Gender Recognition Act 2004

"Gender Recognition Act" redirects here. For the Norwegian act, seeGender Recognition Act (Norway).

Gender Recognition Act 2004

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long title	An Act to make provision for and in connection with change of gender.
Citation	2004c. 7
Territorial extent	England and Wales; Scotland; Northern Ireland
Dates
Royal assent	1 July 2004
Commencement	4 April 2005
Status: Amended
Text of statute as originally enacted
Revised text of statute as amended

TheGender Recognition Act 2004is anactof theParliament of the United Kingdomthat allows adults in the United Kingdom who havegender dysphoriato change theirlegal gender.It came into effect on 4 April 2005.

Operation of the law

The Gender Recognition Act 2004 enablestransgenderpeople to apply to receive a Gender Recognition Certificate (GRC). A Gender Recognition Certificate is the document issued that shows that a person has satisfied the criteria for legal recognition in the acquired gender. The act gives people withgender dysphorialegal recognition as members of the sex appropriate to theirgender identityallowing them to acquire a Gender Recognition Certificate. People whose birth was registered in the United Kingdom or abroad with the British authorities are able to obtain abirth certificateshowing their recognised legal sex.People granted a full GRC are from the date of issue, considered in the eyes of the law to be of their "acquired gender" in most situations. Two main exceptions to trans people's legal recognition are that the descent ofpeerageswill remain unchanged (important only for primogeniture inheritance) and a right of conscience forChurch of Englandclergy (who are normally obliged to marry any two eligible people by law).

The ECHR has stated that people with a GRC can be excluded from single sex space so far as it is for a “proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim”, which could be for "reasons of privacy, decency, to prevent trauma or to ensure health and safety".[1]

The Gender Recognition Act 2004 aimed to safeguard the privacy of transgender people by defining information in relation to the gender recognition process as protected information. Anyone who acquires that information in an official capacity may be breaking the law if they disclosed it without the subject's consent. However, in the first seven years of operation, birth certificates drawn from the Gender Recognition Register were immediately distinguishable from a natal birth certificate, since they had only nine columns of information, omitting the item "Signature, description and residence of informant" that appears on birth certificates. These Gender Recognition Certificates also replaced the rubric "Certified to be a true copy of an entry in the certified copy of a Register of Births in the District above mentioned", which appears on birth certificates, with the rubric "Certified to be a true copy of a record in the custody of the Registrar General". These issues were corrected by the Gender Recognition Register (Amendment) Regulations 2011.

AGender Recognition Panel,including medical and legal experts, considers evidence submitted to it to assess whether the criteria for issuing a Gender Recognition Certificate have been met.The evidence must show a documented mental health diagnosis of gender dysphoria. If the person involved is in a legally recognised marriage, they require spousal consent for the certificate to be issued, after which a new marriage certificate can be issued;if the spouse does not consent, the person will be issued an Interim Gender Recognition Certificate,which for a limited period can then be used as grounds for annulment of the marriage, but otherwise has no status.

Section 16 provides that acquiring a new gender under the act does not affect thedescent of peeragesor estates that devolve with them.

The Act does not allow children to change their legal gender.[2]

Background

See also:Christine GoodwinandGoodwin v United Kingdom

The act was drafted in response to court rulings from theEuropean Court of Human Rights.

The previous precedent dated back to 1970, whenArthur Cameron Corbett, 3rd Baron Rowallanhad his marriage annulled on the basis that his wife,April Ashley,beingtransgender,was legally male. This argument was accepted by the judge, and the legal test for sex in the UK had been since been based on the judgment inCorbett v Corbett.

The European Court of Human Rights ruled on 11 July 2002, inGoodwin & I v United Kingdom[2002] 2 FCR 577, that a trans person's inability to change the sex on their birth certificate was a breach of their rights underArticle 8andArticle 12of theEuropean Convention on Human Rights.Following this judgment, the UK Government had to introduce new legislation to comply.

