Front-side bus
Thefront-side bus(FSB) is a computer communication interface (bus) that was often used inIntel-chip-based computers during the 1990s and 2000s. The EV6 bus served the same function for competing AMD CPUs. Both typically carry data between thecentral processing unit(CPU) and a memory controller hub, known as thenorthbridge.[1]
Depending on the implementation, some computers may also have aback-side busthat connects the CPU to thecache.This bus and the cache connected to it are faster than accessing the system memory (or RAM) via the front-side bus. The speed of the front side bus is often used as an important measure of the performance of a computer.
The original front-side bus architecture has been replaced byHyperTransport,Intel QuickPath Interconnect,Direct Media Interfaceand nowadays byIntel Ultra Path Interconnectin modern Intel CPUs for personal computers.
History[edit]
The term came into use by Intel Corporation about the time thePentium ProandPentium IIproducts were announced, in the 1990s.
"Front side" refers to the external interface from the processor to the rest of the computer system, as opposed to the back side, where theback-side busconnects the cache (and potentially other CPUs).[2]
A front-side bus (FSB) is mostly used on PC-relatedmotherboards(including personal computers and servers). They are seldom used inembedded systemsor similar small computers. The FSB design was a performance improvement over the singlesystem busdesigns of the previous decades, but these front-side buses are sometimes referred to as the "system bus".
Front-side buses usually connect the CPU and the rest of the hardware via achipset,which Intel implemented as anorthbridgeand asouthbridge.Other buses like thePeripheral Component Interconnect(PCI),Accelerated Graphics Port(AGP), and memory buses all connect to the chipset in order for data to flow between the connected devices. These secondary system buses usually run at speeds derived from the front-side bus clock, but are not necessarilysynchronizedto it.
In response toAMD'sTorrenzainitiative, Intel opened its FSB CPU socket to third party devices.[3] Prior to this announcement, made in Spring 2007 atIntel Developer Forumin Beijing, Intel had very closely guarded who had access to the FSB, only allowing Intel processors in the CPU socket. The first example wasfield-programmable gate array(FPGA) co-processors, a result of collaboration between Intel-Xilinx-Nallatech[4]and Intel-Altera-XtremeData (which shipped in 2008).[5][6][7]
Related component speeds[edit]
CPU[edit]
Thefrequencyat which a processor (CPU) operates is determined by applying a clock multiplier to the front-side bus (FSB) speed in some cases. For example, a processor running at 3200MHzmight be using a 400 MHz FSB. This means there is an internalclock multipliersetting (also called bus/core ratio) of 8. That is, the CPU is set to run at 8 times the frequency of the front-side bus: 400 MHz × 8 = 3200 MHz. Different CPU speeds are achieved by varying either the FSB frequency or the CPU multiplier, this is referred to asoverclockingorunderclocking.
Memory[edit]
Setting an FSB speed is related directly to the speed grade of memory a system must use. The memory bus connects the northbridge and RAM, just as the front-side bus connects the CPU and northbridge. Often, these two buses must operate at the same frequency. Increasing the front-side bus to 450 MHz in most cases also means running the memory at 450 MHz.
In newer systems, it is possible to see memory ratios of "4:5" and the like. The memory will run 5/4 times as fast as the FSB in this situation, meaning a 400 MHz bus can run with the memory at 500 MHz. This is often referred to as an 'asynchronous' system. Due to differences in CPU and system architecture, overall system performance can vary in unexpected ways with different FSB-to-memory ratios.
In image, audio, video, gaming,FPGAsynthesis and scientific applications that perform a small amount of work on each element of a largedata set,FSB speed becomes a major performance issue. A slow FSB will cause the CPU to spend significant amounts of time waiting for data to arrive fromsystem memory.However, if the computations involving each element are more complex, the processor will spend longer performing these; therefore, the FSB will be able to keep pace because the rate at which the memory is accessed is reduced.
Peripheral buses[edit]
Similar to the memory bus, the PCI and AGP buses can also be run asynchronously from the front-side bus. In older systems, these buses are operated at a set fraction of the front-side bus frequency. This fraction was set by theBIOS.In newer systems, the PCI, AGP, andPCI Expressperipheral buses often receive their ownclock signals,which eliminates their dependence on the front-side bus for timing.
Overclocking[edit]
Overclockingis the practice of making computer components operate beyond their stock performance levels by manipulating the frequencies at which the component is set to run, and, when necessary, modifying the voltage sent to the component to allow it to operate at these higher frequencies with more stability.
Many motherboards allow the user to manually set the clock multiplier and FSB settings by changingjumpersor BIOS settings. Almost all CPU manufacturers now "lock" a preset multiplier setting into the chip. It is possible to unlock some locked CPUs; for instance, some AMDAthlonprocessors can be unlocked by connectingelectrical contactsacross points on the CPU's surface. Some other processors from AMD and Intel are unlocked from the factory and labeled as an "enthusiast-grade" processors by end users and retailers because of this feature. For all processors, increasing the FSB speed can be done to boost processing speed by reducinglatencybetween CPU and the northbridge.
