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Front Line Assembly
Rhys Fulber (left) and Bill Leeb
Rhys Fulber (left) and Bill Leeb
Background information
OriginVancouver, British Columbia,Canada
Genres
Years active1986(1986)–present
Labels
Spinoffs
MembersBill Leeb
Rhys Fulber
Past membersMichael Balch
Chris Peterson
Jeremy Inkel
Jared Slingerland
Websitewww.frontlineassembly

Front Line Assembly(FLA) is a Canadianelectro-industrialband formed byBill Leebin1986after leavingSkinny Puppy.FLA has developed its own sound incorporating elements ofelectronic body musicandelectro-industrial.The band's membership has rotated through the years, including Michael Balch,Rhys Fulber,andChris Peterson,all of whom are associated with several other acts.

Since their inception, the group have produced over a dozen studio albums and EPs, several of which have charted onBillboard's Top Dance/Electronic Album chart. The albumsTactical Neural ImplantandHard Wiredare two of the group's most successful records, the former being considered a classic among industrial music fans. They have also produced soundtracks for video games such asQuake III: Team Arena(a collaboration withSonic Mayhem) andAirMech.

Over the years, the band's name has sometimes been published as "Front Line Assembly", and sometimes as "Frontline Assembly". The former spelling is the most common, and the band's members have stated that the version with three separate words is preferred.[1]

History

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Formation (1985–1986)

[edit]

Between 1985 and 1986, Bill Leeb performed withSkinny Puppyunder the name Wilhelm Schroeder, a combination of his first name and the name of thePeanuts characterand was meant as a joke.[2]Leeb had no musical training, and learned to play synthesizer while contributingbass synthand backing vocals for the band.[3][4]He also supported their 1985 tour.[5]Not prepared for another tour, Leeb left Skinny Puppy in early 1986.[3]

Having developed some instrumental skills and music industry experience,[6]and wanting to do more vocal work,[7]Leeb decided to take the risk of starting his own project.[4][8]Leeb decided to call the project Front Line Assembly to reflect his belief that strength lies in working together.[7]

Leeb started by producing a demo tape,Nerve War,which was distributed on a limited basis. Contacts in the music scene he had gathered while with Skinny Puppy led to contract offers from the first two labels that Leeb later approached with cassettes.[8]

Around this time, Leeb and Rhys Fulber became friends when they discovered they both had a similar interest in underground music. As an unofficial member at this time, Fulber partnered with Leeb during the production ofTotal Terrorand was credited for the song "Black Fluid" on the demo. Both demo releases were limited to 100 and mostly distributed amongst friends.[5]

Early releases and Michael Balch (1987–1989)

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The band members were influenced by early electronic andindustrialacts from Europe such asKraftwerk,Cabaret Voltaire,Portion Control,D.A.F.,Test Dept,SPK,andSevered Heads,[7][9]but mainly by the electronic body music style ofFront 242.[10]

The first appearance of Front Line Assembly was the track "Aggression",[11]which was included on the compilationFor Your Ears Only,released in 1987 byBritishindependent record labelThird Mind[12]showcasing the label's repertoire at the time. The track would be re-released the following year on theDisorderEP. Although the contact to Third Mind would later develop into a long-standing collaboration, the band debuted its first albumThe Initial Commandwith credited assistance by Fulber and Michael Balch onBelgianindependent record labelKK at the end of 1987. The album had been produced on a tight budget which would determine whether or not cuts would be done with an eight track system or split into two four track cuts.[13] With the next albumState of Mind,released in January 1988, the band switched toGermanindependent label Dossier.[14]They changed labels as Leeb did not want to be bound to one label,[8]so the releases were issued only on European labels.[5]

In 1988, Balch became an official band member[5]and began writing songs alongside Leeb for the next few albums. Balch mostly contributed by providing keyboards and programming.[6]This partnership produced the releasesCorrosionandDisorder.A planned release on theCanadianlabelNettwerkfell through,[13]and the two finished masters were issued instead by Third Mind in 1988.[15]After the releases in 1988, Third Mind signed Front Line Assembly to a three album deal.[16]Through LevermoreCorrosionwas licensed toWax Trax!.Both records were re-released together with three more unreleased tracks on thecompilationsConvergencelater that year andCorroded Disorderin 1995.

