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Gaya (India)

Coordinates:24°45′N85°01′E/ 24.75°N 85.01°E/24.75; 85.01
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Gaya
City
Vishnupada Temple, Gaya International Airport, Sujata Stupa
Gaya is located in Bihar
Gaya
Gaya
Location of Gaya in Bihar
Gaya is located in India
Gaya
Gaya
Gaya (India)
Coordinates:24°45′N85°01′E/ 24.75°N 85.01°E/24.75; 85.01
CountryIndia
StateBihar
RegionMagadha
DivisionMagadh Division
DistrictGaya
Named forGayasura
Government
• TypeMunicipal corporation
• BodyGaya Nagar Nigam
•MayorGanesh Paswan
•Deputy MayorMohan Shrivastava
Area
[2][3]
• Total308 km2(119 sq mi)
• Rank21(india), 3rd (Bihar)
Elevation
111 m (364 ft)
Population
(2011)
• Total470,840[1]
• Rank102 (India) 2nd (Bihar)
• Density9,490/km2(24,600/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Gayaite, Gayavi[4]
Languages
• OfficialHindi,English
• SpokenMagahi
Time zoneUTC+5:30(IST)
PIN
823001 - 13
Telephone code91-631
ISO 3166 codeIN-BR
Vehicle registrationBR-02
Railway StationGaya Junction
AirportGaya International Airport
Websitegaya.nic.in//

Gaya(IAST:Gayā) is a city, municipal corporation and the administrative headquarters ofGaya districtandMagadh divisionof the Indian state ofBihar.Gaya is 116 kilometres (72 mi) south ofPatnaand is the state'ssecond-largestcity, with a population of 500,000+. The city is surrounded on three sides by small, rocky hills (Mangla-Gauri,Shringa-Sthan, Ram-Shila, and Brahmayoni), with thePhalgu Riveron its eastern side.

It is a city of historical significance and is one of the major tourist attractions inIndia.Gaya is sanctified in theJain,Hindu,andBuddhistreligions. Gaya district is mentioned in the great epics, theRamayanaand theMahabharata.It is the place whereRama,withSitaandLakshmana,came to offerpiṇḍadānafor their father,Dasharatha,and continues to be a major Hindu pilgrimage site for the piṇḍadāna ritual.Bodh Gaya,whereBuddhais said to have attainedenlightenment,is one of the four holy sites ofBuddhism.

Gaya was chosen as one of twelve heritage cities to benefit from the Government of India's four-yearHeritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana(HRIDAY) scheme for urban planning, economic growth and heritage conservation projects.[5]

TheMahabodhi Templecomplex at Bodh Gaya is aWorld Heritage Sitedeclared byUNESCO

TheGaya Districthave 4 sub-division include Gaya Sadar,Sherghati,Tekadi,Neemchak-Bathani

Etymology[edit]

Gaya is named after the demonGayasura(meaning "the demon Gaya" ) who dwelt the area during theTreta Yuga.[6][7]According toVayu Purana,Gaya was the name of a demon (Asura) whose body became pious after he performed strictpenanceand secured blessings from LordVishnu.[8]It was said that the body ofGayasurawas transformed into the series of rocky hills that make up the landscape of Gaya.[9]

History[edit]

Brahmayoni Hill, where Buddha preached theAdittapariyaya Sutta(theFire Sermon)
A view of Gaya during British rule, photograph taken by Waldemar Haffkine
A view of Gaya duringBritish rule,photograph taken byWaldemar Haffkine

Ancient history[edit]

According to modern scholars, theKikata kingdomfrom Rigvedic period was located at Gaya, Bihar.

Gaya is an ancient city, with a Buddhist documented history dating back to the 6th century BCE when the sageGautama Buddhaattained enlightenment atBodh Gaya,16 km (9.9 mi) from the modern city.[10]

Even before this time, Gaya was a place of pilgrimage for people from around the world. The fame of ancient Gaya derived from the account in theRamayanaof the godRamacoming here to the banks ofPhalgu River(called theNiranjana), accompanied by his wife and younger brother, to offerpind-daanfor their fatherDasharatha,for themokshaof his soul.[11][12]In theMahabharata,Gaya is referred to as Gayapuri.

