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Gaofen

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Gaofen Wei xing
Cao phân
Gāo Fēn
Program overview
CountryChina
StatusActive
Program history
First flight26 April 2013
Last flight20 August 2023
Successes32
Failures1
Launch site(s)
Vehicle information
Launch vehicle(s)


Gaofen(Chinese:Cao phân;pinyin:Gāofēn;lit.'high resolution') is a series of Chinesehigh-resolutionEarth imaging satelliteslaunched as part of the China High-resolution Earth Observation System (CHEOS) program.[1][2]CHEOS is a state-sponsored, civilianEarth-observationprogram used foragricultural,disaster,resource,andenvironmental monitoring.Proposed in 2006 and approved in 2010, the CHEOS program consists of the Gaofen series of space-basedsatellites,near-spaceand airborne systems such asairshipsandUAVs,ground systems that conduct data receipt, processing, calibration, and taskings, and a system of applications that fuse observation data with other sources to produce usable information and knowledge.[2][3]

Although the first seven Gaofen satellites and their payloads have been heavily detailed, little to no details on Gaofen 8 and later satellites have been revealed prompting suggestions that Gaofen satellites may be dual purpose supporting both civilian and military missions.[2][4][5][6][7]

In 2003, theChina National Space Administration(CNSA) agreed withRoscosmosto share Gaofen data for data from Russia's Earth observation satellites of similar capability. This agreement was expanded in August 2021 when leaders fromBRICSspace agenciesagreed to share space-basedremote sensingdata.[8]

Notable satellites

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Gaofen-5

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Gaofen-5 has been lauded as the "flagship of the environment and atmosphere observation satellite in the CHEOS program". Launched on 8 May 2018 fromTaiyuan Satellite Launch Center(TSLC) intoSun-synchronous orbit,Gaofen-5 carries sixpayloads:an AdvancedHyperspectral Imagerysensor (AHSI), AtmosphericInfraredUltraspectralSensor (AIUS), DirectionalPolarizationCamera (DPC), Environment Monitoring Instrument (EMI),Greenhouse-gasesMonitoring Instrument (GMI), andVisual and InfraredMultispectralSensor (VIMS).[2][9]

The Advanced Hyperspectral Imagery (AHSI) sensor payload aboard Gaofen-5 claims to be the first space-based hyperspectral imaging sensor utilizing both convex grating spectrophotometry and a three concentric-mirror (Offner) configuration.[10]The AHSI uses spectrophotometry to measure the lightspectrareflected, transmitted, or emitted by an imaged object to detect or identify objects on the ground.[10]In civilian applications, the AHSI allows analysts to conductenvironmental monitoringandresourcediscovery while in a military application would allow analysts to detect and identify an adversary's equipment or spot non-multi-spectral camouflage.[10][11][12]AHSI has a 30 meterspatial resolutionand 5 nanometerspectral resolutionin the visible, near-infrared (NIR), and short-wave infrared (SWIR)wavelengthranges.[12]

The Atmospheric Infrared Ultraspectral Sensor (AIUS) payload aboard Gaofen-5 is China's firsthyperspectraloccultationspectrometermeaning it measures the spectra of imagedatmospheric particlesbetween the sensor and the Sun.[13][14]AIUS allows scientists to monitoratmospheric circulationby tracingH
2O(water vapor), temperature, pressure, and various carbon and halogen-containing gas pollutants such aschlorofluorocarbons(CFCs),dinitrogen pentoxide,andchlorine nitrate.[14][15]AMichelson interferometer,AIUS images wavelengths between 2.4 and 13.3micrometers(near to mid-waveinfrared) at a 0.3centimeterresolution and a ±10°field of view.[14]

