Gedhun Choekyi Nyima
| Gedhun Choekyi Nyima དགེ་འདུན་ཆོས་ཀྱི་ཉི་མ་ | |
|---|---|
 Gedhun Choekyi Nyima in 1995 | |
| 11thPanchen Lama(disputed) | |
| Reign | 14 May 1995–present (CTAinterpretation, disputed by Chinese government proxyGyaincain Norbu) |
| Predecessor | Choekyi Gyaltsen10th Panchen Lama |
| Born | 25 April 1989 Lhari County,Tibet Autonomous Region,China |
| Disappeared | May 17, 1995 (aged 6) Lhari County, Tibet Autonomous Region, China |
| Status | Missingfor 29 years, 4 months and 25 days |
| Gedhun Choekyi Nyima | |||||||||
| Tibetanname | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tibetan | དགེ་འདུན་ཆོས་ཀྱི་ཉི་མ | ||||||||
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| Chinesename | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | Càng đăng xác cát nima | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | Càng đăng xác cát nima | ||||||||
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Gedhun Choekyi Nyima(born 25 April 1989[1]) is the11th Panchen Lamabelonging to the Gelugpa school ofTibetan Buddhism,as recognized and announced by the14th Dalai Lamaon 14 May 1995. Three days later on 17 May, the six-year-old Panchen Lama was kidnapped andforcibly disappearedby the Chinese government, after theState Council of the People's Republic of Chinafailed in its efforts to install a substitute.[2]A Chinese substitute is seen as a political tool to undermine the reincarnation of theDalai Lama,which traditionally is recognized by thePanchen Lama.[3]Gedhun Choekyi Nyima remains forcibly detained by the Chinese government, along with his family, in an undisclosed location since 1995. Hiskhenpo,Chadrel Rinpoche,and another Gelugpa monk, Jampa Chungla, were also arrested.[4]The United Nations, with the support of numerous states, organizations, and private individuals continue to call for the 11th Panchen Lama's release.
The Panchen Lama was born inLhari County,Tibet Autonomous Region,from where he was kidnapped under the authority of the People's Republic of China. He has been called the world's youngestpolitical prisoner.Since his recognition as the 11th Panchen Lama, he continues to be forcibly detained, along with his family, by the Chinese government,[5][3]and has not been seen in public since 17 May 1995.[5][3]
In a response to growing international pressure from the United Nations, governments of various states, and in 2020 from 159 independent organizations from 18 countries working with the United Nations, on 19 May 2020, the Chinese government alleged that the Panchen Lama is "now a college graduate with a stable job", but has not provided supporting evidence.[6]
The Chinese government continues to refuse the Panchen Lama's and his family's release, or allow them to meet with observers.[6]
Selection of the 11th Panchen Lama
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Four days before his death, the 10thPanchen Lamamade his own will publicly to follow the tradition. On 24 January, following the opening ceremony of the Ling Pagoda, with religious figures in Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces and autonomous regions, the 10th Panchen Lama held a special talk on the reincarnation of the Living Buddha, proposing that "the three candidate boys should be identified first and then investigated one by one" and "I would like to take the lead by drawing lots ofGolden Urnbefore the image of Sakyamuni. "[7]
Following the death of the10th Panchen Lamain 1989, the search for an individual to be recognised as his reincarnation by Tibetan Buddhists quickly became mired in mystery and controversy, as Tibet had been under theoccupation and controlof the anti-religiousgovernment of the People's Republic of Chinasince 1959.[8]
Three days after the death of the 10th Panchen Lama, the Premier of the State Council published its decision on how the 11th Panchen Lama was to be selected, claiming to have taken advice from the committee ofTashi Lhunpo Monasteryand monks.[9][10]
Armed with Beijing's approval, the head of the Panchen Lama search committee,Chadrel Rinpoche,maintained private communication with the Dalai Lama in order to arrive at a mutually acceptable candidate for both the Dalai Lama and Beijing authorities concerning the Panchen Lama's reincarnation.[11]After theDalai Lamanamed Gedhun Choekyi Nyima as the 11th incarnation of the Panchen Lama on 14 May 1995, Chinese authorities had Chadrel Rinpoche arrested and charged withtreasonandleaking state secrets.[12][13]According to the Tibetan Government in Exile, he was replaced bySengchen Lobsang Gyaltsen,so chosen because he was more likely to agree with theparty line.[14]Sengchen had been a political opponent of both theDalai Lamaand the10th Panchen Lama.[15]Because of the history of rivalry between different sects of Tibetan Buddhism, many Tibetans and scholars believe that this was a tactical move by theChinese Communist Party(CCP) to create more unrest and disunity between the typically unified Tibetan peoples.[16][17]
