paltry torches that the raging storm
And rain at any moment threaten to put out.
A waving pall. A vulgar coffin made of pine
With not a wreath, not e'en the poorest, and no train –
As if a crime were swiftly carried to the grave!
The bearers hastened onward. One unknown alone,
Round whom a mantle waved of wide and noble fold,
Followed this coffin. 'Twas the Spirit of Mankind.

— Conrad Ferdinand Meyer[44]

Works

[edit]
French-occupied German stampdepicting Schiller
Monument on Schillerplatz in Vienna
Bronze-Plaque-Medal of Schiller's laureate head by the Austrian artistOtto Hofner

Plays

Histories

  • Geschichte des Abfalls der vereinigten Niederlande von der spanischen RegierungorThe Revolt of the Netherlands
  • Geschichte des dreißigjährigen KriegsorA History of the Thirty Years' War
  • Über Völkerwanderung, Kreuzzüge und MittelalterorOn the Barbarian Invasions, Crusaders and Middle Ages

Translations

Prose

  • Der GeisterseherorThe Ghost-Seer(unfinished novel) (started in 1786 and published periodically. Published as book in 1789)
  • Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen(On the Aesthetic Education of Man in a Series of Letters), 1795
  • Der Verbrecher aus verlorener Ehre(Dishonoured Irreclaimable), 1786

Poems

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Mike Poultontranslated this play in 2004.
  2. ^Wallensteinwas translated from a manuscript copy into English asThe PiccolominiandDeath of WallensteinbyColeridgein 1800.