Gaya flourished during theMaurya Empire(321–187 BCE), which ruled from the city ofPataliputra(adjacent to modernPatna) over an area that extended beyond the Indian subcontinent. During this period, Gaya witnessed the rise and fall of many dynasties in theMagadharegion, where it occupied an important place in cultural history over some 2,400 years between the 6th century BCE and the 18th century CE.

The city's cultural significance began with the dynasty founded by Sisunaga, who exercised power over Patna and Gaya around 600 BCE.Bimbisara,fifth king of the dynasty, who lived and ruled around 519 BCE, had projected Gaya to the outer world. Having attained an important place in the history of civilization, the area experienced the influence of Gautama Buddha and Bhagwan Mahavir during the reign of Bimbisara. After a brief period under theNanda dynasty(345–321 BCE), Gaya and the entire Magadha region came under Mauryan rule. Mauryan EmperorAshoka(272–232 BCE) embraced and promoted Buddhism. He visited Gaya, and built the first temple at Bodh Gaya to commemorate theBuddha's attainment of supreme enlightenment.[13]

The period of Hindu revivalism began with theGupta Empireduring the 4th and 5th centuries CE.Samudraguptaof Magadha brought Gaya into the limelight, making it the capital of Bihar district during the Gupta empire.

In 750 CE, Gaya became a part of thePala Empire,under the rule of its founder,Gopala.It is believed that the present temple of Bodh Gaya was built during the reign of Gopala's son, Dharmapala.

In the 12th century CE, Gaya was invaded byMuhammad Bakhtiyar Khiljiof theGhaznavid Empire.By 1557, it had become part of theMughal Empire,and remained under its power until theBattle of Buxarand the beginning ofBritish rulein 1764. Gaya, along with other parts of the country, gained its independence in 1947.

Modern history[edit]

View of Gaya from Hills of Mangla Gauri
Bharat Sevashram Sangha temple, Gaya

As attested byFrancis Buchanan-Hamiltonin the early nineteenth century, the city was divided into two areas: a sacred area in the southern part of the city, called Gaya; and the larger secular area, which may have been known by the Muslim community as Allahabad. During theBritish rule,the commercial and administrative area of the secular zone was formally named Saheb Ganj by British policy reformerThomas Law,who was a district officer in Gaya in the late nineteenth century. Now 2023 Upgrade Gaya Junction to International Junction official news launched By @PIB_Patna on Twitter[14]

Swami Sahajanand Saraswati,founder of theAll India Kisan Sabhapeasant movement in 1936, established an ashram atNeyamatpur,Gaya, which later became the centre of the freedom struggle inBihar.Many prominent leaders of theIndian National Congressvisited frequently to meetYadunandan (Jadunandan) Sharmawhen he was leader of Kisan Sabha, residing in the ashram set up by Swamiji. Yadunandan Sharma became the leader of the peasants ofGaya districtand second-in-command to Swami Sahajanand Saraswati.

Gaya played a significant role in theIndian Independence Movement.From 26 to 31 December 1922, the 37th session of theIndian National Congresswas held in Gaya[15]under the presidency ofDeshbandhu Chittaranjan Das.It was attended by prominent leaders and luminaries of the Independence Movement, includingMohandas K. Gandhi,Rajendra Prasad,Anugrah Narayan Sinha,Sardar Patel,Maulana Azad,Jawaharlal NehruandSri Krishna Sinha.[16]

Gaya is the birthplace of eminent nationalistBihar Vibhuti,Anugrah Narayan Sinha,Bihar's firstdeputy Chief Ministerand Finance Minister. Former Bihar Chief MinisterSatyendra Narayan Sinhaalso hailed from Gaya. Ishwar Chaudhary, a member of theFifth,SixthandNinthLok Sabhasfrom 1971 to 1979 and from 1989 to 1991, represented the Gaya constituency of Bihar.