The new search committee ignored the Dalai Lama's 14 May announcement and instead chose from a list of finalists which excluded Gedhun Choekyi Nyima. In selecting a name, lottery numbers were drawn from aGolden Urn,a procedure used in Tibet by the Chinese (Manchu) emperor in 1793.[18]The 14th Dalai Lama stated that the Tibetan method involves using possessions of the former Lama to identify his reincarnation, as the new child incarnate will reportedly recognize his past items amid miscellaneous ones.[19]
TheBBCreported that the CCP's choice ofGyancain Norbuwas rejected by most Tibetans.[20]Alexander Norman wrote, "Today, the Panchen Lamas are famous for having two claimants to theseeofTashilhunpo:one recognised by the presentDalai Lamaand taken intohouse arrestby the Chinese, the other recognised by China but by no one else. "[21]
Whereabouts
[edit]Since his kidnapping, the whereabouts of Gedhun Choekyi Nyima have been unknown.[22]Chinese officials state that his whereabouts are kept undisclosed to protect him.[23]Human rightsorganizations termed him the "youngestpolitical prisonerin the world ".[24][25]No foreign party has been allowed to visit him.[26]
The United NationsCommittee on the Rights of the Childrequested to be told of Nyima's whereabouts on 28 May 1996.Xinhuadeclined, responding that Gedhun Choyki Nyima was at risk of being "kidnapped by separatists" and that "his security had been threatened".[27]The Committee requested a visit with Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, supported by a campaign of more than 400 celebrities and associations petitioning for the visit, including sixNobel Prizewinners.[28][29]According to statements by the Chinese government from 1998, he was then leading a normal life.[26]
In May 2007,Asma Jahangir,Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief of theUN Human Rights Council,asked the Chinese authorities what measures they had taken to implement the recommendation of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, that the government should allow an independent expert to visit and confirm the well-being of Gedhun Choekyi Nyima while respecting his right to privacy, and that of his parents. In a response dated 17 July 2007, Chinese authorities said, "Gedhun Choekyi Nyima is a perfectly ordinary Tibetan boy, in an excellent state of health, leading a normal, happy life and receiving a good education and cultural upbringing. He is currently in upper secondary school, he measures 165 cm [5 ft 5 in] in height and is easy-going by nature. He studies hard and his school results are very good. He likes traditional Chinese culture and has recently taken up calligraphy. His parents are both State employees, and his brothers and sisters are either already working or at university. The allegation that he disappeared together with his parents and that his whereabouts remain unknown is simply not true." This response did not answer the question about a visit or confirmation.[30]
In 2015, on the twentieth anniversary of Gendun Choekyi Nyima's disappearance, Chinese officials announced "The reincarnated child Panchen Lama you mentioned is being educated, living a normal life, growing up healthily and does not wish to be disturbed."[31]
In April 2018, theDalai Lamadeclared that he knew from a "reliable source" that the Panchen Lama he had recognized, Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, was alive and receiving normal education. He said he hoped that the PRC-appointed Panchen Lama (Gyaincain Norbu) studied well under the guidance of a good teacher.[32][33]As of 2024, Gedhun Choekyi Nyima has not been seen by any independent observer since his disappearance in 1995.[34]
TheUN Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearancesconsiders the alleged kidnapping and detention of Nyima and his family to constitute anenforced disappearance,and as of June 25, 2024 continues to call for prompt and public release of the truth of Nyima's fate or whereabouts.[35]An enforced disappearance, as defined bytreatyand bycustomary international law,occurs when a person is arrested, detained, abducted, or otherwise deprived of liberty by State agents or people acting with State authorization, support or acquiescence, "followed by a refusal to acknowledge the deprivation of liberty or by concealment of the fate or whereabouts of the disappeared person, which place such a person outside the protection of the law".[36]Enforced disappearance, as opposed to most domestic definitions ofkidnapping,is a continuing crime which persists for "as long as perpetrators continue to conceal the fate and whereabouts of persons who have disappeared."[37]
See also
[edit]- Golden Urn
- 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet
- The Discourse of Lama
- List of people who disappeared
References
[edit]- ^Gedhun Choekyi Nyima – The Panchen Lama,United States Commission on International Religious Freedom
- ^Mười năm: Đạt Lai chỉ định ban thiền nay còn đâu.Deutsche Welle(in Simplified Chinese).
