Jump to content

Gaochang

Coordinates:42°51′10″N89°31′45″E/ 42.85278°N 89.52917°E/42.85278; 89.52917
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the historical kingdom. For the district in Turpan City, seeGaochang, Turpan.For the Uyghur kingdom, seeQocho.For other uses, seeGaochang (disambiguation).

Gaochang
Cao xương
قۇچۇ
TheBuddhiststupaof Gaochang ruins
Gaochang is located in Xinjiang
Gaochang
Shown within Xin gian g
Gaochang is located in China
Gaochang
Gaochang (China)
LocationSanbu Township,Turpan,Xin gian g,China
Coordinates42°51′10″N89°31′45″E/ 42.85278°N 89.52917°E/42.85278; 89.52917
TypeSettlement
Site notes
ConditionInruins

Gaochang[1](Chinese:CaoXương;pinyin:Gāochāng;Old Uyghur:Qocho), also calledKhocho,[2]Karakhoja,Qara-hoja,Kara-KhojaorKarahoja(قاراغوجا inUyghur), was a ruined ancientoasiscity on the northern rim of the inhospitableTaklamakan Desertin present-daySanbu Township, Xin gian g,China.[3]The site is also known in published reports asChotscho,Khocho,QochoorQočo.During theYuan dynastyandMing dynasty,Gaochang was referred to as "Halahezhuo" (HaKéoCùngTrác) (Qara-khoja) and Huozhou. Artistic depictions of the city have been published byAlbert von Le Coq.Gaochang is considered in some sources to have been a "Chinese colony",[4][5]that is, it was located in a region otherwise occupied at the time byWest Eurasianpeoples.

A busy trading center, it was a stopping point for merchant traders traveling on theSilk Road.It was destroyed in wars during the 14th century and old palace ruins and inside and outside cities can still be seen today. Along with other sites along the historicSilk Road,Gaocheng was inscribed in 2014 on theUNESCOWorld Heritage Listas theSilk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan CorridorWorld Heritage Site.[6]

Near Gaochang is another major archeological site: theAstana tombs.

History

[edit]

Subeshi culture (1100-100 BCE)

[edit]
Main article:Subeshi culture
Gaochang's location (close toTurpan) on theSilk Road

One of the earliest cultures of the region was theIron AgeSubeshi culture(1100-100 BCE).[7]The Subeshi culture contributes some of the later periodTarim Mummies.The culture is probably associated with the Cheshi state ( xe sư, Chü-shih,Jushi Kingdom) known from Chinese historical sources.[8][7]The Subeshi culture is documented by three closely related cemeteries theSubeshi cemetery,theShengjindian cemetery,[7]and theYanghai cemetery.[9]

Jushi Kingdom and early Han Chinese rule

[edit]
Main article:Jushi Kingdom

The region aroundTurfanwas described during the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) as being occupied by theJūshī(Jushi Kingdom), while control over the region swayed between the Han Chinese and theXiongnu.

Painted warriors,Yanghaitomb, Gaochang Prefecture period, 327-460 CE

Gaochang was built in the 1st century BC, it was an important site along theSilk Road.It played a key role as a transportation hub inWestern China.The Jushi leaders later pledged their allegiance to theHan dynasty.In 327, the GaochangCommandery(jùn) was created by theFormer Liangunder the Han Chinese rulerZhang Jun.The Chinese set up a military colony/garrison and organized the land into multiple divisions. Han Chinese colonists from the Hexi region and the central plains also settled in the region.[10]

After the fall of theWestern Jin dynasty,Northern China split into multiple states, including the Central Asian oases.[11]Gaochang was ruled by theFormer Liang,Former QinandNorthern Liangas part of a commandery. In 383 the general Lu Guang of theFormer Qinseized control of the region.[12]

