Gaofen
Gaofen(Chinese:Cao phân;pinyin:Gāofēn;lit.'high resolution') is a series of Chinesehigh-resolutionEarth imaging satelliteslaunched as part of the China High-resolution Earth Observation System (CHEOS) program.[1][2]CHEOS is a state-sponsored, civilianEarth-observationprogram used foragricultural,disaster,resource,andenvironmental monitoring.Proposed in 2006 and approved in 2010, the CHEOS program consists of the Gaofen series of space-basedsatellites,near-spaceand airborne systems such asairshipsandUAVs,ground systems that conduct data receipt, processing, calibration, and taskings, and a system of applications that fuse observation data with other sources to produce usable information and knowledge.[2][3]
Although the first seven Gaofen satellites and their payloads have been heavily detailed, little to no details on Gaofen 8 and later satellites have been revealed prompting suggestions that Gaofen satellites may be dual purpose supporting both civilian and military missions.[2][4][5][6][7]
In 2003, theChina National Space Administration(CNSA) agreed withRoscosmosto share Gaofen data for data from Russia's Earth observation satellites of similar capability. This agreement was expanded in August 2021 when leaders fromBRICSspace agenciesagreed to share space-basedremote sensingdata.[8]
Notable satellites
[edit]Gaofen-5
[edit]Gaofen-5 has been lauded as the "flagship of the environment and atmosphere observation satellite in the CHEOS program". Launched on 8 May 2018 fromTaiyuan Satellite Launch Center(TSLC) intoSun-synchronous orbit,Gaofen-5 carries sixpayloads:an AdvancedHyperspectral Imagerysensor (AHSI), AtmosphericInfraredUltraspectralSensor (AIUS), DirectionalPolarizationCamera (DPC), Environment Monitoring Instrument (EMI),Greenhouse-gasesMonitoring Instrument (GMI), andVisual and InfraredMultispectralSensor (VIMS).[2][9]
The Advanced Hyperspectral Imagery (AHSI) sensor payload aboard Gaofen-5 claims to be the first space-based hyperspectral imaging sensor utilizing both convex grating spectrophotometry and a three concentric-mirror (Offner) configuration.[10]The AHSI uses spectrophotometry to measure the lightspectrareflected, transmitted, or emitted by an imaged object to detect or identify objects on the ground.[10]In civilian applications, the AHSI allows analysts to conductenvironmental monitoringandresourcediscovery while in a military application would allow analysts to detect and identify an adversary's equipment or spot non-multi-spectral camouflage.[10][11][12]AHSI has a 30 meterspatial resolutionand 5 nanometerspectral resolutionin the visible, near-infrared (NIR), and short-wave infrared (SWIR)wavelengthranges.[12]
The Atmospheric Infrared Ultraspectral Sensor (AIUS) payload aboard Gaofen-5 is China's firsthyperspectraloccultationspectrometermeaning it measures the spectra of imagedatmospheric particlesbetween the sensor and the Sun.[13][14]AIUS allows scientists to monitoratmospheric circulationby tracingH
2O(water vapor), temperature, pressure, and various carbon and halogen-containing gas pollutants such aschlorofluorocarbons(CFCs),dinitrogen pentoxide,andchlorine nitrate.[14][15]AMichelson interferometer,AIUS images wavelengths between 2.4 and 13.3micrometers(near to mid-waveinfrared) at a 0.3centimeterresolution and a ±10°field of view.[14]
Gaofen-5's Directional Polarimetric Camera (DPC) is China's first space-based multi-angle polarimetric camera.[9]Prior to GF-5's launch, in September 2016, China had experimented with polarimetric imaging in 2016 aboard theTiangong-2space laboratory and launched its Cloud and Aerosol Polarimetric Imager (CAPI) aboardTanSatin December of that year.[9][16]CAPI imaged clouds within 670 and 1640nanometerchannels but was restricted to fixed-angle imaging. The DPC aboard Gaofen-5 enablesatmosphericspectroscopyin three polarized bands (90, 670, and 865nm;polarized at 0°, 60°, and 120°) and five non-polarized bands (443, 565, 763, 765, and 910 nm), all wavelengths fromgreentonear-infrared(NIR). A step motor rotates the 512 × 512pixelcharge-coupled device(CCD) imager ±50° providing a 1,850 km swath ofimageryat 3.3 km resolution.[9][17]
Satellites
[edit]Since the program's start in 2013, the People's Republic of China has launched 32 Gaofen-series satellites with only one launch failure.Jilin-1 satellitesdescribed as 'Gaofen' are not part of the government's Gaofen series, rather are described as having high resolution (Chinese:Cao phân;pinyin:Gāofēn).[18]
Designation | Launch date (UTC) |
Payloads | Orbit | Orbital apsis | Inclination | SCN | COSPAR ID | Launch vehicle | Launch site | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gaofen 1 | 26 April 2013 | 2mPAN,8mMSI,4x 16mWFVMSI | SSO | 632.8 km × 662.7 km | 98.1° | 39150 | 2013-018A | Long March 2D | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 2 | 19 August 2014 | 0.8mPAN,3.2mMSI | SSO | 630.5 km × 638.0 km | 97.7° | 40118 | 2014-049A | Long March 4B | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 8 | 26 June 2015 | EO | SSO | 501.7 km × 504.5 km | 97.6° | 40701 | 2015-030A | Long March 4B | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 9-01 | 14 September 2015 | EO | SSO | 624.5 km × 671.3 km | 97.8° | 40894 | 2015-047A | Long March 2D | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 4 | 28 December 2015 | 50mVIS,400mMWIR | GEO | 35,782.4 km × 35,806.4 km | 0.1° | 41194 | 2015-083A | Long March 3B | Xichang SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 3 | 9 August 2016 | C-bandSAR | SSO | 757.9 km × 758.8 km | 98.4° | 41727 | 2016-049A | Long March 4C | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 10 | 31 August 2016 | Unknown | SSO(planned) | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2016-F01 | Long March 4C | Taiyuan SLC | Launch failure[19] |
