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For other uses, seeGalaga (disambiguation).
Not to be confused withGalago.
Galaga
Japanese arcade flyer
Developer(s)Namco
Publisher(s)
Director(s)Shigeru Yokoyama
Programmer(s)Toru (Tetsu) Ogawa
Artist(s)Hiroshi Ono[3]
Composer(s)Nobuyuki Ohnogi
SeriesGalaxian
Platform(s)Arcade,SG-1000,MSX,NES,Atari 7800,Game Boy,Game Boy Advance,Mobile,Xbox 360,Roku,iOS,Xbox One,PlayStation 4,Windows,CD-i
Release
Genre(s)Fixed shooter
Mode(s)1-2 players alternating turns
Arcade systemNamco Galaga[4]

Galaga[a]is a 1981fixed shooterarcade video gamedeveloped and published byNamco.In North America, it was released byMidway Manufacturing.It is the sequel toGalaxian(1979), Namco's first major video game hit in arcades. Controlling a starship, the player is tasked with destroying the Galaga forces in each stage while avoiding enemies and projectiles. Some enemies can capture a player's ship via atractor beam,which can be rescued to transform the player into a "dual fighter" with additional firepower.

Shigeru Yokoyama led development with a small team. Initial planning took about two months to finish. Originally developed for theNamco Galaxianarcade board, it was instead shifted to a new system as suggested by Namco's Research and Development division. Inspiration for the dual fighter mechanic was taken from a film that Yokoyama had seen prior to development, where a ship was captured using a large circular beam. The project became immensely popular around the company, with Namco's presidentMasaya Nakamuraeven taking interest.

Although early location tests were unsuccessful,Galagareceived critical acclaim and went on to become one of the most successful arcade games, routinely appearing on Japanese and American arcade charts through 1987. It is widely regarded as a major game from thegolden age of arcade video gamesand one of thegreatest video games of all time.Critics applauded its gameplay, innovation, addictive nature and improvements made over its predecessor. Several home ports were released for a multitude of platforms, including theMSX,Atari 7800,andNES,alongside releases on digital distribution platforms such asXbox Live Arcade.Galagais also included in manyNamco compilations.It was followed by a sequel in 1984,Gaplus.

Gameplay

[edit]
A Boss Galaga uses a tractor beam, while the player exchanges shots with aliens in formation.

Galagais a fixed shooter. The player mans a lone starfighter at the bottom of the screen, which must prevent the Galaga forces from destroying all of mankind.[5]The objective of each stage is to defeat all of the Galaga aliens, which will fly into formation from the top and sides of the screen.[6]Similar toGalaxian,aliens will dive towards the player while shooting down projectiles; colliding with either projectiles or aliens will result in a life being lost.[6]

Atop the enemy formation are four large aliens known as the "Boss Galaga", which take two shots to destroy.[6]These aliens can use atractor beamto capture the player's ship, returning with it to the top of the formation and costing the player a life.[6]Should additional lives remain, the player has an opportunity to shoot down the Boss Galaga holding the captured ship. Shooting it down as it dives towards the player will result in the captured ship being rescued, and it will join the player's ship, transforming it into a "dual-fighter" with additional firepower and a largerhitbox.[6]However, destroying a Boss Galaga with a captured ship while it is in formation will instead cause the fighter to turn against the player and act as an alien.[6]The ship will return in a later level as part of the formation.

Some enemies can morph into new enemy types with different attack patterns, with one even taking the form of the Galaxian Flagship.[6]Stages are indicated by emblems located at the bottom-right of the screen.[6]Enemies become more aggressive as the game progresses, increasing their number of projectiles and diving down at a faster rate.[5]The third stage and every fourth thereafter is a bonus stage, where the aliens fly in a preset formation without firing at the player.[6]

In the original arcade version, if a player completes stage 255, (The maximum unsigned8 bit integer) the next stage would be announced as stage 0, and depending on thedip switcheson the arcade, the game resets, plays levels incorrectly,locks up,or plays at the wrong difficulty.[7][user-generated source][8][unreliable source?]This is known as akill screen.