In 439, remnants of theNorthern Liang,[13]led byJuqu WuhuiandJuqu Anzhou,fled to Gaochang where they would hold onto power until 460 when they were conquered by theRouran Khaganate.Another version of this story says that in 439 a man named Ashina led 500 families from Gansu to Gaochang. In 460, the Rouran forced them to move to the Altai. They became theAshinaclan that formed theGöktürk Khaganate[14]

Six DynastiesTurfan tombs containeddumplings.[15][16]

Gaochang Kingdom

[edit]
Mummy of the Qushi Kingdom ( khúc thị vương quốc ) general Zhangxiong (583-633 CE, tả vệ đại tướng quân trương hùng ). Xin gian g Museum
Manichaean priests, writing at their desks. Manuscript from Qocho. 8th/9th century

From the mid-5th century until the mid-7th century, the Gaochang Kingdom was successively controlled by the Kan, Zhang, Ma and Qu clans.

At the time of its conquest by the Rouran Khaganate, there were more than ten thousandHan Chinesehouseholds in Gaochang.[17]The Rouran Khaganate, which was based in Mongolia, appointed a Han Chinese named Kan Bozhou to rule as King of Gaochang in 460, and it became a separate vassal kingdom of the Khaganate.[18]Kan was dependent on Rouran backing.[19]Yicheng and Shougui were the last two kings of the Chinese Kan family to rule Gaochang.

At this time theGaoche(CaoXe) was rising to challenge power of the Rouran in theTarim Basin.The Gaoche king Afuzhiluo (APhụcĐếnLa) killed King Kan Shougui, who was the nephew of Kan Bozhou.[4][20]and appointed a Han fromDunhuang,named Zhang Mengming ( trương Mạnh Minh ), as his own vassal King of Gaochang.[21][22]Gaochang thus passed under Gaoche rule.

Later, Zhang Mengming was killed in an uprising by the people of Gaochang and replaced by Ma Ru (MãNho). In 501, Ma Ru himself was overthrown and killed, and the people of Gaochang appointed Qu Jia (KhúcGia) of Jincheng (inGansu) as their king, forming the Qushi Kingdom ( khúc thị vương quốc, 501-640 CE). Qu Jia hailed from the Zhong district of Jincheng commandery ( Kim Thành, roughly corresponding to modern dayLanzhou,Gansu)[20]Qu Jia at first pledged allegiance to the Rouran, but the Rouran khaghan was soon killed by the Gaoche and he had to submit to Gaoche overlordship. During Qu rule, powerful families established marriage ties with each other and dominated the kingdom, they included the Zhang, Fan, Yin, Ma, Shi and Xin families. Later, when theGöktürksemerged as the supreme power in the region, the Qu dynasty of Gaochang became vassals of the Göktürks.[23]

While the material civilization ofKuchato its west in this period remained chiefly Indo-Iranian in character, in Gaochang it gradually merged into theTangaesthetics.[24]In 607 the ruler of Gaochang Qu Boya paid tribute to theSui dynasty,but his attempt at sinicization provoked a coup which overthrew the Qu ruler.[25]The Qu family was restored six years later and the successor Qu Wentai welcomed the Tang pilgrimXuanzangwith great enthusiasm in 629 AD.[24]

Wall painting from a Christian church,Qocho 683–770 CE

The Kingdom of Gaochang was made out of Han Chinese migrants and ruled by the Han Chinese[26][27]Qu family which originated from Gansu.[28]Jincheng commandery Kim Thành (Lanzhou), district of Yuzhong du trung was the home of the Qu Jia.[29]The Qu family was linked by marriage alliances to the Turks,[30]with a Turk being the grandmother of King Qu Boya's.[31][32]During this period, Gaochang's administration, language, city planning, and Confucian society was so heavily dominated by Chinese models that it was known in Sogdian as "Chinatown", a usage which continued as late as the tenth-century Persian geographyḤudūd al-‘Ālam.[33]

Tang rule

[edit]
Main articles:Tang campaign against Karakhoja,the Western Turks,andthe oasis states