Adhering to Third Mind for Europe and Wax Trax! for North America resulted in better availability of the albums in both places,[5]and the signing with Third Mind attracted the attention of established music magazines, includingMelody Maker[17][18][19][20]orNME[21]as well as the underground magazineMusic From the Empty Quarter.[22]

Front Line Assembly produced their next albumGashed Senses & Crossfirein 1989. This album introduced their first singleDigital Tension Dementiawhich became their first chart success and peaked at position 45 of theBillboardHot Dance Club Songschart.[23]In support of their latest release, the band, together with Fulber as live metal percussionist, headed out to Europe and North America for their first tour. However, during the show in London in July 1989 their first live albumLivewas recorded under unfavourable circumstances. Presumably not well attended, the audience's reactions at the show had to be reworked.[24]For Balch it was also the last Front Line Assembly tour because he parted ways to joinMinistryandRevolting Cocks.[6][12]

Rhys Fulber and growing popularity (1990–1999)

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Filling the void left by Balch's departure, Fulber officially joined.[6][25]The two musicians had similar tastes, both being enthusiastic about electronic music.[26]The duo recorded their next album,Caustic Grip,in the first half of 1990. Accompanied by the release of two singles in 1990, "Iceolate" and "Provision", the album raised Front Line Assembly's profile in the industrial music scene and in the media considerably.[8][12]Melody Makerelected both album singlesSingle of the week[24]while the promotional video for "Iceolate"[27]received some airplay onMTV.

OnCaustic Gripthe band started working withGreg Reelywhich would evolve into a long-term partnership.[12]The tour in support of the album started in January 1991 in the United States[28]to be followed by a European leg in February which was accompanied by the release of stand-alone singleVirusthe same month.[12]Chris Peterson, who would later become a full-time member of Front Line Assembly, gave his debut for the band on this tour, completing the live line-up as percussionist.

Rhys Fulber performing with Front Line Assembly at the 2016 E-Tropolis Festival
Rhys Fulber performing with Front Line Assembly in 2016

In1992,Front Line Assembly reached a turning point in the band's musical style with the albumTactical Neural Implant.The media, includingMelody Maker,[29]Siren Magazine[30]and fanzine Industrial Strength[31]all commented particularly on the more melodious approach featured on the album and noted the use of multi-layered sounds which would become a trademark of the band. Asked about this composing style byIndustrial Nation,Leeb explained that the band continually experimented with new ways to use technology to make each recording different, and had focused on clarity and sustain in their instrumentation and structure in their songs.[32][33]

The video for the first single off the album, "Mindphaser", was awarded "Best Alternative Video" at Much Music's 1992 Canadian Music Video Awards.[34]In August 1992, Front Line Assembly embarked on a tour that covered Northern America and Europe.[35]The album continues to be played inindustrialandelectronic musicdance clubsand is considered a classic among listeners and musicians of industrial music.[36][37]

The next albumMillennium(1994)[14]featured a combination ofmetalguitars, electronic music, and media sampling (much of which was taken from theMichael DouglasfilmFalling Down) which had become one of the characteristics ofindustrial rockandindustrial metalduring the 1990s.Hard Wired(1995)[14]and theworld tourfollowing the release was FLA's most successful commercial and critical period. Leeb has stated he was influenced to pursue this style of music after listening toPantera's"Walk",which he later incorporated into the single"Surface Patterns".[38]

In September 1996 the band made a live performance in Vancouver for theMuchMusic Video Awardswhich was broadcast via satellite.[39]

In 1997, Fulber left the band to concentrate on producingFear Factorywith other bands.Chris Peterson,who had already supported the band's live shows, replaced Fulber. Soon after Fulber's departure, the album[FLA]vour of the Weakwas released. Yet again, the album was stylistically divergent from previous releases. The metal influences found inMillenniumgave way to a moreelectronicasound within the new release.

