Gaf
| Persian Alpha bet |
|---|
| ابپتثجچحخدذرزژسشصضطظعغفقکگلمنوهی |
|
Perso-Arabic script |
| Arabic Alpha bet |
|---|
|
Arabic script |
Gaf(Persian:گاف;gāf), is the name of differentPerso-Arabic letters,all representing/ɡ/.They are all derived from the letterkāf,with additionaldiacritics,such as dots and lines. There are four forms, each used in different Alpha bets:
- گin thePersian Alpha bet,Tausug written in Arabic Script
- ݢin theJawi script
- ࢴ/ڮin thePegon script
- ګinPashto
Use in Arabic
[edit]The standard practice inEgypt(forLiteraryandEgyptian Arabic),[1]as in coastalYemenand southwestern and easternOman,is to useǧīm(ج) for/g/,while in Arabic dialects likeAlgerian Arabic,Hejazi ArabicandNajdi Arabicit isqāf(ق), so the namegāfcan be used for the letter when trying to explain a pronunciation or a spelling of a word, whether the word is foreign or dialectal.
If notgāf(گ),kāf(ك) has been traditionally used in the Levant andIraqfor/g/.In Iraq,gāf(گ) is more used. In Morocco,gāf(ݣ) orkāf(ك) is used. InTunisiaandAlgeria,ڨ orqāfق is used.
Ġayn(غ) is preferred in the Levant (nowadays) and byAl JazeeraTV channel to represent/ɡ/,e.g.,هونغ كونغ(Hong Kong),البرتغال(Portugal) andغاندالف(Gandalf). Foreign publications and TV channels in Arabic, e.g.Deutsche Welle[2]andAlhurra,[3]follow this practice.
Variant forms
[edit]Kaf with line
[edit]The most common form ofgāf(گ) is based onkāfwith an additional line. It is rarely used inStandard Arabicitself but is used to represent the sound/ɡ/when writing other languages.
| Position in word: | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naskhglyph form: (Help) |
گ | ـگ | ـگـ | گـ |
| Nastaʿlīqglyph form: | گ | ــــگ | ــــگــــ | گــــ |
It is frequently used inPersian,Pashto,Uyghur,UrduandKurdish,and is one of four Perso-Arabic letters not found in Arabic. It is also commonly used inMesopotamian Arabic.[4]
Kaf with ring
[edit]InPashto,this letter is used for/ɡ/.
| Position in word: | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naskhglyph form: (Help) |
ګ | ـګ | ـګـ | ګـ |
| Nastaʿlīqglyph form: | ګ | ــــګ | ــــګــــ | ګــــ |
Kaf with single dot above
[edit]Thisgāf(ݢ) is derived from a variant form ofkāf(ک), with the addition of adot.It is not used in theArabic languageitself, but is used in theJawi scriptto represent/ɡ/.
| Position in word | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glyph form: (Help) |
ݢ | ـݢ | ـݢـ | ݢـ |
Unicodeincludes two forms on this letter: one based on the standard Arabickāf(ك), and one based on the variant form (ک). The latter is the preferred form.[5]
| Preview | ڬ | ݢ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH DOT ABOVE | ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH DOT ABOVE | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 1708 | U+06AC | 1890 | U+0762 |
| UTF-8 | 218 172 | DA AC | 221 162 | DD A2 |
| Numeric character reference | ڬ |
ڬ |
ݢ |
ݢ |
Kaf with three dots below
[edit]This letter (ڮ) is derived from a form ofkāf(ك), with the addition of threedotsbelow. It is not used in the Arabic language itself, but is used in thePegon scriptforIndonesian languagesto represent/ɡ/.
| Position in word | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glyph form: (Help) |
ڮ | ـڮ | ـڮـ | ڮـ |
Gaf with inverted stroke
[edit]InChechen,Kabardian,andAdyghe,the Arabic characterࢰ is used to spell/kʼ/or/t͡ʃʼ/.In Chechen, ⟨گ⟩ is alternatively used as well.
| Position in word | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glyph form: (Help) |
ࢰ | ـࢰ | ـࢰـ | ࢰـ |
Kaf with a dot below
[edit]This letter (ࢴ) is derived from a form ofkāf(ك), with the addition of three a dot below. It is not used in the Arabic language itself, but is used in theArwi Alpha betfor theTamil languageto represent/ɡ/.[6]
| Position in word | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glyph form: (Help) |
ࢴ | ـࢴ | ـࢴـ | ࢴـ |
Kaf with three dots
[edit]
The letterڭ/ݣ was used inOttoman Turkishfor/ŋ/.Both forms are based on variant forms ofkāf(ك/ک), with the addition of threedots.
| Position in word | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glyph form: (Help) |
ڭ | ـڭ | ـڭـ | ڭـ |
| Position in word | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glyph form: (Help) |
ݣ | ـݣ | ـݣـ | ݣـ |
It is used inBerberandMoroccan Arabicto represent/ɡ/.[7]Examples of its use include city names (e.g.,Agadir:أݣادير) and family names (e.g.,El Guerrouj:الݣروج). The preferred form isڭ.
Character encoding
[edit]| Preview | ګ | ڬ | ڮ | گ | ࢰ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH RING | ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH DOT ABOVE | ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH THREE DOTS BELOW | ARABIC LETTER GAF | ARABIC LETTER GAF WITH INVERTED STROKE | |||||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 1707 | U+06AB | 1708 | U+06AC | 1710 | U+06AE | 1711 | U+06AF | 2224 | U+08B0 |
| UTF-8 | 218 171 | DA AB | 218 172 | DA AC | 218 174 | DA AE | 218 175 | DA AF | 224 162 176 | E0 A2 B0 |
| Numeric character reference | ګ |
ګ |
ڬ |
ڬ |
ڮ |
ڮ |
گ |
گ |
ࢰ |
ࢰ |
| Preview | ݢ | ݣ | ڭ | ࢴ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH DOT ABOVE |
ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE |
ARABIC LETTER NG | ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH DOT BELOW | ||||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 1890 | U+0762 | 1891 | U+0763 | 1709 | U+06AD | 2228 | U+08B4 |
| UTF-8 | 221 162 | DD A2 | 221 163 | DD A3 | 218 173 | DA AD | 224 162 180 | E0 A2 B4 |
| Numeric character reference | ݢ |
ݢ |
ݣ |
ݣ |
ڭ |
ڭ |
ࢴ |
ࢴ |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^al Nassir, Abdulmunʿim Abdulamir (1985).Sibawayh the Phonologist(PDF)(in Arabic). University of New York. p. 80.Retrieved23 April2024.
- ^"Leningrad لينينغراد spelled with غ rather than ج".Deutsche Welle.Retrieved14 December2022.
- ^""Blogger" بلوغر is spelled with غ, not ج about an article on Egypt quoting an Egyptian official Facebook post spelling it بلوجر with ج ".Retrieved14 December2022.
- ^Alkalesi, Yasin M. (2001) "Modern iraqi arabic: A textbook". Georgetown University Press.ISBN978-0878407880
- ^Jonatha Kew (2003)."Proposal to encode Jawi and Moroccan Arabic GAF characters"(PDF).
- ^Pournader, Roozbeh (June 24, 2013)."Proposal to encode three Arabic characters for Arwi"(PDF).
- ^"Learn Moroccan Arabic".Best Riad Marakkesh.8 November 2009.واش كتهدر بالإنݣليزية