Gaofen 1-02 | 31 March 2018 | 2mPAN,8mMSI,4x 16mWFVMSI | SSO | 645.4 km × 649.0 km | 97.9° | 43259 | 2018-031A | Long March 4C | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 1-03 | 31 March 2018 | 2mPAN,8mMSI,4x 16mWFVMSI | SSO | 642.9 km × 651.9 km | 97.9° | 43260 | 2018-031B | Long March 4C | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 1-04 | 31 March 2018 | 2mPAN,8mMSI,4x 16mWFVMSI | SSO | 644.3 km × 650.5 km | 97.9° | 43262 | 2018-031D | Long March 4C | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 5 | 8 May 2018 | 303kmPOLMSI,0.3cmHSI,30mHSI | SSO | 706.2 km × 707.0 km | 98.3° | 43461 | 2018-043A | Long March 4C | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 6 | 2 June 2018 | MSI | SSO | 641.0 km × 654.3 km | 97.9° | 43484 | 2018-048A | Long March 2D | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 11-01 | 31 July 2018 | EO | SSO | 493.1 km × 512.5 km | 97.6° | 43585 | 2018-063A | Long March 4B | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 10R | 4 October 2019 | Unknown | SSO | 632.0 km × 634.4 km | 97.9° | 44622 | 2019-066A | Long March 4C | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 7 | 3 November 2019 | 2x 0.8mPAN,2.5mMSI | SSO | 500.7 km × 517.9 km | 97.4° | 44703 | 2019-072A | Long March 4B | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 12 | 27 November 2019 | SAR | SSO | 634.4 km × 636.5 km | 97.9° | 44819 | 2019-082A | Long March 4C | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 9-02 | 31 May 2020 | EO | SSO | 493.9 km × 511.3 km | 97.4° | 45625 | 2020-034B | Long March 2D | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 9-03 | 17 June 2020 | EO | SSO | 491.5 km × 513.9 km | 97.4° | 45794 | 2020-039A | Long March 2D | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen DUOMO | 3 July 2020 | EO | SSO | 635.5 km × 657.6 km | 97.9° | 45856 | 2020-042A | Long March 4B | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 9-04 | 6 August 2020 | EO | SSO | 497.9 km × 506.4 km | 94.4° | 46025 | 2020-054A | Long March 2D | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 9-05 | 23 August 2020 | EO | SSO | 493.5 km × 511.9 km | 97.4° | 46232 | 2020-058A | Long March 2D | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 11-02 | 7 September 2020 | EO | SSO | 500.7 km × 505.2 km | 97.4° | 46396 | 2020-064A | Long March 4B | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 13 | 11 October 2020 | 50mVIS,400mMWIR | GEO | 35,782.5 km × 35,806.1 km | 0.2° | 46610 | 2020-071A | Long March 3B | Xichang SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 14 | 6 December 2020 | EO | SSO | 492.9 km × 198.4 km | 97.4° | 47231 | 2020-092A | Long March 3B/G5 | Xichang SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 12-02 | 30 March 2021 | SAR | SSO | 634.7 km × 636.6 km | 97.9° | 48079 | 2021-026A | Long March 4C | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 5-02 | 7 September 2021 | 303kmPOLMSI,0.3cmHSI,30mHSI | SSO | 705.4 km × 710.2 km | 98.2° | 49122 | 2021-079A | Long March 4C | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 11-03 | 20 November 2021 | EO | SSO | 498.6 km × 504.8 km | 97.4° | 49492 | 2021-107A | Long March 4B | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 3-02 | 22 November 2021 | C-bandSAR | SSO | 757.5 km × 759.2 km | 98.4° | 49495 | 2021-109A | Long March 4C | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 3-03 | 6 April 2022 | C-bandSAR | SSO | 757.8 km × 758.9 km | 98.4° | 52200 | 2022-035A | Long March 4C | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 12-03 | 27 June 2022 | SAR | SSO | 633.3 km × 367.1 km | 98.0° | 52912 | 2022-069A | Long March 4C | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 5-01A | 8 December 2022 | HSI | SSO | 706.1 km × 709.0 km | 98.1° | 54640 | 2022-165A | Long March 2D | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 11-04 | 27 December 2022 | EO | SSO | 498.6 km × 504.8 km | 97.4° | 54818 | 2022-176A | Long March 4B | Taiyuan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 13-02 | 17 March 2023 | Unknown | GTO | 35,788.4 km × 35,802.1 km | 3.0° | 55912 | 2023-036A | Long March 3B/E | Xichang SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 12-04 | 20 August 2023 | SAR | SSO | 626 km × 630 km | 97.9° | 57654 | 2023-132A | Long March 4C | Jiuquan SLC | Operational |
Gaofen 11-05 | 19 July 2024 | EO | SSO | Long March 4B | Taiyuan SLC | Operational | ||||
Gaofen 12-05 | 15 October 2024 | SAR | SSO | Long March 4C | Jiuquan SLC | Operational | ||||
Table data sourced from previously cited references,CelesTrak,N2YO,NASA, and theU.S. Space Force |
See also
[edit]References
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