Front Line Assembly returned somewhat to their former sound with the albumImplode(1999). Front Line Assembly composed the soundtrack for the video game,Quake III Team Arena.In October 1999, it was made public that the band had left their label Metropolis.[40]

Success in the new millennium (2000–2011)

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The band followed upImplodewith the 2001 albumEpitaph.This was the final album worked on by Peterson before departing in 2002.[41]The album was a critical success[42]and spawned the single "Everything Must Perish".[43]The album also marked the band's return to Metropolis records.[44]

Jeremy Inkel (left) and Bill Leeb (right) performing live at Magic Stick in Detroit in 2007 as Front Line Assembly
Bill Leeb and Jeremy Inkel performing in 2007

Fulber rejoined the band in2003.The reunited duo released the single "Maniacal"in October of that year. The single peaked at No. 15 onBillboard'sHot Dance Singles.[45]The next year, they released the studio albumCivilization,which landed the No. 2 position on the German Alternative Albums chart.[46]Peterson later rejoined the band to releaseArtificial Soldierin 2006. It was the first album to feature new membersJeremy InkelandJared Slingerland.[47]The album peaked onBillboard'sTop Dance/Electronic Albumschart at No. 19.[48]After a problem with the tour bus company, the US tour that year was cut short, and the band returned home toVancouverafter playing roughly half of their scheduled dates; performances inNew YorkandCanadawere cancelled. The band toured inEuropein August2006,playing in 18 cities.

In April 2007, Front Line Assembly released a remix album titledFallout.The album was released in a 4-paneldigipakand featured three previously unreleased tracks ( "Electric Dreams," "Unconscious," and "Armageddon" ) and nineremixesby several otherIndustrialacts and names.[49]After the release of theremixalbum, the band went out to tourNorth AmericaandEurope.

In 2010, Front Line Assembly released two new singles, "Shifting Through the Lens"and" Angriff ", and an album,Improvised Electronic Device;I.E.D.saw the band embrace a heavier, more guitar-driven sound, much likeMillenium.[50]The album reached No. 23 onBillboard's Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart[48]and was supported by a series of tours throughout North America and Europe.[51]Peterson once more left the band, starting a T-shirt company with his brother.[52]The band completed the line-up with live drummer Jason Bazinet.[53]

Back to electronic roots and new influences (2012–2018)

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Having integrated guitars into their sound since the late 1980s, either sampled or as live guitars, FLA returned in 2012 to making exclusively electronic music. This change was heard on the soundtrack albumAirMechfor the video game of the same name at the end of 2012.[54]Comprising only instrumental tracks,AirMechlaid some grounds for 2013 full-length albumEchogenetic[55]Echogeneticwas widely praised by critics, who also noted thedubstepinfluences on the record, and hit the charts in the United States[56]and in Germany. Entering the official German charts was a first in the band's history. On the occasion of the release ofEchogeneticFront Line Assembly announced a remix album[57]which was released in May 2014 under the moniker ofEchoes.[58]

Bill Leeb and Jeremy Inkel performing with Front Line Assembly in 2016.
Bill Leeb (right) and Jeremy Inkel performing in 2016

Shortly after the release ofEchogeneticthe band started promoting the album with an extensive tour schedule in Europe and North America. In August 2013, Front Line Assembly covered dates in Russia, Germany, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and the UK. They continued their tour in Europe in June 2014, playing shows in Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Germany, Sweden, Finland and France, this time also in support ofEchoes.[59]Former member Fulber joined the band for their last European leg in October and November 2014 in Poland and Germany, where they performed with a philharmonic orchestra in Leipzig, a first for the band.[60]