Development

[edit]

Galagawas created by Japanese developer Shigeru Yokoyama, a long-time veteran ofNamco.[9]Namco's first big video game hit in arcades wasGalaxian(1979);[10][11]the game's success led Namco to produce a large number ofNamco Galaxianarcade boards to keep up with demand.[9] By the early 1980s the game was becoming harder to sell, so to help clear out inventory, Yokoyama was tasked with creating two new games that could run on the Namco Galaxian board.[9]The first of these wasKing & Balloon(1980),[9]a fixed shooter that is cited as the first video game to incorporate speech.[12]The second game was instead made for newer hardware as suggested by Namco's Research & Development division.[9]This new arcade board was named theNamco Galagaand was used in games includingBosconian(1981)[13]andDig Dug(1982).[14]Although Yokoyama was not given explicit instructions to make a shooting game, management expressed desire for him to make a game similar toGalaxian.[9]Initial planning for the project took two months.[9]

The idea for the dual fighter stemmed from Yokoyama wanting to create enemies with different attack styles.[9]The tractor beam emitted by the Boss Galaga was inspired by a film in which a character's ship was captured by a circling laser.[9]Yokoyama incorporated this idea intoGalaga,whereby an enemy could capture the player's ship with a beam and the ship would need to be rescued.[9]Originally, rescuing a captured ship would award the player an extra life, but this was soon changed to having it fight alongside the player.[9]This idea proved to be a problem at first; due to hardware limitations, the game could only display a limited number ofsprites,resulting in the dual-fighter being unable to shoot any more missiles.[9]As a workaround, Yokoyama made a 16x16 sprite for the ship and a 16x16 sprite for the bullets, reducing the total sprite count by two.[9]

Inspired by the intermissions inPac-Man(1980) and bonus stages inRally-X(1980), Yokoyama added a special bonus level.[9]While planning, lead programmer Tetsu Ogawa informed him of abugwhereby enemies would simply fly off the screen instead of moving into formation.[9]Ogawa expressed interest in incorporating the idea into the game, leading to the inclusion of the Challenging Stages.[9]Enemies originally flew in one type of pattern, with more being added to increase replay value.[9]Graphic designerHiroshi Onodesigned many of the sprites, including the player's ship and the Boss Galaga alien.[9]

Prior to location testing, the team focused on designing the instruction card, a sheet of paper that showed how the game was played.[9]The text was done by the planners, while the actual design was handled by a graphic artist.[9]The card originally showed the control layout and the basics of the game, which was stripped early on for being too boring.[9]Yokoyama suggested that the card instead show off the dual fighter mechanic, as a means to draw in players.[9]The team kept bringing in designs to Namco presidentMasaya Nakamura,who continued to reject them until he ordered the team to simply make it in front of him.[9]

The team was allowed to set their own deadlines, due to Namco's then-laidback corporate structure.[9]Feedback on the project was given by Nakamura and other employees, includingPac-MancreatorToru Iwatani.[9]Despite the game's immense popularity around the company, early location tests failed to meet expectations due to players being able to progress a long way with only one coin, thus generating low income.[9]Although Yokoyama stated that the game's popularity could still generate income, Namco executives instructed the team to increase the difficulty level.[9]Galagawas released in Japan in September 1981.[15]It was released in North America byMidway Gamesin October of that year.[5]

Conversions

[edit]

Sega-Galaga,the first home conversion ofGalaga,was developed and published bySegafor theSG-1000in 1983.[16]An MSX version followed a year later in 1984.[17]A conversion for theFamily Computerwas released in 1985 for Japan,[18]which was later released internationally by Bandai for theNintendo Entertainment System,subtitledDemons of Deathin North America.[6]Atari, Inc.published anAtari 7800version as one of the console's thirteen launch games.[19]In Europe,Aardvark Softwarereleased an unofficial port for theBBC MicroandAcorn ElectroncalledZalagain 1983 which was described byComputer and Video Gamesas "true to the arcade original".[20]