However, fearing Tang expansion, Qu Wentai later formed an alliance with theWestern Turksand rebelled against Tangsuzerainty.Emperor Taizongsent an army led by GeneralHou Junjiagainst the kingdom in 640 and Qu Wentai apparently died of shock at news of the approaching army.[24]Gaochangwas annexedby the ChineseTang dynastyand turned into a sub-prefecture of Xizhou ( tây châu )[34][35]and the seat of government ofAnxi( an tây ).[23][24]Before the Chinese conquered Gaochang, it was an impediment to Chinese access to Tarim and Transoxiania.[36]

Gaochang was populated by Han people and Shanxi (Hedong) was the original home of the royal family at the time of the Tang dynasty's annexation. The Tang dynasty accepted arguments at court who said that because Gaochang was Han populated that they needed to annex it.[37]

Under Tang rule, Gaochang was inhabited by Chinese,SogdiansandTocharians.[citation needed]

7th or 8th century olddumplingsandwontonswere found inTurfan.[38]

The Tang dynasty became greatly weakened due to theAn Lushan Rebellionand in 755, the Chinese were forced to pull back their soldiers from the region. The area was first taken by the Tibetans, then finally by the Uyghurs[39][40][41][42]in 803, who called the area Kocho (Qocho).

Uyghur princesses, cave 9, wall painting from Bezeklik caves
Man of Gaochang ( Cao Xương Quốc,Turfan) inPhiên khách vào triều đồ(937-976 CE)

Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho

[edit]
Main article:Qocho

After 840 Gaochang becameoccupied by remnantsof theUyghur KhaganatefleeingYenisei Kirghizinvasion of their land.[43]The Uyghurs established theKingdom of Qocho(Kara-Khoja) in 850. The inhabitants of Qocho practicedBuddhism,ManichaeismandChristianity.The Uyghurs converted to Buddhism and sponsored building of temple caves in the nearbyBezeklik Thousand Buddha Caveswhere depictions of Uyghur sponsors may be seen. The Buddhist Uyghur kings, who called themselves idiquts, retained their nomadic lifestyle, residing in Qocho during the winter, but moved to the coolerBishbaliknearUrumchiin the summer.[44]

Qocho later became avassalstate of theKara-Khitans.However, In 1209, the idiqutBarchuqofferedGenghis Khanthesuzeraintyof his kingdom, and went personally to Genghis Khan with a sizeable tribute when demanded in 1211.[45]The Uyghurs thus went into the service of the Mongols,[46]who later formed theYuan dynastyin the territories of what is now China. The Uyghurs became bureaucrats (semu) of the Mongol Empire and theirUyghur scriptwas modified for Mongolian. As far south asQuanzhou,preponderance of Gaochang Uyghur inChurch of the Eastinscriptions of the Yuan period attests to their importance in the Christian community there.[47]

The Gaochang area wasconquered bythe Mongols of theChagatai Khanate(not part of theYuan dynasty) from 1275 to 1318 by as many as 120,000 troops.

Buddhism

[edit]

Buddhismspread to China from India along the northern branch of the Silk Road predominantly in the 4th and 5th centuries as the Liang rulers were Buddhists.[48]The building of Buddhist grottos probably began during this period. There are clusters close to Gaochang, the largest being theBezeklik grottos.[49]

Gaochang ruling families

[edit]
Armoured soldier from Gaochang, 8-9th century

Rulers of the Kan Family

[edit]
Name Pinyin Durations of reigns Era namesand their according durations
Chinese convention: use family name and given name
Hám bá chu Kàn Bózhōu 460–477 Did not exist
Hám nghĩa thành Kàn Yìchéng 477–478 Did not exist
Hám đầu về Kàn Shǒugūi 478–488?
or
478–491?		 Did not exist

Rulers of the Zhang Family

[edit]
Name Pinyin Durations of reigns Era namesand their according durations
Chinese convention: use family name and given name
Trương Mạnh Minh Zhāng Mèngmíng 488?–496
or
491?–496		 Did not exist