This practice pushes components beyond their specifications and may cause erratic behavior, overheating or premature failure. Even if the computer appears to run normally, problems may appear under a heavy load. MostPCspurchased from retailers or manufacturers, such asHewlett-PackardorDell,do not allow the user to change the multiplier or FSB settings due to the probability of erratic behavior or failure. Motherboards purchased separately to build a custom machine are more likely to allow the user to edit the multiplier and FSB settings in the PC's BIOS.
Evolution[edit]
The front-side bus had the advantage of high flexibility and low cost when it was first designed. Simplesymmetric multiprocessorsplace a number of CPUs on a shared FSB, though performance could not scale linearly due to bandwidthbottlenecks.
The front-side bus was used in allIntel Atom,Celeron,Pentium,Core 2,andXeonprocessor models through about 2008. Originally, this bus was a central connecting point for all system devices and the CPU.
The potential of a faster CPU is wasted if it cannot fetch instructions and data as quickly as it can execute them. The CPU may spend significant time idle while waiting to read or write data in main memory, and high-performance processors therefore require high bandwidth and low latency access to memory. The front-side bus was criticized byAMDas being an old and slow technology that limits system performance.[8]
More modern designs use point-to-point and serial connections like AMD'sHyperTransportand Intel'sDMI 2.0orQuickPath Interconnect(QPI). These implementations remove the traditionalnorthbridgein favor of a direct link from the CPU to thePlatform Controller Hub,southbridgeor I/O controller.[9]
In a traditional architecture, the front-side bus served as the immediate data link between the CPU and all other devices in the system, including main memory. In HyperTransport- and QPI-based systems, system memory is accessed independently by means of amemory controllerintegrated into the CPU, leaving the bandwidth on the HyperTransport or QPI link for other uses. This increases the complexity of the CPU design but offers greater throughput as well as superior scaling in multiprocessor systems.
Transfer rates[edit]
Thebandwidthor maximum theoretical throughput of the front-side bus is determined by the product of the width of its data path, itsclock frequency(cycles per second) and the number of data transfers it performs per clock cycle. For example, a 64-bit(8-byte) wide FSB operating at a frequency of 100 MHz that performs 4 transfers per cycle has a bandwidth of 3200megabytes per second(MB/s):
- 8 bytes/transfer × 100 MHz × 4 transfers/cycle = 3200 MB/s
The number of transfers perclock cycledepends on the technology used. For example,GTL+performs 1 transfer/cycle,EV62 transfers/cycle, andAGTL+4 transfers/cycle. Intel calls the technique of four transfers per cycleQuad Pumping.
Many manufacturers publish the frequency of the front-side bus in MHz, but marketing materials often list the theoretical effective signaling rate (which is commonly calledmegatransfersper second or MT/s). For example, if a motherboard (or processor) has its bus set at 200 MHz and performs 4 transfers per clock cycle, the FSB is rated at 800 MT/s.
The specifications of several generations of popular processors are indicated below.
Intel processors[edit]
| CPU | FSB Frequency (MHz) | Transfers/Cycle | Bus Width | Transfer Rate (MB/sec) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pentium | 50 - 66 | 1 | 64-bit | 400 - 528 |
| Pentium Overdrive | 25 - 66 | 1 | 32 or 64-bit | 200 - 528 |
| Pentium Pro | 60 / 66 | 1 | 64-bit | 480 - 528 |
| Pentium MMX | 60 / 66 | 1 | 64-bit | 480 - 528 |
| Pentium MMX Overdrive | 50 / 60 / 66 | 1 | 64-bit | 400 - 528 |
| Pentium II | 66 / 100 | 1 | 64-bit | 528 / 800 |
| Pentium II Xeon | 100 | 1 | 64-bit | 800 |
| Pentium II Overdrive | 60 / 66 | 1 | 64-bit | 480 - 528 |
| Pentium III | 100 / 133 | 1 | 64-bit | 800 / 1064 |