Administration[edit]

Until 1864, Gaya was a part of the district of Behar andRamgarh(now in the state ofJharkhand). It became a district of Bihar in its own right on 3 October 1865.[17]In May 1981, the Bihar state government created theMagadh division,comprising the district ofGaya,along withNawada,AurangabadandJehanabad,all of which had originally been sub-divisions when Gaya district was created.[8]Aurangabad and Nawada were partitioned from the territory of Gaya in 1973; and Jehanabad in 1988.[18]Gaya district occupies an area of 4,976 km2(1,921-mile2).[8]

Gaya Municipal Corporation (GMC) is the civic body that governs Gaya.[19]GMC consists of democratically elected members, is headed by amayor,who administer the city's infrastructure, public services, and supplies. As of 2022, the corporation is headed by Birendra Kumar and Deputy mayor Chinta Devi.[20]

Culture[edit]

Pilgrimage[edit]

The city of Gaya is a holy place ofHinduism,with a great number ofHindu deitiesrepresented in the engravings, paintings and carvings of its shrines. Of particular importance are the sites in the city associated withVishnu,in particular thePhalgu Riverand the shrineVishnupad Mandir,or Vishnupada, which is marked by a large footprint of Lord Vishnu engraved in a basalt block.[14]Gaya is the location at which Rama, with Sita and Lakshmana, offered pind-daan for his father, Dasharatha. Gaya has since remained a site of key importance for the performance of the pind-daan ritual.[11][12]

Gaya is considered to be one of the most ideal places to perform theŚrāddha.(AŚrāddhais the Hindu ritual that one performs to pay homage to one's ancestors, especially to one's dead parents). As per Hindu belief system, it is believed that a person goes to hell if he dies in the following circumstances - if he meets an accidental death, if he dies without his consecrations being performed, or if he is killed by a wild animal. But, ifŚrāddhaof that person are performed at Gaya then the soul of such a man will get rid of the tortures of the hell and will go to heaven. PerformingŚrāddhahere is of great importance as it helps one to get rid ofpitra rinnai.e. debts towards one's ancestors (male forefathers).

NearbyBodh Gaya( "Buddha Gaya" ), so named to distinguish it from the Hindu town centre of Gaya, is one of the four holiest sites of Buddhism and the site where the Buddha attainedenlightenment.[13][14]

Bitho Sharif is famous for the tomb of Sufi Saint Makhdoom Durvesh Ashraf RA on the bank of RiverPhalgu.

World Heritage Site at Bodh Gaya[edit]

TheMahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gayawas listed as aWorld Heritage Siteby theWorld Heritage Committeeof theUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)at its 26th session, on 26 June 2002.[13]

The 50-metre-high (160 ft) Mahabodhi Temple central to the complex was first built by the emperorAshokain the 3rd century BCE. The main part of the present structure dates from the 5th–6th centuries CE. It is one of the earliest and best-preserved Buddhist temples built entirely of brick dating from the laterGuptaperiod. TheBodhi Tree(Ficus religiosa), the most important of the sacred places within the complex, is reputedly a descendant of the original tree under which Siddhārtha Gautama attainedenlightenmentand became theBuddha.[13]Marking this seminal moment, Bodh Gaya is one of the four holiest pilgrimage sites of Buddhism, withLumbini,SarnathandKushinagar.[21]

The various structures on the site have undergone a number of restorations over the centuries. Ongoing maintenance and management is required to protect the complex which, as a major pilgrimage site, is under pressure due to large numbers of visitors.[21]The site is under the responsibility of the state government of Bihar, and is managed by the Bodhgaya Temple Management Committee (BTMC) and advisory board under the Bodh Gaya Temple Act, 1949.[22]

Climate[edit]

As Gaya is surrounded by hills on three sides and river on the fourth side, the climate of Gaya is seasonable. Climate is characterised by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed rainfall throughout the year. TheKöppen Climate Classificationsub-type for this climate is "Cwa"(humid subtropical).[23]