Rulers of the Ma Family

[edit]
Name Pinyin Durations of reigns Era namesand their according durations
Chinese convention: use family name and given name
Mã nho Mǎ Rú 496–501 Did not exist

Rulers of the Qu Family

[edit]
Name Pinyin Durations of reigns Era namesand their according durations
Chinese convention: use family name and given name
Khúc gia Qú Jiā 501–525
Khúc quang Qú Guāng 525–530 Ganlu ( cam lộ Gānlù) 525–530
Khúc kiên Qú Jiān 530–548 Zhanghe ( chương cùng Zhānghé) 531–548
Khúc huyền hỉ Qú Xuánxǐ 549–550 Yongping ( Vĩnh Bình Yǒngpíng) 549–550
Unnamed son of Qu Xuanxi 551–554 Heping ( hoà bình Hépíng) 551–554
Khúc bảo mậu Qú Bǎomào 555–560 Jianchang ( Kiến Xương Jiànchāng) 555–560
Khúc càn cố Qú Qiángù 560–601 Yanchang ( duyên xương Yánchāng) 561–601
Khúc bá nhã Qú Bóyǎ[50] 601–613
619–623		 Yanhe ( duyên cùng Yánhé) 602–613

Zhongguang ( lại thấy ánh mặt trời Zhòngguāng) 620–623
Unnamed usurper 613–619 Yihe (Yìhé nghĩa cùng ) 614–619
Khúc văn thái Qú Wéntài 623–640 Yanshou ( duyên thọ Yánshòu) 624–640
Khúc trí thịnh Qú Zhìshèng 640 did not exist
[edit]
  • The road leading in.
    The road leading in.
  • The ruins.
    The ruins.
  • "Main prayer hall[51]".
    "Main prayer hall[51]".
  • "Main storage building".
    "Main storage building".
  • Manichaean wall painting.
    Manichaean wall painting.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^Charles Eliot (January 4, 2016).Hinduism and Buddhism: An Historical Sketch.Sai ePublications & Sai Shop. pp. 1075–. GGKEY:4TQAY7XLN48.
  2. ^"Virtual Art Exhibit - The Uighurs".depts.washington.edu.RetrievedDecember 20,2022.
  3. ^Phùng đào (2006). "Cao xương thành cổ bảo hộ công trình bản tóm tắt".Văn bác.
  4. ^abLouis-Frédéric (1977).Encyclopaedia of Asian civilizations, Volume 3.the University of Michigan: L. Frédéric. p. 16.ISBN978-2-902228-00-3.RetrievedMay 17,2011.
  5. ^Jacques Gernet (1996).A history of Chinese civilization.Cambridge University Press. p.253.ISBN0-521-49781-7.RetrievedMay 17,2011.
  6. ^"Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor".UNESCO World Heritage Centre.United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization.RetrievedApril 17,2021.
  7. ^abcZhang, Kai (February 4, 2021)."The Spread and Integration of Painted pottery Art along the Silk Road".Region - Educational Research and Reviews.3(1): 18.doi:10.32629/RERR.V3I1.242.S2CID234007445.In the late Neolithic period and the early Bronze age, pottery, ornamentation and bronze culture with the characteristics of West Asia and Central Asia were introduced into Xin gian g, includingQijia culture(2500-1500 BC),Siba culture(about 2000-1600 BC), Chawuhugoukou culture (around 800-100 BC), Turpan Subeixi culture (1100 bc-100 BC) and other cultures.
  8. ^Beck, Ulrike; Wagner, Mayke; Li, Xiao; Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond; Tarasov, Pavel E. (October 20, 2014)."The invention of trousers and its likely affiliation with horseback riding and mobility: A case study of late 2nd millennium BC finds from Turfan in eastern Central Asia".Quaternary International.348:225–226.Bibcode:2014QuInt.348..224B.doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.056.ISSN1040-6182.The Yanghai graveyard is assigned to the Subeixi (Subeshi) culture (e.g. Jiang et al., 2006, 2009), conventionally dated to the first millennium BC (Chen, 2002; Han, 2007; Xin gian g, 2011). The culture is associated with the Cheshi (Chü-shih) state known from Chinese historical sources (Sinor, 1990).