| Pentium III Xeon | 100 / 133 | 1 | 64-bit | 800 / 1064 |
| Pentium III-M | 100 / 133 | 1 | 64-bit | 800 / 1064 |
| Pentium 4 | 100 / 133 | 4 | 64-bit | 3200 - 4256 |
| Pentium 4-M | 100 | 4 | 64-bit | 3200 |
| Pentium 4 HT | 133 / 200 | 4 | 64-bit | 4256 / 6400 |
| Pentium 4 HT Extreme Edition | 200 / 266 | 4 | 64-bit | 6400 / 8512 |
| Pentium D | 133 / 200 | 4 | 64-bit | 4256 - 6400 |
| Pentium Extreme Edition | 200 / 266 | 4 | 64-bit | 6400 / 8512 |
| Pentium M | 100 / 133 | 4 | 64-bit | 3200 / 4256 |
| Pentium Dual-Core | 200 / 266 | 4 | 64-bit | 6400 / 8512 |
| Pentium Dual-Core Mobile | 133 - 200 | 4 | 64-bit | 6400 - 8512 |
| Celeron | 66 - 200 | 1-4 | 64-bit | 528 - 6400 |
| Celeron Mobile | 133 - 200 | 1-4 | 64-bit | 4256 - 6400 |
| Celeron D | 133 | 4 | 64-bit | 4256 |
| Celeron M | 66 - 200 | 1-4 | 64-bit | 528 - 6400 |
| Celeron Dual-Core | 200 | 4 | 64-bit | 6400 |
| Celeron Dual-Core Mobile | 133 - 200 | 4 | 64-bit | 4256 - 6400 |
| Itanium | 133 | 2 | 64-bit | 2133 |
| Itanium 2 | 200 - 333 | 2 | 128-bit | 6400 - 10666 |
| Xeon | 100 - 400 | 4 | 64-bit | 3200 - 12800 |
| Core Solo | 133 / 166 | 4 | 64-bit | 4256 / 5312 |
| Core Duo | 133 / 166 | 4 | 64-bit | 4256 / 5312 |
| Core 2 Solo | 133 - 200 | 4 | 64-bit | 4256 - 6400 |
| Core 2 Duo | 200 - 333 | 4 | 64-bit | 6400 - 10656 |
| Core 2 Duo Mobile | 133 - 266 | 4 | 64-bit | 4256 - 8512 |
| Core 2 Quad | 266 / 333 | 4 | 64-bit | 8512 / 10656 |
| Core 2 Quad Mobile | 266 | 4 | 64-bit | 8512 |
| Core 2 Extreme | 266 - 400 | 4 | 64-bit | 8512 - 12800 |
| Core 2 Extreme Mobile | 200 / 266 | 4 | 64-bit | 6400 / 8512 |
| Atom | 100 - 166 | 4 | 64-bit | 3200 - 5312 |
AMD processors[edit]
| CPU | FSB Frequency (MHz) | Transfers/Cycle | Bus Width | Transfer Rate (MB/sec) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| K5 | 50 - 66 | 1 | 64-bit | 400 - 528 |
| K6 | 66 | 1 | 64-bit | 528 |
| K6-II | 66 - 100 | 1 | 64-bit | 528 - 800 |
| K6-III | 66 / 100 | 1 | 64-bit | 528 - 800 |
| Athlon | 100 / 133 | 2 | 64-bit | 1600 - 2128 |
| Athlon XP | 100 / 133 / 166 / 200 | 2 | 64-bit | 1600 - 3200 |
| Athlon MP | 100 / 133 | 2 | 64-bit | 1600 - 2128 |
| Mobile Athlon 4 | 100 | 2 | 64-bit | 1600 |
| Athlon XP-M | 100 / 133 | 2 | 64-bit | 1600 - 2128 |
| Duron | 100 / 133 | 2 | 64-bit | 1600 - 2128 |
| Sempron | 166 / 200 | 2 | 64-bit | 2656 - 3200 |
References[edit]
- ^Scott Mueller (2003).Upgrading and repairing PCs(15th ed.). Que Publishing. p.314.ISBN978-0-7897-2974-3.
- ^Todd Langley and Rob Kowalczyk (January 2009)."Introduction to Intel Architecture: The Basics"(PDF)."White paper".Intel Corporation. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on June 7, 2011.RetrievedMay 28,2011.
- ^Charlie Demer gian (April 17, 2007)."Intel opens up its front side bus to the world+dog: IDF Spring 007 Xilinx heralds the bombshell".The Inquirer.Archived from the original on October 7, 2012.RetrievedMay 28,2011.
{{cite news}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^"Nallatech Launches Early Access Program for the Industry's First FSB-FPGA Module".Business Wire news release.Nallatech. September 18, 2007.RetrievedJune 14,2011.
- ^"XtremeData Offers Stratix III FPGA-Based Intel FSB Module".Business Wire news release.Chip Design magazine. September 18, 2007. Archived fromthe originalon July 23, 2011.RetrievedJune 14,2011.
- ^Ashlee Vance(April 17, 2007)."High fiber diet gives Intel 'regularity' needed to beat AMD".The Register.RetrievedMay 28,2011.
- ^"XtremeData Begins Shipping 1066 MHz Altera Stratix III FPGA-Based Intel FSB Module".Business Wire news release.XtremeData. June 17, 2008.RetrievedJune 14,2011.
- ^Allan McNaughton (September 29, 2003)."AMD HyperTransport Bus: Transport Your Application to Hyper Performance".AMD. Archived fromthe originalon March 25, 2012.RetrievedJune 14,2011.
- ^"An Introduction to the Intel QuickPath Interconnect"(PDF).Intel Corporation. January 30, 2009.RetrievedJune 14,2011.
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