Namco published aGame Boyversion in Japan in 1995,Galaxian & Galaga,bundled withGalaxian.[21]Nintendopublished the game outside Japan under theArcade Classicbrand.[22]Two mobile phone versions were released, both confined to Japan; the first was fori-Modein 2001,[23]and the second forEZwebin 2006.[24]The original arcade version was released for theXbox Live Arcadeservice in 2006, featuring online leaderboards and achievements.[25]The NES release was ported to theWii Virtual Consolein 2007,[26]followed by the arcade version in 2009.[27]ARokuport was published in 2011.[28]In 2013, the NES version was released on both the3DSandWii U Virtual Console.[26]Galagawas one of the four games released under theArcade Game Seriesbrand, which was published for theXbox One,PlayStation 4,andMicrosoft Windowsin 2016.[29]

Galagawas included in Namco compilations includingNamco Museum Vol. 1(1995),[30]Namco Museum 64(1996),[31]Namco Museum 50th Anniversary(2005),[32]Namco Museum Virtual Arcade(2008),[33]Namco Museum Essentials(2009),[34]andNamco Museum Megamix(2010).[35]The 2010WiigamePac-Man Partyand its 2011 Nintendo 3DS version includeGalagaas an extra, alongside the arcade versions ofDig DugandPac-Man.[36][37]In celebration of the game's 30th anniversary in 2011, a high-definition remake was released foriOSdevices as part ofGalaga 30th Collection,which also included remakes ofGalaxian,GaplusandGalaga '88.[38]Alongside the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 sequelGalaga Legions,it was ported to theNintendo 3DSin 2011 as part ofPac-Man & Galaga Dimensions.[39]The original version was also added to the iOSNamco Arcadecompilation in 2012.[40]The NES release is one of 30 games included in theNES Classic Edition.[41]

Reception

[edit]

Galagawas met with acclaim, with many applauding the addictive nature, gameplay structure, innovation and improvements over its predecessor, and was a popular game during thegolden age of arcade video games.[51]In Japan, it was the sixth highest-grossing arcade game of 1981,[53]then the third highest-grossing arcade game of 1982,[54]and then the ninth highest-grossingtable arcade cabinetof 1986.[55][56]In North America, it regularly appeared on the monthly sales chart ofRePlaymagazine from April 1980 to April 1987, being only outdone bySega'sMonaco GP(1979).[57]Galagawas among the top ten highest-grossing arcade games of 1983 in the United States.[58][59]

Computer + Video Gamespraised the challenge and improvements made overGalaxian,[46]whileArcade Expressselected it as an "Honorable Mention" in their 1983 arcade awards.[60]Japanese publicationAmusement Lifesaid that the sense of thrill and fast-paced action madeGalagaa "must play", while also praising its unique dual-fighter mechanic and colorful graphics.[61]Vidiotmagazine listed it as the seventh best arcade game of 1983, saying that its gameplay variety, dual-fighter mechanic and bonus stages made it stick out from the crowd.[62]

In a 1998 retrospective review,AllGamesaid the strategy stood out amongst other games of its type, describing the gameplay as "perfectly balanced shooting action."[42]Reviewing the NES home version,GameSpycalledGalagaa "must play for arcade freaks", praising the port's accurate representation of the arcade version in terms of its graphics, sound effects and gameplay.[50]IGNalso praised the NES port's element of strategy within the dual-fighter mechanic and addictive gameplay.[51]GameSpot,in their review for the Xbox 360 release, stated the gameplay was "as tricky as it ever was", praising the inclusion of online leaderboards and for being a faithful arcade conversion.[49]Eurogameragreed, citing that the leaderboards add to addictiveness.[47]

Ports ofGalagareceived praise for their faithfulness to the arcade original.Nintendo Lifepraised the3DS Virtual Consoleport of the NES version for remaining accurate to the original, stating that it "aged surprisingly well" and was worth revisiting.[26]Gamesmagazinepraised the improvements over games such asSpace InvadersandGalaxian,commenting thatGalagastill holds up years later.[63]Joystickmagazine praised the NES version's accurate portrayal of the arcade original, notably in its graphics and gameplay structure.[52]Famicom Tsūshincommended the Game Boy version's faithful conversion alongside its support for theSuper Game Boyperipheral,[21]whileElectric Playgroundstated that it should "be near the top of your Game Boy's next purchase list".[22]Some publications expressed disappointment towards home releases for lacking extra features.GameSpotdisliked the lack of online multiplayer in the Xbox 360 release, as well as the lack of an updated graphics setting, saying that the port was "awfully bare bones" compared to other XBLA releases.Eurogamerexpressed distaste towards the Xbox 360 port's high price point, as well as the achievements for being "insultingly easy" to obtain.[47]Eurogameralso agreed withGameSpotin the lack of online multiplayer.[47]