Sinh khâm · Lạc Tang kiên tán nói: "Đạt Lai tự tiện tuyên bố ' chuyển thế linh đồng ' không cụ bị bất luận cái gì nhập bình xế thiêm điều kiện. Chúng ta trát cái luân bố chùa dân chủ quản lý ủy ban ban thiền chuyển thế linh đồng tìm kiếm hỏi thăm tiểu tổ cùng quảng đại tăng chúng kiên quyết không đồng ý đem hắn làm nhập bình xế thiêm chờ tuyển linh đồng.
- ^abc"Tibet's missing spiritual guide".BBC News.16 May 2005.Retrieved3 May2010.
- ^Central Tibetan Administration, "Tibet: Suspicious Death of Panchen Lama Search Leader", 25 November 2011, https://unpo.org/article/13525
- ^abGedhun Choekyi Nyima the XIth Panchen Lama turns 18: Still disappearedThe Buddhist Channel, 25 April 2007
- ^ab"China says boy picked by Dalai Lama now a college graduate".AP NEWS.19 May 2020.Retrieved28 May2020.
- ^"Ban thiền chuyển thế kỷ thực".
Đệ thập thế ban thiền đại sư viên tịch trước bốn ngày, tức 1 nguyệt 24 ngày, ở chủ trì linh tháp khai quang điển lễ sau Tây Tạng, thanh hải, Cam Túc, Tứ Xuyên, Vân Nam năm tỉnh khu bộ phận tôn giáo giới nhân sĩ toạ đàm sẽ thượng, đặc biệt nói chuyện Lạt Ma chuyển thế vấn đề, đưa ra ứng "Trước tìm ra ba cái chờ tuyển linh đồng, sau đó từng cái tiến hành điều tra", "Ta tưởng ở Thích Ca Mâu Ni giống trước, áp dụng ' kim bình xế thiêm ' biện pháp tới xác định." Những lời này, là đại sư lâm chung trước di nguyện.
- ^Gedhun Choekyi Nyima: the XIth Panchen Lama of TibetArchived24 March 2008 at theWayback Machine
- ^"Quốc Vụ Viện về đệ thập thế ban thiền đại sư lo việc tang ma cùng chuyển thế vấn đề quyết định".
- ^"Đệ thập thế ban thiền đại sư viên tịch cùng di ngôn".
- ^TCHRD: Chadrel Rinpoche's fate unknownArchived2 June 2008 at theWayback Machine
- ^"Senior Tibetan Monk Given Jail Term by China".The New York Times.Associated Press. 8 May 1997.ISSN0362-4331.Archived fromthe originalon 7 April 2023.Retrieved7 April2023.
A senior Tibetan Buddhist monk has been convicted of plotting to split China and of leaking state secrets, the New China News Agency reported today. He is suspected of passing information to the Dalai Lama.
- ^"After Decades,Tibet Won't Bend to Chinese Ways".Christian Science Monitor.ISSN0882-7729.Retrieved7 April2023.
When Mr. Chadrel decided to follow the dictates of his conscience rather than those of the party, he was tried and sentenced to six years imprisonment for treason and espionage some months ago.
- ^Update-Communist China set to decide on a rival Panchen LamaArchived25 July 2008 at theWayback Machine
- ^Communist China set to decide on a rival Panchen LamaArchived24 March 2008 at theWayback Machine
- ^Coonan, Clifford (2 March 2010)."China appoints Panchen Lama in tactical move to quell unrest - Asia - World".The Independent.Retrieved17 July2013.