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^Kerry, Paul E. (2007).Friedrich Schiller: Playwright, Poet, Philosopher, Historian.Peter Lang.ISBN9783039103072.Retrieved1 March2022.
  2. ^Simons, John D (1990)."Frederich Schiller".Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 94: German Writers in the Age of Goethe: Sturm und Drang to Classicism.ISBN978-0-8103-4574-4.
  3. ^Lahnstein 1984,p. 18.
  4. ^Lahnstein 1984,p. 20.
  5. ^Lahnstein 1984,pp. 20–21.
  6. ^Lahnstein 1984,p. 23.
  7. ^Lahnstein 1984,p. 24.
  8. ^Lahnstein 1984,p. 25.
  9. ^Lahnstein 1984,p. 27.
  10. ^ab"Johann Anton Leisewitz".Encyclopædia Britannica.5 May 2023.
  11. ^"Friedrich Schiller biography".Studiocleo.Retrieved6 November2013.
  12. ^abFriedrich Schiller,Encyclopædia Britannica,retrieved 1 May 2021
  13. ^"Schillers Familie",Schiller Birth House Museum,Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach(in German)
  14. ^Sharpe, Lesley (April 1999). "Female Illness and Male Heroism: The Works of Caroline von Wolzogen".German Life and Letters.52(2): 184–196.doi:10.1111/1468-0483.00129.PMID20677404.
  15. ^"Schädel in Schillers Sarg wurde ausgetauscht" (Skull in Schiller's coffin has been exchanged),Der Spiegel,3 May 2008.
    "Schädel in Weimar gehört nicht Schiller" (Skull in Weimar does not belong to Schiller),Die Welt,3 May 2008.
  16. ^"Death Mask".Sammlungen.hu-berlin.de.Retrieved6 November2013.
  17. ^"New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Website".Retrieved7 April2020.
  18. ^"Schiller Park".German Village Society.10 March 2024.
  19. ^German Democratic Republic, 10 Mark der DDR 1964,Banknote.ws
  20. ^"20 Mark, German Democratic Republic".en.numista.Retrieved6 July2023.
  21. ^"5 Reichsmark, Germany".en.numista.Retrieved6 July2023.
  22. ^Merck, Nikolaus (20 September 2008)."King of Drama gekürt"[King of Drama chosen].nachtkritik.de(in German).Retrieved22 August2024.
  23. ^"Friedrich von Schiller's 260th Birthday".Google.10 November 2019.
  24. ^Josephson-Storm 2017,pp. 82–83.
  25. ^Josephson-Storm 2017,p. 81.
  26. ^Martin, Nicholas (2006).Schiller: A Birmingham Symposium.Rodopi. p. 257.
  27. ^Gray, John(1995).Liberalism.University of Minnesota Press. p. 33.
  28. ^Sharpe, Lesley (1991).Friedrich Schiller: Drama, Thought and Politics.Cambridge University Press. p. 2.
  29. ^Bell, Duncan(2010).Ethics and World Politics.Oxford University Press. p. 147.ISBN978-0-19-954862-0.
  30. ^Cavallar, Georg (2011).Imperfect Cosmopolis: Studies in the history of international legal theory and cosmopolitan ideas.University of Wales Press. p. 41.
  31. ^Sharpe, Lesley (1995).Schiller's Aesthetic Essays: Two Centuries of Criticism.Camden House. p. 58.
  32. ^abcdThe Autobiography of Col. John Trumbull,Sizer 1953 ed., p. 184, n. 13
  33. ^"Letters Upon The Aesthetic Education of Man",Fordham University
  34. ^Schiller,On the Aesthetic Education of Man,ed. Elizabeth M. Wilkinson andL. A. Willoughby,1967
  35. ^Marcuse, Herbert.Eros and Civilization.Beacon Press. 1966
  36. ^"Friedrich von Schiller".Freemasonry.bcy.ca.Retrieved6 November2013.
  37. ^abEugen Lennhoff, Oskar Posner, Dieter A. Binder:Internationales Freimaurer Lexikon.Herbig Publishing, 2006,ISBN978-3-7766-2478-6[page needed]
  38. ^"Beethoven: the man and the artist, as revealed by his own words, Project Gutenberg".Retrieved20 November2011.
  39. ^"Fifty Songs by Franz Schubert"by Henry T. Finck. Published in 1904 by Oliver Ditson Company
  40. ^Schwartz, Steve."Das Lied von der Glocke".classical.net.Classical Net.Retrieved8 December2022.
  41. ^Eggerking, Wolfgang.""Das Lied von der Glocke" op.45 ".repertoire-explorer.musikmph.de.Musikproduktion Hoeflich.Retrieved8 December2022.
  42. ^"Elise Schmezer Song Texts | LiederNet".lieder.net.Retrieved4 March2023.
  43. ^Cohen, Aaron I. (1987).International encyclopedia of women composers(Second edition, revised and enlarged ed.). New York: Books & Music.ISBN0-9617485-2-4.OCLC16714846.
  44. ^Munsterberg, Margarete (1916).A Harvest of German Verse.New York and London: D. Appleton and Company. p.242.

Sources

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]

Biographical

  • Carlyle, Thomas(1825).The Life of Friedrich Schiller, Comprehending an Examination of His Works.The Works of Thomas Carlyle in Thirty Volumes. Vol. XXV. New York:Charles Scribner's Sons(published 1904).

Editions

  • Historical-critical edition byK. Goedeke(17 volumes, Stuttgart, 1867–76)
  • Säkular-Ausgabeedition by Von der Hellen (16 volumes, Stuttgart, 1904–05)
  • historical-critical edition by Günther and Witkowski (20 volumes, Leipzig, 1909–10).

Other valuable editions are:

  • the Hempel edition (1868–74)
  • the Boxberger edition, inKürschners National-Literatur(12 volumes, Berlin, 1882–91)
  • the edition by Kutscher and Zisseler (15 parts, Berlin, 1908)
  • theHorenausgabe(16 volumes, Munich, 1910, et. seq.)
  • the edition of theTempel Klassiker(13 volumes, Leipzig, 1910–11)
  • Helios Klassiker(6 volumes, Leipzig, 1911).

Translations of Schiller's works

Documents and other memorials of Schiller are in theGoethe and Schiller Archive[de]in Weimar.

[edit]
GermanWikisourcehas original text related to this article:
Wikisourcehas original works by or about:
Friedrich Schiller
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Schiller&oldid=1248639599"