  9. ^Jiang, Hongen; Li, Cheng-Sen; Cao, Hongyong; Shading, Palidanmu; Cheng, Ye-Ming (July 2021)."Wood Utilization During the Late Bronze to Early Iron Age in the Turpan Basin of Xin gian g, China, With Special Emphasis on Betula (Betulaceae)".SAGE Open.11(3): 215824402110469.doi:10.1177/21582440211046950.ISSN2158-2440.
  10. ^Ahmad Hasan Dani, ed. (1999).History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 3.Motilal Banarsidass. p. 304.ISBN81-208-1540-8.RetrievedMay 17,2011.
  11. ^Jacques Gernet (1996).A history of Chinese civilization.Cambridge University Press. p.186.ISBN0-521-49781-7.RetrievedMay 17,2011.
  12. ^Society for the Study of Chinese Religions (U.S.), Indiana University, Bloomington. East Asian Studies Center (2002).Journal of Chinese religions, Issues 30-31.the University of California: Society for the Study of Chinese Religions. p. 24.RetrievedMay 17,2011.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^Susan Whitfield;British Library (2004).The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith.Serindia Publications, Inc. pp. 309–.ISBN978-1-932476-13-2.
  14. ^Christian, History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, page 449, citing 'Sui annals' and Baumer, History of Central Asia, vol 2, page 174
  15. ^"Archaeologists Discover Ancient Dumplings in China".February 16, 2016.
  16. ^"YUM! Archaeologists discover that people in Xin gian g were snacking on dumplings 1,700 years ago".February 15, 2016.
  17. ^Ahmad Hasan Dani, ed. (1999).History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 3.Motilal Banarsidass. p. 305.ISBN81-208-1540-8.RetrievedMay 17,2011.
  18. ^Tatsurō Yamamoto, ed. (1984).Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Congress of Human Sciences in Asia and North Africa, Tokyo-Kyoto, 31st August-7th September 1983, Volume 2.Indiana University: Tōhō Gakkai. p. 997.RetrievedMay 17,2011.
  19. ^Albert E. Dien; Jeffrey K. Riegel; Nancy Thompson Price (1985). Albert E. Dien; Jeffrey K. Riegel; Nancy Thompson Price (eds.).Chinese archaeological abstracts: post Han.Vol. 4 of Chinese Archaeological Abstracts. the University of Michigan: Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles. p. 1567.ISBN0-917956-54-0.RetrievedMay 17,2011.
  20. ^abROY ANDREW MILLER, ed. (1959).Accounts of Western Nations in the History of the Northern Chou Dynasty.Berkeley and Los Angeles: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS. p. 5.RetrievedMay 17,2011.East Asia Studies Institute of International Studies University of California CHINESE DYNASTIC HISTORIES TRANSLATIONS No. 6
  21. ^Ahmad Hasan Dani, ed. (1999).History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 3.Motilal Banarsidass. p. 306.ISBN81-208-1540-8.RetrievedMay 17,2011.
  22. ^Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Kenkyūbu (1974).Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Volumes 32-34.the University of Michigan: The Toyo Bunko. p. 107.RetrievedMay 17,2011.
  23. ^abChang Kuan-ta (1996). Boris Anatol'evich Litvinskiĭ; Zhang, Guang-da; R. Shabani Samghabadi (eds.).The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750.UNESCO. p. 306.ISBN92-3-103211-9.RetrievedMay 17,2011.
  24. ^abcdRene Grousset (1991).The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia.Rutgers University Press. pp.98–99.ISBN0813513049.
  25. ^Jacques Gernet (1996).A history of Chinese civilization.Cambridge University Press. p.253.ISBN0-521-49781-7.RetrievedJune 6,2012.