Gaofen-5's Directional Polarimetric Camera (DPC) is China's first space-based multi-angle polarimetric camera.[9]Prior to GF-5's launch, in September 2016, China had experimented with polarimetric imaging in 2016 aboard theTiangong-2space laboratory and launched its Cloud and Aerosol Polarimetric Imager (CAPI) aboardTanSatin December of that year.[9][16]CAPI imaged clouds within 670 and 1640nanometerchannels but was restricted to fixed-angle imaging. The DPC aboard Gaofen-5 enablesatmosphericspectroscopyin three polarized bands (90, 670, and 865nm;polarized at 0°, 60°, and 120°) and five non-polarized bands (443, 565, 763, 765, and 910 nm), all wavelengths fromgreentonear-infrared(NIR). A step motor rotates the 512 × 512pixelcharge-coupled device(CCD) imager ±50° providing a 1,850 km swath ofimageryat 3.3 km resolution.[9][17]

Satellites

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Since the program's start in 2013, the People's Republic of China has launched 32 Gaofen-series satellites with only one launch failure.Jilin-1 satellitesdescribed as 'Gaofen' are not part of the government's Gaofen series, rather are described as having high resolution (Chinese:Cao phân;pinyin:Gāofēn).[18]

Designation Launch date
(UTC) 		Payloads Orbit Orbital apsis Inclination SCN COSPAR ID Launch vehicle Launch site Status
Gaofen 1 26 April 2013 2mPAN,8mMSI,4x 16mWFVMSI SSO 632.8 km × 662.7 km 98.1° 39150 2013-018A Long March 2D Jiuquan SLC Operational
Gaofen 2 19 August 2014 0.8mPAN,3.2mMSI SSO 630.5 km × 638.0 km 97.7° 40118 2014-049A Long March 4B Taiyuan SLC Operational
Gaofen 8 26 June 2015 EO SSO 501.7 km × 504.5 km 97.6° 40701 2015-030A Long March 4B Taiyuan SLC Operational
Gaofen 9-01 14 September 2015 EO SSO 624.5 km × 671.3 km 97.8° 40894 2015-047A Long March 2D Jiuquan SLC Operational
Gaofen 4 28 December 2015 50mVIS,400mMWIR GEO 35,782.4 km × 35,806.4 km 0.1° 41194 2015-083A Long March 3B Xichang SLC Operational
Gaofen 3 9 August 2016 C-bandSAR SSO 757.9 km × 758.8 km 98.4° 41727 2016-049A Long March 4C Taiyuan SLC Operational
Gaofen 10 31 August 2016 Unknown SSO(planned) N/A N/A N/A 2016-F01 Long March 4C Taiyuan SLC Launch failure[19]
Gaofen 1-02 31 March 2018 2mPAN,8mMSI,4x 16mWFVMSI SSO 645.4 km × 649.0 km 97.9° 43259 2018-031A Long March 4C Taiyuan SLC Operational
Gaofen 1-03 31 March 2018 2mPAN,8mMSI,4x 16mWFVMSI SSO 642.9 km × 651.9 km 97.9° 43260 2018-031B Long March 4C Taiyuan SLC Operational
Gaofen 1-04 31 March 2018 2mPAN,8mMSI,4x 16mWFVMSI SSO 644.3 km × 650.5 km 97.9° 43262 2018-031D Long March 4C Taiyuan SLC Operational
Gaofen 5 8 May 2018 303kmPOLMSI,0.3cmHSI,30mHSI SSO 706.2 km × 707.0 km 98.3° 43461 2018-043A Long March 4C Taiyuan SLC Operational
Gaofen 6 2 June 2018 MSI SSO 641.0 km × 654.3 km 97.9° 43484 2018-048A Long March 2D Jiuquan SLC Operational
Gaofen 11-01 31 July 2018 EO SSO 493.1 km × 512.5 km 97.6° 43585 2018-063A Long March 4B Taiyuan SLC Operational
Gaofen 10R 4 October 2019 Unknown SSO 632.0 km × 634.4 km 97.9° 44622 2019-066A Long March 4C Taiyuan SLC Operational