Legislative progress

Thebillwas introduced in the House of Lords in late 2003. It was passed by the House of Lords on 10 February 2004, with 155 votes in favour and 57 against, and by theHouse of Commonson 25 May with 355 votes in favour and 46 against. It receivedroyal assenton 1 July 2004.

The bill faced criticism in the House of Lords, including awrecking amendmentfromLord Tebbit(who has described sex reassignment surgery as "mutilation" ), and fromBaroness O'Cathain,who introduced an amendment to allow religious groups to exclude transgender people. However, this amendment was narrowly defeated after opposition fromPeter Selby,Bishop of Worcester,andMichael Scott-Joynt,Bishop of Winchester.

Support for the bill in the House of Commons was split broadly down party lines. At both the second and third readings (i.e. before and after amendments), allLabour Party,Liberal Democrat,Plaid CymruandScottish National Partyvotes were in favour of the bill; allUlster UnionistandDemocratic Unionist Partyvotes were against.Conservative PartyMPs were split on the issue, and the party leadership did not issue a whip mandating MPs to take a particular stance on the bill, instead allowing its MPs a free vote.Twenty-five Conservative MPs voted in favour and 22 against the bill at its second reading, and 20 voted in favour and 39 voted against the bill at its third reading. Less than half of the Conservative Party's 166 MPs participated in either vote.Among those who voted against the bill wereAnn Widdecombe(who opposed it on religious grounds),Dominic Grieve,Peter LilleyandAndrew Robathan.Among Conservative MPs who supported the bill wereKenneth Clarke,Constitutional Affairs spokesmanTim Boswell,and future speakerJohn Bercow.

Updates

In 2016, the Women and Equalities Committee published a root-and-branch review of the Gender Recognition Act, noting its deficiencies and making recommendations for its review. At the same time, it noted similar deficiencies in theEquality Act 2010as it affected the protected characteristic of gender reassignment.

In November 2017, the Scottish government published its review of the GRA with intentions to reform it "so that it is in line with international best practice."The "Ministerial Foreword" to the review acknowledges that the 2004 GRA is "out of date" and places "intrusive and onerous" requirements on the person applying for the gender change. The government recommends keeping the existing requirements for applicants to declare that "they fully understand the implications of their application and intend to live in their acquired gender for the rest of their lives" but proposes eliminating the requirement "to provide medical evidence and to have lived in their acquired gender for two years before applying."

In 2017, Minister for EqualitiesJustine Greeningconsidered reforms to the Gender Recognition Act to de-medicalise the process, with the principle of self-identification. One of Greening's successors,Penny Mordaunt,affirmed that the consultation on the Gender Recognition Act would come from the starting place that "transgender women are women".

In a June 2020 report, the European Commission classified the legal procedures for gender recognition of 28 European countries into 5 categories based on the barriers to access. This placed the Gender Recognition Act 2004 in the second from bottom category with "intrusive medical requirements" that lags behind international human rights standards.

In September 2020, the UK government published the results of the public consultation which showed wide support for all aspects of reform, including 64% in favour of removing the requirement for a diagnosis ofgender dysphoriaand 80% in favour of removing the requirement for a medical report.However, the UK government decided not to change the current law, which was described as "a missed opportunity" by theEquality and Human Rights Commission.

