Fundamenta Botanica

Fundamenta Botanica( "Foundations of botany" ) (Amsterdam, Salomon Schouten, ed. 1, 1736) was one of the major works of the Swedishbotanist,zoologistandphysician Carl Linnaeus(1707–1778) and issued both as a separate work and as part of theBibliotheca Botanica.^[1]

Publication and reprints[edit]

This book states, for the first time, Linnaeus's ideas for the reformation of botanicaltaxonomy.The first edition is dated 1736 but it was released on 14 September 1735 (Linnaeus wrote in his personal copy "Typus absolutus 1735, Sept 3".).^[2]The full title wasFundamenta Botanica, quae Majorum Operum Prodromi instar Theoriam Scientiae Botanices by breves Aphorismos tradunt.

The first edition was dedicated toOlof Rudbeck,Lorenz Heister,Adriaan van Royen,Johann Jacob Dillen,Antoine de Jussieu,Giulio Pontedera,Johann Amman,Johannes Burman,Pierre MagnolandGiuseppe Monti.

A second edition was published in Stockholm in 1740 and a third in Amsterdam in 1741. The publication of this work as well asGenera PlantarumandSystema Naturaewas encouraged byHerman Boerhaave,who had been Linnaeus's teacher.

Impact[edit]

TheFundamentain combination with theCritica Botanicalays Linnaeus's foundations for his system ofnomenclature,classificationand botanical terminology that were later reviewed and expanded in thePhilosophia Botanica(1751). He does this by means of 365aphorisms(principles) arranged into 12 chapters:

Table of contents[edit]

VIRIS NOBILISSIMIS(Dedication to men to honor)
BOTANICIS CELEBERRIMIS(Dedication to famous botanists)
PRAEFATIO(Preface)

FUNDAMENTA BOTANICA(Botanical fundamentals or fundamental botanical aphorisms)

I.BIBLIOTHECA(library), Aphorismen: articles 1-52 (page 1-5)

II.SYSTEMATA(systematics): articles 53–77 (pages 5-7)

III.PLANTAE(plants): articles 78–85 (pages 7-9)

IV.FRUCTIFICATIO(fruit carrier): articles 86–131 (pages 10-15)

V.SEXUS(sex): articles 132–150 (pages 15-17)

VI.CHARACTERES(characterisation): articles 151–209 (pages 18-22)

VII.NOMINA(nouns or names): articles 210–255 (pages 23-26)

VIII.DIFFERENTIAE(distinction): articles 256–305 (pages 26-29)

IX.VARIATIONES(Varieties): articles 306–317 (pages 30-31)

X.SYNONYMA(synonyms): articles 318–324 (pages 31-31)

XI.ADUMBRATIONES(description): articles 325–335 (pages 31-32)

XII.VIRES(forces): articles 336–365 (pages 33-35)

CONCLUSIONES EX DICTIS(Conclusion from the foregoing) I-XII (page 36)

Bibliographic details[edit]

Full bibliographic details including exact dates of publication, pagination, editions, facsimiles, brief outline of contents, location of copies, secondary sources, translations, reprints, manuscripts, travelogues, and commentaries are given in Stafleu and Cowan'sTaxonomic Literature.^[3]

References[edit]

^A full scan of ed. 1 ofFundamenta Botanica
^Stafleu, Frans A. 1971.Linnaeus and the Linnaeans: the Spreading of their Ideas in Systematic Botany, 1735–1789.Utrecht: International Association for Plant Taxonomy.ISBN 90-6046-064-2.p. 29.
^Stafleu & Cowan, p. 75.

Bibliography[edit]

Stafleu, Frans A. & Cowan, Richard S. 1981. "Taxonomic Literature. A Selective Guide to Botanical Publications with dates, Commentaries and Types. Vol III: Lh–O."Regnum Vegetabile105.