The same month Front Line Assembly returned from Europe, they were asked on short notice to join Leeb's former band Skinny Puppy on theirEye vs SpyNorth American tour as supporting band afterVNV Nation,previously booked for the slot, had opted out.[61]On some dates, Fulber joined them. At the Vancouver show Leeb performed with Skinny Puppy on their encore songAssimilate.[62]

Resuming tour activities, the band gave a number of concerts in September and November 2015. They started off with a show in Vancouver[63]and went on to headline the second day of the Cold Waves industrial festival in Chicago.[64]The accompanying festival CD, released in October, featured an exclusive remix ofNext Warfrom Slighter.[65]In November the band followed up with their first show inMexico City,supported byMexicanelectro-industrial bandHocico,and a gig inGuadalajaraboth of which were also supported by Canadian electro-industrial groupDecoded Feedback.[66]

October 2014 saw the return of former long-time band member Rhys Fulber, joining Front Line Assembly on their European tour.[67]In late October 2016, the band announced that a new album was in the making, including contributions by Rhys Fulber,[68]In March 2017 an announcement followed that the successor of sound track albumAirMechwas ready for release.[69]The band supported industrial rock bandRevolting Cockson their North American tour the same year.[70]

Keyboardist Jeremy Inkel died January 23, 2018, due to complications resulting from an asthma condition, at the age of 34.[71]

Leeb and Fulber continue as duo (2018–present)

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In March 2018 the band announced a joint European tour with German electro-industrial bandDie Kruppsunder the moniker of "The Machinists United Tour 2018".[72]The tour will be preceded by the release of the soundtrack albumWarMech,successor of 2015'sAirMech,in June. Also, the band completed work on their 17th studio album,Wake Up the Coma,which was released in February 2019.[73]

In October 2020, the band announced a brand new album, calledMechanical Soulis due out on January 15, 2021. It will reportedly feature guest appearances fromJean-Luc De MeyerofFront 242andDino CazaresofFear Factory.[74]

The band were set to perform as a part of the industrial strength tour, alongside bandsMinistryandHelmet,scheduled for late 2021.[75]KMFDMwere originally planned to be a part of the tour, but were later replaced with Helmet. The 25-date tour was originally slated for July 2020, but was pushed to March 2021 due toCOVID-19.This was pushed back again to October 2021, because of the ongoing uncertainty with the development of thepandemic.[76]However, in September 2021, Ministry announced that they were once again postponing the industrial strength tour due to safety concerns related to the pandemic, this time with theMelvinsandCorrosion of Conformityas support.[77]In response to this, Front Line Assembly released a statement via social media, alleging that Ministry had never explained why they were dropping them from the tour or given them forewarning of this, and expressing disappointment with the way that the situation was handled. The band proceeded to announce a headlining US tour for Spring 2022 and a second European co-headline tour with Die Krupps scheduled for August 2022.[78][79]

Coinciding with "The Machinists Reunited Tour" in August 2022,Cleopatraissued a remastered collection of Front Line Assembly's early works.[80]"Permanent Data 1986-1989" comprises the demo compilationsTotal Terror IandTotal Terror II,the regular releasesState of Mind,CorrosionandDisorderas well as the band'sfirst live album.At the same time, Cleopatra re-released the band's remastered first demoNerve War.

Musical style

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The band has explored many music genres across their releases, including: Industrial,industrial rock,industrial metal, electronic body music and electro-industrial.[10][81]

Development

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Although being established as a largelyindustrialproject, the band is known to take liberty in adapting their sound across many of their releases over the years. The band's early catalogue has been largely described as electronic body music, industrial and electro-industrial fromTotal TerrortoGashed Senses and Crossfire.Rhys Fulber has featured as a prominent collaborator with Leeb across many FLA releases, as both found they have a shared interest in electronic music. Fulber officially replaced longtime member Michael Balch onCaustic Grip,who was busy with other projects at the time. Fulber has since worked on and off with the band across several releases, he rejoined as a member in 2014.

