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GN-z11

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GN-z11
GN-z11 superimposed on an image from theGOODS-North survey
Observation data (J2000[1]epoch)
ConstellationUrsa Major[1]
Right ascension12h36m25.46s[1]
Declination+62° 14′ 31.4″[1]
Redshift10.6034±0.0013[2]
Heliocentric radial velocity295,050 ± 119,917 km/s (183,336 ± 74,513 mi/s)[3]
Distance
Apparent magnitude(V)25.8H
Characteristics
TypeIrregular
Mass~1×109[4]M☉
Size4,000 ± 2,000 ly (1,200 ± 610 pc)[4]
Apparent size(V)0.6arcsec[4]
Other designations
GN-z10-1,[4]GNS-JD2[3]

GN-z11is ahigh-redshiftgalaxyfound in the constellationUrsa Major.It is among the farthest known galaxies from Earth ever discovered.[5][6]The 2015 discovery was published in a 2016 paper headed by Pascal Oesch and Gabriel Brammer (Cosmic Dawn Center). Up until the discovery ofJADES-GS-z13-0in 2022 by theJames Webb Space Telescope,GN-z11 was the oldest andmost distant known galaxyyet identified in theobservable universe,[7]having aspectroscopicredshiftofz= 10.957,which corresponds to aproper distanceof approximately 32billionlight-years(9.8 billionparsecs).[8][note 1]Data published in 2024 established that the galaxy contains the most distant, and therefore earliest, black hole known in the universe,[9][10]estimated at around 1.6 million solar masses.[11]

The object's name is derived from its location in theGOODS-Northfield of galaxies and its highcosmologicalredshift number(GN + z11).[12]It is observed as it existed 13.4 billion years ago, just 400 million years after theBig Bang;[4][13][14]as a result, its distance is sometimes inappropriately[15]reported as 13.4 billion light-years, itslight-travel distancemeasurement.[16][17]

In early 2023, James Webb Space Telescope observed the galaxy and reported a definitive redshift ofz= 10.6034 ± 0.0013.[2]

The galaxy has such a high redshift that itsangular diameter distanceis actually less than that of some galaxies with lower redshift. This means that the ratio of its angular size to its size in light-years is greater.[clarification needed]

Discovery

[edit]

The galaxy was identified by a team studying data from theHubble Space Telescope'sCosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey(CANDELS) andSpitzer Space Telescope'sGreat Observatories Origins Deep Survey-North (GOODS-North).[18][19]The research team used Hubble'sWide Field Camera 3to measure the distance to GN-z11spectroscopically,measuring theredshiftcaused by theexpansion of the universe.[20]The findings, which were announced in March 2016, revealed the galaxy to be farther away than originally thought, at the distance limit of what the Hubble Telescope can observe. GN-z11 is around 150 million years older than the previous record-holderEGSY8p7,[12]and is observed (shortly after but) "very close to the end of the so-calledDark Ages of the universe",[20]and (during but) "near the very beginning" of thereionizationera.[18]

Compared with theMilky Waygalaxy, GN-z11 is1⁄25of the size, has 1% of the mass, and is forming new stars approximately twenty times as fast.[20]With astellar age estimatedat 40 million years, it appears the galaxy formed its stars relatively rapidly.[4]The fact that a galaxy so massive existed so soon after the first stars started to form is a challenge to some current theoretical models of the formation of galaxies.[18][20]

Animation showing the location of GN-z11
Hubble spectroscopically confirms farthest galaxy to date

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^At first glance, the distance of 32billionlight-years(9.8 billionparsecs) might seem impossibly far away in a Universe that is only13.8 billion (short scale) years old,where a light-year is the distance light travels in a year, and wherenothing can travel faster than the speed of light.However, because of theexpansion of the universe,the distance of 2.66 billion light-years between GN-z11 and the Milky Way at the time when the light was emitted increased by a factor of (z+1)=12.1 to a distance of 32 billion light-years during the 13.4 billion years it has taken the light to reach us. See:Size of the observable universe,Misconceptions about the size of the observable universe,Measuring distances in expanding space,andAnt on a rubber rope.