Climate data for Gaya, India (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2009)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 31.7
(89.1) 		36.1
(97.0) 		42.1
(107.8) 		45.0
(113.0) 		47.1
(116.8) 		47.9
(118.2) 		43.7
(110.7) 		42.3
(108.1) 		42.3
(108.1) 		37.2
(99.0) 		35.0
(95.0) 		31.1
(88.0) 		47.9
(118.2)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 28.2
(82.8) 		31.3
(88.3) 		38.0
(100.4) 		42.5
(108.5) 		44.7
(112.5) 		43.7
(110.7) 		37.4
(99.3) 		35.9
(96.6) 		35.2
(95.4) 		34.3
(93.7) 		31.8
(89.2) 		28.7
(83.7) 		45.2
(113.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 23.0
(73.4) 		26.7
(80.1) 		32.8
(91.0) 		38.7
(101.7) 		39.8
(103.6) 		37.8
(100.0) 		33.4
(92.1) 		32.9
(91.2) 		32.6
(90.7) 		31.6
(88.9) 		28.8
(83.8) 		24.9
(76.8) 		31.9
(89.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.7
(47.7) 		11.6
(52.9) 		16.1
(61.0) 		21.8
(71.2) 		25.4
(77.7) 		26.7
(80.1) 		25.6
(78.1) 		25.4
(77.7) 		24.6
(76.3) 		20.5
(68.9) 		14.2
(57.6) 		9.7
(49.5) 		19.2
(66.6)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 4.2
(39.6) 		7.1
(44.8) 		11.0
(51.8) 		17.1
(62.8) 		20.9
(69.6) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.2
(73.8) 		23.3
(73.9) 		21.9
(71.4) 		15.4
(59.7) 		9.7
(49.5) 		6.0
(42.8) 		4.0
(39.2)
Record low °C (°F) 1.5
(34.7) 		2.7
(36.9) 		7.8
(46.0) 		12.9
(55.2) 		14.1
(57.4) 		18.3
(64.9) 		16.7
(62.1) 		18.5
(65.3) 		17.5
(63.5) 		12.2
(54.0) 		6.1
(43.0) 		1.4
(34.5) 		1.4
(34.5)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 13.9
(0.55) 		16.0
(0.63) 		10.7
(0.42) 		11.3
(0.44) 		32.5
(1.28) 		157.6
(6.20) 		306.0
(12.05) 		266.0
(10.47) 		177.3
(6.98) 		56.0
(2.20) 		9.5
(0.37) 		4.9
(0.19) 		1,061.6
(41.80)
Average rainy days 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.0 2.5 7.1 14.2 13.6 8.8 2.5 0.6 0.5 54.4
Averagerelative humidity(%)(at 17:30IST) 55 47 31 25 35 54 76 77 76 66 56 58 54
Source:India Meteorological Department[24][25]

Economy[edit]

Gaya is the second-largest contributor to theeconomy of Bihar,after Patna. Agriculture is the leading economic activity of the district. The main crops grown are rice, wheat, potatoes, and lentils. Livestock raised include cattle, buffaloes, goats and pigs. Gaya has a large number of household industries, producingincense sticks(atagarbatti), local sweetstilkut(made with sesame seed) and lai (made with poppy seed), stone-work, hand weaving, power-loom weaving, textiles and garments, small-scale manufactured goods, and plastic products. Small-scale industries also include agricultural services, metalworking, machinery and equipment production and repair services.[8]The main vegetable market in the city is the Kedarnath Market. Commercial activities are located along its main roads; the city also has a large number of informal shops.[26]As Gaya is an important centre of religious tourism, accommodation is widely available.[27]Bodh Gaya's largest hotel is the Maha Bodhi Hotel, Resort & Convention Centre; the Sambodhi Retreat, a resort of Bihar, is also in the town.

Demographics[edit]

Religions in Gaya City (2011)[28]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 79.43%
Islam
 
 19.65%
Christianity
 
 0.26%
Jainism
 
 0.24%
Others†
 
 1.42%
Distribution of religions
†IncludesSikhs(0.09%),Buddhists(0.02%).