v t e Carl Linnaeus
Published works	Linnaeus bibliography Systema Naturae(1735) Fundamenta Botanica(1736) Bibliotheca Botanica(1736) Musa Cliffortiana(1736) Critica Botanica(1737) Flora Lapponica(1737) Genera Plantarum(1737) Hortus Cliffortianus(1737) Classes Plantarum(1738) Flora Svecica(1745) Fauna Svecica(1746) Philosophia Botanica(1751) Species Plantarum(1753) Centuria Insectorum(1763) Mantissa Plantarum Altera(1771) Systema Vegetabilium(1774)
General	Taxonomy (biology) Linnaean Herbarium Linnaean taxonomy(Linnaean classification) Botanical nomenclature Zoological nomenclature Binomial nomenclature Taxa named by Linnaeus Natural history History of biology History of botany Scientific racism
Apostles of Linnaeus	Adam Afzelius Andreas Berlin Johan Peter Falk Peter Forsskål Pehr Kalm Pehr Löfling Pehr Osbeck Daniel Rolander Göran Rothman Daniel Solander Anders Sparrman Carl Peter Thunberg
Related people	Family(Carl Linnaeus the Younger(son) Elisabeth Christina von Linné(daughter)) Students of Linnaeus Gaspard Bauhin Johann Bauhin Peter Artedi Herman Boerhaave Johannes Burman George Clifford III
Recognitions	Expedition Linné Linnaea Linnaean Garden(including the Linnaeus Museum) Linnaeite Linnaemya Linnaemyini 7412 Linnaeus Linnaeus Arboretum Linnaeus University Linnaeus's Hammarby Linné (crater) Linnéa Linnean Medal Linnean Society of London Swedish Linnaeus Society Linnean Society of New South Wales Linnean Tercentenary Medal Linneus, Maine Linneus, Missouri
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v t e History of botany
Fields and disciplines	Agriculture Biogeography Bryology Cladistics Comparative anatomy Cytology Economic botany Ethnobotany Floristics Forestry Genetic engineering Horticulture Lichenology Molecular phylogenetics Mycology Natural history Numerical taxonomy Paleobotany Palynology Phycology Phytochemistry Phytogeography Plant anatomy Plant ecology Plant genetics Plant morphology Plant pathology Plant physiology Pteridology
Institutions	Jardin des Plantes Natural History Museum, London Orto botanico di Padova Orto botanico di Pisa Rothamsted Research Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Publications	Historia PlantarumandCauses of Plantsof Theophrastus c. 300 BC De Plantisof Nicolaus of Damascus c. 1st century BC De Materia Medicaof Dioscorides c. 60 AD Naturalis Historia77–79 AD De Vegetabilibusof Albertus Magnus c. 1256 Herbarum Vivae Icones1530 Libellus De Re Herbaria Novus1538 Kreütterbuchof Hieronymus Bock 1539 De plantis libri XVIof Caesalpino 1583 Stirpium Historiae1583 Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes1597 Prodromus Theatrici Botanici1620 Pinax theatri botanici1623 Anatome Plantarum1675 Anatomy of Plants1682 Historia Plantarumof John Ray 1686–1704 De Sexu Plantarum Epistola1694 Éléments de botanique1694 Vegetable Staticks1727 Systema Naturae1735 Genera Plantarum1737 Philosophia Botanica1751 Species Plantarum1753 Systema Naturae, 10th ed.1758–59 Familles des Plantes1763–64 Experiments Upon Vegetables1779 Die Metamorphose der Pflantzen1790 Traité d'Anatomie et de Physiologie Végétale1802 Recherches Chimiques sur la Végétation1804 Beyträge zur Anatomie der Pflanzen1812 Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis1824–1873 Nepenthaceae Die Vegetabilische Zelle1851 Vergleichende Untersuchungen1851 On the Origin of Species1859 Experiments on Plant Hybridization1865 Die Vegetation der Erde1872 Plantesamfund1895 Pflanzengeographie auf Physiologischer Grundlage1898 Variation and Evolution in Plants1950 Ontogeny and Phylogeny1977 An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants1981
Theories and concepts	Alternation of generations Cell theory Center of diversity Phylogenetic nomenclature Spontaneous generation Taxonomy Ultrastructure
Influential figures	Theophrastusc. 371–287 BC Pliny the Elder23–79 AD Pedanius Dioscoridesc. 40–90 AD Otto Brunfels1464–1534 Hieronymus Bock1498–1554 Valerius Cordus1515–1544 William Turner1515–1568 Rembert Dodoens1517–1585 Andrea Cesalpino1519–1603 Cristóbal Acosta1525–1594 Gaspard Bauhin1560–1624 Joachim Jungius1587–1657 John Ray1623–1705 Nehemiah Grew1628–1711 Marcello Malpighi1628–1694 Joseph Pitton de Tournefort1656–1708 Rudolf Jakob Camerarius1665–1721 Stephen Hales1677–1761 Bernard de Jussieu1699–1777 Carolus Linnaeus1707–1778 Michel Adanson1727–1806 Jan Ingenhousz1730–1799 José Celestino Mutis1732–1808 Félix de Azara1742–1821 Joseph Banks1743–1820 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe1749–1832 Carl Ludwig Willdenow1765–1812 Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure1767–1845 Alexander von Humboldt1769–1859 Aimé Bonpland1773–1858 Thomas Nuttall1786–1859 Joakim Frederik Schouw1789–1852 Matthias Jakob Schleiden1804–1881 Alexander Braun1805–1877 George Engelmann1809–1884 Asa Gray1810–1888 August Grisebach1814–1879 Joseph Hooker1817–1911 Gregor Mendel1822–1884 Nathanael Pringsheim1823–1894 Wilhelm Hofmeister1824–1877 Julius von Sachs1832–1897 Eugenius Warming1841–1924 William Gilson Farlow1844–1919 Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper1856–1901 Nikolai Vavilov1887–1943 Barbara McClintock1902–1992 G. Ledyard Stebbins1906–2000 Eugene Odum1913–2002 Arthur Cronquist1919–1992
Related	Botanical garden Herbal Plant taxonomy History of plant systematics Systems of plant taxonomy Herbalism History of agricultural science History of agriculture History of biochemistry History of biology History of biotechnology History of ecology History of evolutionary thought History of genetics History of geology History of medicine History of molecular biology History of molecular evolution History of paleontology History of phycology History of science Natural philosophy Philosophy of biology Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
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