Caustic Grip(1990) marked a shift toindustrial rockon the single "Provision", featuring guitar work that would later be featured much more extensively on the next several albums. The opening track (Resist) also features guitar, which is uncredited and is possibly a sample.Tactical Neural Implantreleased soon after in 1992 and marked a major change in the band's sound, exploring more melodic and electronic styles throughout the album. The album was the first to feature widespread use of multiple film and instrumental samples, another element to be expanded on later. The release is considered one of the band's very best by fans and critics alike.[82]

Millennium(1994) then followed and became the band's first industrial metal record, containing several guitar samples from prominentmetalbands such asPantera( "Walk") alongside thesessionguitar work ofDevin Townsend,who also appears on the follow-upHard Wired(1995). The inclusion of guitars has since become common on recent FLA albums, such asImprovised Electronic Device(2010), though not a permanent change.

[FLA]vour of the Weak(1997) is similar toTactical Neural Implant,though it has significant electronica and big beat influences and is possibly the band's most melodic and musically varied album in their entire catalogue. The album largely eschews previously used guitars and samples, featuring a more stripped-down sound.Flavour'and the next two releases,Implode(1999) andEpitaph(2001), featured Chris Peterson as a collaborator (including future albums) before the return of Fulber onCivilization(2004).Echogenetic(2013) saw the band incorporatedubstepinto their music, which was popular at the time.

The band released asoundtrack albumtitledAirMechin 2012, followed byWarMechin 2018. The albums feature a continuation of the electronica style of the band's later material. The first is the eponymous soundtrack of the game and the latter is for the game's sequel, titledAirMech Wastelands.

Members

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Current members

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Former members

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  • Michael Balch – keyboards, programming, percussion(1987–1990)
  • Chris Peterson– keyboards, programming, percussion(1990–1992, 1996–2001, 2002, 2005–2009)
  • Adrian White– drums, guitars(1995–1996, 2000–2006; live member)
  • Jed Simon– guitars, percussion(1995–1999; live member)
  • Jeremy Inkel– keyboards, programming, percussion(2005–2018); died 2018
  • Jared Slingerland–guitars,keyboards, programming, percussion(2005–2016)
  • Tim Skold– guitars(2022; live member)

Member timeline

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Discography

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Main article:Front Line Assembly discography

Studio albums

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This listing only lists regular full-length studio albums.

Tours

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Side projects and associated acts

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In the course ofFront Line Assembly's history, current and former band members have engaged in a multitude of musical activities besidesFront Line Assembly.

Active bands

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  • Conjure Oneis Rhys Fulber's project he started after leaving Front Line Assembly in 1997, venturing deeper intoambientandworldbeat.Fulber released the first album under this moniker in 2002 and has since hit the charts several times.
  • Deleriumstarted off as a side project in 1987. While Bill Leeb is the only constant member and band leader, collaborators include current and former Front Line Assembly personnel. The project is stylistically diverse ranging fromtrance,world musicandambientto electronicpop music,features a number of female guest singers and had several chart entries and number one hits.[83]
  • Fear Factoryis an American industrial metal band with a long-standing working relationship with Fulber. He started off delivering remixes for Fear Factory at the beginning of the 1990s, eventually becoming their long-time producer, and was considered de facto member.[84]
  • Left Spine Downis a Canadiandigital hardcoreband co-founded by Jeremy Inkel. Jared Slingerland is a former member.
  • Noise Unitis an industrial spin-off of Front Line Assembly launched in the late 1980s by Leeb and including Marc Verhaeghen fromBelgianindustrial bandKlinikon their first two albums.[85]Other Front Line Assembly members joined at different times, the project also saw a collaboration with German industrial bandHaujobb.
  • Cyberaktifis a collaboration between Bill Leeb and cEvin Key andDwayne Goettelof Skinny Puppy in 1990 and 1991 which resulted in one album and two accompanying singles, released on Wax Trax!.[86]The group reformed with Leeb, Key and Fulber in 2023.[87][88]
  • Unit 187is a Canadian industrial metal band which Peterson wrote songs for in 2003 and later joined as full-time member.