Galagahas been listed by numerous publications among thegreatest video games of all time.Fluxmagazine ranked it at #57 on their "Top 100 Video Games" in 1995,[64]whileGame Informerlisted it at #23 in their "Top 200 Games of All Time" in 2010.Next Generationranked it at #96 in their "Top 100 Games of All Time" for its innovation to shoot 'em up games as a whole,[65]and at #17 in their "Top 50 Games of All Time".[66]Game Informerlabeled it the 19th greatest video game ever made in 2001, calling it the best game of the fixed-shooter genre.[67]Electronic Gaming Monthlylisted it at #20 in their "100 Best Games of All Time" in 1997[68]and "Top 100 Games of All Time" in 2001,[69]and as #28 in their "Greatest 200 Videogames of Their Time" in 2006.[70]GameFAQsusers voted it the 15th greatest game ever made in 2004[71]and the 10th in 2009.[72]GameSpystaff voted it the eighth best arcade game of all time in 2011.[73]It was ranked at #93 inIGN's "Top 100 Games of All Time" for its addictive gameplay and long-standing appeal.[74]TheKiller List of Videogameslisted it as #27 in their "Top 100 Video Games" list, as well as the 4th most collected arcade game and 2nd most popular on their website.[75]Electronic Gaming MonthlylistedMs. Pac-Man/Galaga - Class of 1981as the second best arcade game of all time for its inclusion of both games.[76]

[edit]

Shortly after the game's release, Namco produced miniatureGalagacabinets for buses and airplanes, housed in small 17-inch CRT monitors.[4]In 2000, Namco released an arcade cabinet to celebrate the game's 20th anniversary, which was bundled withMs. Pac-Manand titledMs. Pac-Man / Galaga - Class of 1981.[77][78]A similar cabinet was released in 2005 that also included the originalPac-Man,made to celebrate the latter's 25th anniversary.[79]Galagais also included in bothPac-Man's Arcade Party(2010)[80][81]andPac-Man's Pixel Bash(2019).[82]

Galagahas made cameo appearances in films includingWarGames(1983),[83]The Karate Kid(1984),[83]Planes, Trains and Automobiles(1987),[83]The Avengers(2012),[83]andPixels(2015).[84]A submarine named after the game appears throughout the television seriesLost.[85]Hallmark Cardsreleased aGalagaarcade cabinet ornament in 2009, which played sound effects from the game.[86]In 2019, researchers atNorth Carolina State Universitynamed an extinct species of sharkGalagadon nordquistae,due to the shark's teeth bearing a resemblance to theGalagaaliens.[87]Galagais also the subject of several high score-based tournaments; as of 2020, the world record is held by Jordan Dorrington with a score of 20,980,450 points.[88]

Galagawas used as a loading screen minigame in the PlayStation version ofTekken.[89]As a tie-in with the anime seriesSpace Dandy,an iOS remake,Space Galaga,was released in 2015, featuring characters and starships fromSpace Dandyintermixed withGalagagameplay.[90]A similar crossover game,Galaga: Tekken Edition,was released the same year, replacing enemies with characters from theTekkenfranchise.[91]AGalaga-themed costume is also available as downloadable-content inLittleBigPlanet 3.[92]The Boss Galaga appears as an item inSuper Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii Uand its followupSuper Smash Bros. Ultimate,where it can capture an opponent and carry them off the screen.[93][94]Ultimatealso features a remix of theGalagasoundtrack.[95]An animated television adaptation,Galaga Chronicles,is confirmed to be in development.[96]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Japanese:ギャラガ,Hepburn:Gyaraga

References

[edit]
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