  26. ^Baij Nath Puri (1987).Buddhism in Central Asia.Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 78–.ISBN978-81-208-0372-5.
  27. ^Charles Eliot; Sir Charles Eliot (1998).Hinduism and Buddhism: An Historical Sketch.Psychology Press. pp. 206–.ISBN978-0-7007-0679-2.
  28. ^Marc S. Abramson (December 31, 2011).Ethnic Identity in Tang China.University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 119–.ISBN978-0-8122-0101-7.
  29. ^Roy Andrew Miller (1959).Accounts of Western Nations in the History of the Northern Chou Dynasty [Chou Shu 50. 10b-17b]: Translated and Annotated by Roy Andrew Miller.University of California Press. pp. 5–. GGKEY:SXHP29BAXQY.
  30. ^Valerie Hansen (October 11, 2012).The Silk Road.OUP USA. pp. 262–.ISBN978-0-19-515931-8.
  31. ^Jonathan Karam Skaff (1998).Straddling steppe and town: Tang China's relations with the nomads of inner Asia (640-756).University of Michigan. p. 57.ISBN9780599084643.
  32. ^Asia Major.Institute of History and Philology of the Academia Sinica. 1998. p. 87.
  33. ^Hansen, Valerie (2005). "The Impact of the Silk Road trade on a local community: The Turfan Oasis, 500-800".Les Sogdiens en Chine.17:283–310.
  34. ^E. Bretschneider (1876).Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia.Trübner & Company. pp. 122–.
  35. ^Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.The Branch. 1876. pp. 196–.
  36. ^Jacques Gernet (1996).A history of Chinese civilization.Cambridge University Press. p.238.ISBN0-521-49781-7.RetrievedMay 17,2011.
  37. ^Abramson, Marc S. (2011).Ethnic Identity in Tang China.Encounters with Asia. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 119.ISBN978-0812201017.
  38. ^Hansen 2012,p. 11.
  39. ^Matthew Kapstein; Brandon Dotson (July 20, 2007).Contributions to the Cultural History of Early Tibet.Brill. pp. 91–.ISBN978-90-474-2119-1.
  40. ^Chen (2014).
  41. ^Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang.Brill. June 7, 2013. pp. 201–.ISBN978-90-04-25233-2.
  42. ^Victor Cunrui Xiong (December 4, 2008).Historical Dictionary of Medieval China.Scarecrow Press. pp. 175–.ISBN978-0-8108-6258-6.
  43. ^Susan Whitfield; British Library (2004).The Silk Road: trade, travel, war and faith(illustrated ed.). Serindia Publications, Inc. p. 309.ISBN1-932476-13-X.RetrievedMay 17,2011.
  44. ^Svatopluk Soucek (2000). "Chapter 4 - The Uighur Kingdom of Qocho".A history of Inner Asia.Cambridge University Press.ISBN0-521-65704-0.
  45. ^Biran, Michal. (2005).The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World.Cambridge University Press. p. 75.ISBN0-521-84226-3.
  46. ^Svatopluk Soucek (2000). "Chapter 7 - The Conquering Mongols".A history of Inner Asia.Cambridge University Press.ISBN0-521-65704-0.
  47. ^The Stones of Zayton speakArchived2013-10-24 at theWayback Machine,China Heritage Newsletter,No. 5, March 2006
  48. ^Bắc Lương thả cừ an chu tạo chùa biaArchived2011-08-20 at theWayback Machine
  49. ^"The Silk Road".ess.uci.edu. Archived fromthe originalon March 15, 2016.RetrievedSeptember 21,2007.
  50. ^Victor Cunrui Xiong (February 1, 2012).Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty: His Life, Times, and Legacy.SUNY Press. pp. 206–.ISBN978-0-7914-8268-1.
  51. ^"Buddhist Channel | Travel".

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toGaochang ruins.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaochang&oldid=1235203049"