Inactive or defunct bands

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  • Blacklandwas the main project of Michael Balch, launched in the first half of the 1990s after his departure from Front Line Assembly. Although having recorded a full-length album and an EP, Blackland never released officially through a label.[89]
  • Skinny Puppywas Leeb's first band.
  • Decreeis anoisedark ambientindustrial metalband Chris Peterson co-founded in 1991.[90]Their most recent album is the 2011 release "Fateless", and their website is no longer active.
  • Equinoxwas adrum and bass-oriented side project of Leeb and Peterson that spawned an album and a single in 1998.[91]
  • Fauxliageis the name of the project and the album that Leeb and Fulber started and released in 2007 together withSixpence None the RichersingerLeigh Nashwhom they had worked with on past Delerium albums.[92]
  • Intermixwas a side project of Leeb and Fulber in the 1990s that focused ontechnoand later onambient.[93]
  • Mutual Mortuarywas a collaboration between Leeb and Skinny Puppy's Nivek Ogre which resulted in two tracks released on compilations in 1986.[94]Ogre was opposed to releasing any track of the project, claiming the tracks were unfinished.[95]
  • Pro>Techwas a solo effort of Leeb in 1997 which spawned only one album that bore similarities with Front Line Assembly's[FLA]vour of the Weak.[96]
  • Revelstokerwas a drum 'n' bass side project of Chris Peterson that released only one track on a compilation of Vancouver-based label Xynthetic in 2007.[97]
  • Stiff Valentineis a Canadian metal band for which Jared Slingerland appeared as guest member. Their most recent release was the track "Coke Ah Cola" for the 2015 compilationElectronic Saviors Volume 3: Remission.
  • Synæsthesiawas an ambient side project of Leeb and Fulber in the 1990s.[98]
  • Willwas an industrial venture of Peterson and Fulber together with vocalist John McRae.[99]

See also

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References

[edit]
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  3. ^ab"cEvin Key interview".Barcode. 2003. Archived fromthe originalon April 7, 2014.RetrievedAugust 7,2014.
  4. ^abRaven, Daniel (June 2, 2011)."Front Line Assembly Leads Cyborg Armies Through Post-Apocalyptic Soundscapes".Phoenix New Times.RetrievedAugust 7,2014.
  5. ^abcdeRadio, Joe (April 24, 1988)."Interview: Front Line Assembly".Archived fromthe originalon April 16, 2014.RetrievedMarch 31,2014.
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  33. ^Leeb, Bill(March 19, 1992). "Interview with Bill Leeb of Front Line Assembly Live on WCRD" (Interview). Interviewed by Michael Tressler. Muncie, Indiana: CRD.
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  60. ^Vaudo, Zak (October 16, 2014)."Front Line Assembly to tour with Rhys Fulber, joins Gothic Meets Klassik".ReGen Magazine.College Park, Maryland.RetrievedJanuary 15,2015.
  61. ^Vaudo, Zak (November 7, 2014)."Front Line Assembly replaces VNV Nation on upcoming U.S. tour".ReGen Magazine.College Park, Maryland.RetrievedJanuary 13,2015.
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  66. ^"Front Line Assembly to play Mexico City for the first time ever".Side-Line.October 29, 2015.RetrievedOctober 30,2015.
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  68. ^"New FLA in the works!".Mindphaser. October 28, 2016.RetrievedFebruary 25,2018.
  69. ^"Airmech II completed".Mindphaser. March 10, 2017.RetrievedFebruary 25,2018.
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  71. ^"RIP Front Line Assembly co-writer Jeremy Inkel".Side-Line.January 25, 2018.RetrievedFebruary 25,2018.
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  73. ^Carlsson, Johan (March 23, 2018)."Front Line Assembly to finally release" Warmech "".Release Magazine.Gothenburg: Release Musik & Media.RetrievedApril 7,2018.
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