Gaofen 7 3 November 2019 2x 0.8mPAN,2.5mMSI SSO 500.7 km × 517.9 km 97.4° 44703 2019-072A Long March 4B Taiyuan SLC Operational
Gaofen 12 27 November 2019 SAR SSO 634.4 km × 636.5 km 97.9° 44819 2019-082A Long March 4C Taiyuan SLC Operational
Gaofen 9-02 31 May 2020 EO SSO 493.9 km × 511.3 km 97.4° 45625 2020-034B Long March 2D Jiuquan SLC Operational
Gaofen 9-03 17 June 2020 EO SSO 491.5 km × 513.9 km 97.4° 45794 2020-039A Long March 2D Jiuquan SLC Operational
Gaofen DUOMO 3 July 2020 EO SSO 635.5 km × 657.6 km 97.9° 45856 2020-042A Long March 4B Taiyuan SLC Operational
Gaofen 9-04 6 August 2020 EO SSO 497.9 km × 506.4 km 94.4° 46025 2020-054A Long March 2D Jiuquan SLC Operational
Gaofen 9-05 23 August 2020 EO SSO 493.5 km × 511.9 km 97.4° 46232 2020-058A Long March 2D Jiuquan SLC Operational
Gaofen 11-02 7 September 2020 EO SSO 500.7 km × 505.2 km 97.4° 46396 2020-064A Long March 4B Taiyuan SLC Operational
Gaofen 13 11 October 2020 50mVIS,400mMWIR GEO 35,782.5 km × 35,806.1 km 0.2° 46610 2020-071A Long March 3B Xichang SLC Operational
Gaofen 14 6 December 2020 EO SSO 492.9 km × 198.4 km 97.4° 47231 2020-092A Long March 3B/G5 Xichang SLC Operational
Gaofen 12-02 30 March 2021 SAR SSO 634.7 km × 636.6 km 97.9° 48079 2021-026A Long March 4C Jiuquan SLC Operational
Gaofen 5-02 7 September 2021 303kmPOLMSI,0.3cmHSI,30mHSI SSO 705.4 km × 710.2 km 98.2° 49122 2021-079A Long March 4C Taiyuan SLC Operational
Gaofen 11-03 20 November 2021 EO SSO 498.6 km × 504.8 km 97.4° 49492 2021-107A Long March 4B Taiyuan SLC Operational
Gaofen 3-02 22 November 2021 C-bandSAR SSO 757.5 km × 759.2 km 98.4° 49495 2021-109A Long March 4C Jiuquan SLC Operational
Gaofen 3-03 6 April 2022 C-bandSAR SSO 757.8 km × 758.9 km 98.4° 52200 2022-035A Long March 4C Jiuquan SLC Operational
Gaofen 12-03 27 June 2022 SAR SSO 633.3 km × 367.1 km 98.0° 52912 2022-069A Long March 4C Jiuquan SLC Operational
Gaofen 5-01A 8 December 2022 HSI SSO 706.1 km × 709.0 km 98.1° 54640 2022-165A Long March 2D Taiyuan SLC Operational
Gaofen 11-04 27 December 2022 EO SSO 498.6 km × 504.8 km 97.4° 54818 2022-176A Long March 4B Taiyuan SLC Operational
Gaofen 13-02 17 March 2023 Unknown GTO 35,788.4 km × 35,802.1 km 3.0° 55912 2023-036A Long March 3B/E Xichang SLC Operational
Gaofen 12-04 20 August 2023 SAR SSO 626 km × 630 km 97.9° 57654 2023-132A Long March 4C Jiuquan SLC Operational
Table data sourced from previously cited references,CelesTrak,N2YO,NASA, and theU.S. Space Force

See also

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References

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  2. ^abcdChen, Liangfu; Letu, Husi; Fan, Meng; Shang, Huazhe; Tao, Jinhua; Wu, Laixiong; Zhang, Ying; Yu, Chao; Gu, Jianbin; Zhang, Ning; Hong, Jin (8 April 2022)."An Introduction to the Chinese High-Resolution Earth Observation System: Gaofen-1~7 Civilian Satellites".Journal of Remote Sensing.2022:1–14.Bibcode:2022JRemS202269536C.doi:10.34133/2022/9769536.S2CID247446513.
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