The city had its first census in 1872, which placed the figure at 66,843.[29]In the 2011 census, the Gaya Urban Agglomeration had a population of 470,840.[30]The Gaya Urban Agglomeration encompasses the GayaMunicipal Corporation,Kaler (Out Growth), and Paharpur (Census Town).[31]the Gaya Municipal Corporation had a total population of 468,614,[32]of whom 247,572 were male and 221,042 were female. The population below 5 years was 59,669. The sex ratio was 986 women to 1000 men. The literacy rate for the population aged 7 and over was 85.74%.[33]

Subdivisions[edit]

Transportation[edit]

Local transport[edit]

There are many city buses and taxis providing services across the city and Bodh Gaya.Tangas,Auto Rickshaws,Electric rickshaws,and cycle rickshaws also ply the city and Bodh Gaya. The main bus stands are Government Bus Stand, Sikaria More Bus Stand, Gaurkashni Bus Stand (Manpur), and Delha Bus Stand. Local transport is reliable, and auto rickshaws are available for various destinations in the city. A weel bus service connecting all nearby towns is operated by BSRTC (Bihar State Road Transport Corporation.The Gaya–Patna railway line plays a major role in transporting people from the town to the state capital.

Roadways[edit]

Gaya has a road network providing good connectivity with the state of Bihar and other parts of the country.[34]Regular direct bus services run from Gaya toPatna,aurangabad,Bhagalpur,Munger,Nalanda,Rajgir,Varanasi,Ranchi,Jamshedpur,Hazaribagh,Bardhaman,Durgapur,Asansol,Kolkata,LucknowandDhanbad.In 2011,A/CMercedes-Benzluxury services were introduced byBihar State Road Transport CorporationforMuzaffarpur,Patna,Munger,Bhagalpur,Motihari,Hazaribagh,Koderma,Ranchiand Ramgarh.

TheGrand Trunk RoadfromKolkatatoDelhipasses from "Dobhi&Barachatti"some 30 km (19 mi) from Gaya. This road, known asNational Highway 2before 2010,[35]is now calledNational Highway 19.It connects Gaya toPatna,Dhanbad,Ranchi,Jamshedpur,Bokaro,Rourkela,Durgapur,Kolkata(495 km),Varanasi(252 km),Prayagraj,Kanpur,Delhi,Amritsar,and to the Pakistani cities ofLahoreandPeshawar.Gaya is connected to Patna (105 km) byNational Highway 22(formerly NH 83), and to Nawada, Rajgir (78 km) andBihar SharifbyNH 120.Construction work began in 2014 on the road from Patna to Dobhi via Gaya and Gaya to Bihar Sharif to create a four-lane highway with additional road and bridge infrastructure. Completion of the project, originally due in April 2018, has been delayed. the first expressway of bihar Amas-Darbhanga Expressway is starting from a nearby village Amas,construction started from late 2020.[36]

Railways[edit]

Gaya Junction

Gaya is connected to the rest of India by roads, rail and airways. TheGrand Chordsection of the Indian Railways passes through Gaya.Gaya Junction railway stationrailway station is a major junction station serving the city. Gaya Junction has been redeveloped as Model railway station recently and houses all the major facilities like waiting rooms, computerized reservation facility, food plaza, dormitory, retiring rooms, cafeteria, bookshop, etc. Gaya falls under the jurisdiction of thePandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya railway divisionof theEast Central Railway zone.TheGrand Chordrail line that connectsHowrahandNew Delhipasses through Gaya. It lies betweenPandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junctionon theDelhiside andDhanbad Junctionon theHowrahside. It is located at24°48′13″N84°59′57″E/ 24.80361°N 84.99917°E/24.80361; 84.99917.[37]It has an elevation of 117 metres (384 ft).[38][39]

Airways[edit]

Main article:Gaya Airport

Situated between Gaya (7 km) andBodh Gaya(11 km),Gaya Airportis one of two operating international airports in the states of Bihar and Jharkhand. Gaya airport mainly operates weekly and seasonal flights for Buddhist pilgrims to Bodh Gaya fromColombo,Sri Lanka;Bangkok,Thailand,Singapore,ParoandBhutan.There are also regular domestic flights toKolkata andDelhi.Indigo has started Domestic Flights to New Delhi and Kolkata. The Airports Authority of India has plans to develop Gaya Airport as a stand-by to theNetaji Subhash Chandra Bose International AirportinKolkata.[40]Gaya Airport also serves as the only place of Bihar from whereHajj pilgrimstake direct flight toJeddahandMadinain Saudi Arabia.[citation needed]

Education[edit]

Entrance Gate Of GCE Campus

Notableinstitutions of higher educationinclude:



Notable schools:

Notable people[edit]

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

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