- ^"Propaganda and the Panchen Lama: playing politics".Weblog.savetibet.org. 25 August 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 8 March 2014.Retrieved17 July2013.
- ^Alex McKay,The History of Tibet: The Modern Period,Routledge 2003,ISBN0-415-30844-5,p. 32.Google books
- ^"Reincarnation | The Office of His Holiness The Dalai Lama".Dalailama. Archived fromthe originalon 10 July 2013.Retrieved17 July2013.
- ^"Tibet's missing spiritual guide".BBC. 16 May 2005.Retrieved15 November2010.
- ^Norman, Alexander (2008).Holder of the White Lotus: The Lives of the Dalai Lama.London: Little, Brown. p. 165.ISBN978-0-316-85988-2.
- ^Coonan, Clifford (2 March 2010)."China appoints Panchen Lama in tactical move to quell unrest - Asia - World".The Independent.Retrieved25 December2013.
- ^Xizang-zhiye 27 April 2005Archived24 August 2006 at theWayback Machine
- ^"World's youngest political prisoner turns 17".Washingtonpost.23 April 2006.Retrieved17 July2013.
- ^Laird, Thomas (2006).The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama,p 374. Grove Press, N.Y.ISBN978-0-8021-1827-1.
- ^ab"Amnesty International Testimony US – China Relations before the Committee on Foreign Relations United States Senate by T. Kumar, Advocacy Director for Asia".US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. 11 September 2003.Retrieved17 July2013.
- ^Site of the TCHRDArchived24 March 2008 at theWayback Machine
- ^"Appel Pour Le Plus Jeune Prisonnier Politique Du Monde".Tibet.fr. 14 May 1995. Archived fromthe originalon 21 July 2011.Retrieved17 July2013.
- ^"UNPO – WS on Panchen Lamas Case".Unpo.org. 9 March 2006.Retrieved17 July2013.
- ^"China Fails to Respond to UN Rights Expert's Question on Panchen Lama".25 April 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 7 September 2017.Retrieved28 May2008.
- ^"China says Panchen Lama 'living a normal life' 20 years after disappearance".The Guardian.6 September 2015.Retrieved6 September2015.
- ^11th Panchen Lama alive, receiving education: Dalai Lama,The Statesman,25 April 2018: "Tibetan spiritual leader Dalai Lama on Wednesday said 11th Panchen Lama Gedhun Choekyi Nyima" according to reliable source is alive and receiving normal education ". Talking to the media at Gaggal Airport in Kangra district after returning from four-day Delhi visit, Lama hoped that the official Panchen Lama studies well under the guidance of a good teacher." Then the Panchen Lama, which I recognised sometime back, there was no news, but then according to reliable information, he is still alive and receiving normal education. So we will see ", he said. He said there are instances in Tibetan Buddhist tradition," where a reincarnated lama took more than one manifestation "."
- ^Dr. Andrea Galli,Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama quarrel: The way for rapprochement with China,Modern Diplomacy,9 May 2018.
- ^Dalai Lama cites ‘reliable source’ as saying Panchen Lama alive, speaks well for the Chinese appointed counter,Tibetan Review,27 April 2018: "Following the passing away of the 10th Panchen Lama Choekyi Gyaltsen in Jan 1989, Tibet’s exiled spiritual leader formally proclaimed six-year-old Gedhun Choekyi Nyima born in Tibet as his undisputed reincarnation on 14 May 1995. Three days later, the Chinese government took him and his family away to be never seen or heard from again."
- ^Luciano Hazan; Elina Steinerte; Karima Bennoune; Fernand de Varennes; Ahmed Shaheed (2 June 2020)."Letter to the People's Republic of China concerning the continued enforced disappearance of Gedhun Cheokyi Nyima".UN.Retrieved24 September2022.
- ^"International Convention on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance".United Nations. 2010.Retrieved24 September2022.,Article 2
- ^UN Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances (2010)."General Comment on Enforced Disappearance as a Continuous Crime"(PDF).UN.Retrieved24 September2022.
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