Concerns regarding marriages and civil partnerships

Concerns about the act were raised by supporters of transgender rights, particularly regarding marriages and civil partnerships.Due to marriage being restricted in UK law to opposite-sex couples and the lack of availability ofcivil partnershipsto opposite-sex couples, the act required people who are married to divorce or annul their marriage in order for them to be issued with a Gender Recognition Certificate. This requirement was abolished in December 2014, nine months after theMarriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013permitted same-sex marriages.In England, Scotland, and Wales, such an application from a married person requires written consent from the spouse – the so-called spousal veto. Applicants in Scotland benefit from a workaround, where it is possible for applicants in Scotland to apply to the sheriff court to have their interim GRC replaced with a full GRC, bypassing the "spousal veto". Some parliamentarians, such asEvan Harris,viewed the original requirement as inhumane and destructive of the family.MPHugh Bayleysaid in the Commons debate "I can think of no other circumstance in which the state tells a couple who are married and who wish to remain married that they must get divorced".Despite this opposition, the government chose to retain this requirement of the Bill. Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Constitutional Affairs,David Lammy,speaking for the Government, said "it is the Government's firm view that we cannot allow a small category of same-sex marriages".It was suggested in the debates that the number oftransgenderpeople who have undertaken gender reassignment and who are currently living in a marriage was no more than 200.

Although theCivil Partnership Act 2004allows the creation of civil partnerships between same sex couples, before 2013, a married couple that included a transgender partner could not simply re-register their new status. They had to have their marriage dissolved, gain legal recognition of the new gender and then register for a civil partnership. This is like any divorce with the associated paperwork and costs. Once the annulment was declared final and the GRC issued, the couple could then make arrangements with the local registrar to have the civil partnership ceremony. The marriage was ended and a completely new arrangement brought into being which did not in all circumstances (such as wills) necessarily follow on seamlessly. This is also true for civil partnerships that included a transgender partner: the existing civil partnership needed to be dissolved and the couple could then enter into a marriage afterward. For a couple in a marriage or civil partnership where both partners are transgender, they could have their gender recognition applications considered at the same time; however, they were required to dissolve their existing marriage/civil partnership and then re-register their marriage/civil partnership with their new genders.

Tamara Wilding of theBeaumont Societypressure group said that it was "not fair that people in this situation should have to annul their marriage and then enter a civil partnership. The law needs tidying up. It would be easy to put an amendment in the civil partnership law to allow people who have gone through gender-reassignment, and want that to be recognised, to have the status of their relationship continued."The emotional stress caused is immeasurable as in the case of a Scottish couple.

TheEquality and Human Rights Commission(EHRC) appreciated the challenges to married transgender people and their partners presented by schedule 2 of the act and in a recent submission to government they recommend: "The government amends the Gender Recognition Act to allow for the automatic conversion of a marriage into a civil partnership upon one member of the couple obtaining a gender recognition certificate."

Post-2013

These concerns were ameliorated somewhat by the passage of theMarriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013,since marriage is now available to both opposite-sex and same-sex couples alike. Under the current law, when a married couple includes a transgender person, the marriage may continue if the transgender person's spouse consents to the marriage continuing. This has been described, and opposed, by transgender activists as a "spousal veto" on their legal transition.In 2019 and again in 2024, theLiberal Democratsincluded the removal of the "spousal veto" as part of their manifesto.Baroness Barkerintroduced a private member's bill to amend the law in 2019.

Reform bill in Scotland

Main article:Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Bill

In March 2022, the Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Bill was formally introduced in theScottish Parliament.If enacted, this bill would have amended the Gender Recognition Act and changed the process of applying for a GRC. Under the changes, applicants would no longer have needed to prove having lived for two years in their acquired gender and would no longer have had to obtain agender dysphoriadiagnosis. Instead, they would have been required to make a statutory declaration that they intend to remain permanently in their acquired gender. In addition, applications would have been handled by theRegistrar General for Scotlandinstead of a UK-widegender recognition panel.TheUK Governmenthas ruled out implementing similar changes in England and Wales.The bill passed by a vote of 86–39 within the Scottish Parliament on stage three in December 2022. On 17 January 2023, the UK Government used Section 35 of theScotland Act 1998to prevent the bill from being proposed for royal assent, the first such time Section 35 has been used.

See also

• Feminist views on transgender topics
• LGBT rights in the United Kingdom
• Outline of transgender topics
• Transgender rights in the United Kingdom
• Transgender rights movement

External links

• Gender Recognition Act
• Gender Recognition Panel Certificate Information