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcd"Hubble Team Breaks Cosmic Distance Record - Fast Facts".HubbleSite.3 March 2016. STScI-2016-07. Archived fromthe originalon 6 July 2016.Retrieved4 March2016.
  2. ^abBunker, Andrew J.; et al. (2023). "JADES NIRSpec Spectroscopy of GN-z11: Lyman-αemission and possible enhanced nitrogen abundance in az= 10.60 luminous galaxy ".Astronomy & Astrophysics.677:A88.arXiv:2302.07256.Bibcode:2023A&A...677A..88B.doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346159.
  3. ^ab"[BIG2010] GNS-JD2".SIMBAD.Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg.Retrieved13 February2017.
  4. ^abcdefOesch, P. A.; Brammer, G.; van Dokkum, P.; et al. (March 2016)."A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy atz=11.1 Measured withHubble Space TelescopeGrism Spectroscopy ".The Astrophysical Journal.819(2). 129.arXiv:1603.00461.Bibcode:2016ApJ...819..129O.doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129.S2CID119262750.
  5. ^Gohd, Chelsea (21 December 2020)."Scientists think they've spotted the farthest galaxy in the universe".Space.Retrieved10 November2022.
  6. ^O'Neill, Mariclaire; Whitehead, Nadia (7 April 2022)."Scientists Have Spotted the Farthest Galaxy Ever".Center for Astrophysics.Retrieved10 November2022.
  7. ^Klotz, Irene (3 March 2016)."Hubble Spies Most Distant, Oldest Galaxy Ever".Seeker.Discovery, Inc.Retrieved5 February2020.
  8. ^Jiang, Linhua; et al. (January 2021). "Evidence for GN-z11 as a luminous galaxy at redshift 11".Nature Astronomy.5:256–261.arXiv:2012.06936.Bibcode:2021NatAs...5..256J.doi:10.1038/s41550-020-01275-y.S2CID229156468.
  9. ^Robert Lea (January 17, 2024)."James Webb Space Telescope discovers oldest and most distant black hole ever seen".Space.
  10. ^Joe Pinkstone (January 17, 2024)."Oldest black hole ever seen challenges what we know about their formation".The Telegraph.
  11. ^Maiolino, Roberto; Scholtz, Jan; Witstok, Joris; Carniani, Stefano; D'Eugenio, Francesco; de Graaff, Anna; Übler, Hannah; Tacchella, Sandro; Curtis-Lake, Emma; Arribas, Santiago; Bunker, Andrew; Charlot, Stéphane; Chevallard, Jacopo; Curti, Mirko; Looser, Tobias J.; Maseda, Michael V.; Rawle, Timothy D.; Rodríguez del Pino, Bruno; Willott, Chris J.; Egami, Eiichi; Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Hainline, Kevin N.; Robertson, Brant; Williams, Christina C.; Willmer, Christopher N. A.; Baker, William M.; Boyett, Kristan; DeCoursey, Christa; Fabian, Andrew C.; Helton, Jakob M.; Ji, Zhiyuan; Jones, Gareth C.; Kumari, Nimisha; Laporte, Nicolas; Nelson, Erica J.; Perna, Michele; Sandles, Lester; Shivaei, Irene; Sun, Fengwu (17 January 2024)."A small and vigorous black hole in the early Universe".Nature.627(8002): 59–63.arXiv:2305.12492.Bibcode:2024Natur.627...59M.doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07052-5.PMID38232944.Retrieved4 March2024.
  12. ^ab"Hubble Team Breaks Cosmic Distance Record".NASA.3 March 2016.Retrieved10 March2016.
  13. ^Amos, Jonathan (3 March 2016)."Hubble sets new cosmic distance record".BBC News.Retrieved3 March2016.
  14. ^Griffin, Andrew (4 March 2016)."Most distant object in the universe spotted by Hubble Space Telescope, shattering record for the farthest known galaxy".The Independent.Retrieved17 December2017.
  15. ^Wright, Edward L. (2 August 2013)."Why the Light Travel Time Distance should not be used in Press Releases".University of California, Los Angeles.Retrieved10 March2016.
  16. ^Borenstein, Seth (3 March 2016)."Astronomers Spot Record Distant Galaxy From Early Cosmos".Associated Press.Archived fromthe originalon 6 March 2016.Retrieved1 May2016.
  17. ^"GN-z11: Astronomers push Hubble Space Telescope to limits to observe most remote galaxy ever seen".Australian Broadcasting Corporation.3 March 2016.Retrieved10 March2016.
  18. ^abc"Hubble breaks cosmic distance record".SpaceTelescope.org.3 March 2016. heic1604.Retrieved3 March2016.
  19. ^"Hubble Team Breaks Cosmic Distance Record".HubbleSite.org.3 March 2016. STScI-2016-07.Retrieved3 March2016.
  20. ^abcdShelton, Jim (3 March 2016)."Shattering the cosmic distance record, once again".Yale University.Retrieved4 March2016.
Wikimedia Commons has media related toGN-z11.
Records
Preceded by Most distant known astronomical object
2016–2022 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Most distant known galaxy
2016–2022 		Succeeded by
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