Jump to content

Genetic history of Eastern Africa

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Thegenetic history of Eastern Africaencompasses thegenetic historyof thepeopleofEastern Africa.TheSaharaserved as a trans-regional passageway and place of dwelling forpeopleinAfricaduring varioushumid phases[1][2][3]and periods throughout thehistory of Africa.[4][5]

Archaic Human DNA[edit]

Further information:Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans § Archaic African hominins

WhileDenisovanandNeanderthalancestry innon-Africansoutside of Africa are more certain,archaic humanancestry in Africans is less certain and is too early to be established with certainty.[6]

Ancient DNA[edit]

Ethiopia[edit]

AtMota,inEthiopia,an individual, estimated to date to the 5th millennium BP, carried haplogroupsE1b1andL3x2a.[7][8]The individual of Mota is genetically related to groups residing near the region of Mota, and in particular, are considerably genetically related to theAari people,especially the blacksmith caste of that group.[9][10]

Kenya[edit]

At Jawuoyo Rockshelter, inKisumu County,Kenya,a forager of the LaterStone Agecarried haplogroupsE1b1b1a1b2/E-V22andL4b2a2c.[11][12]

At Ol Kalou, inNyandarua County,Kenya,a pastoralist of thePastoral Neolithiccarried haplogroupsE1b1b1b2b2a1/E-M293andL3d1d.[11][12]

At Kokurmatakore, inMarsabit County,Kenya,a pastoralist of the PastoralIron Agecarried haplogroupsE1b1b1/E-M35andL3a2a.[11][12]

At White Rock Point, inHoma Bay County,Kenya,there were two foragers of the LaterStone Age;one carried haplogroupsBT (xCT),likelyB,andL2a4,and another probably carriedhaplogroup L0a2.[11][12]

At Nyarindi Rockshelter, inKenya,there were two individuals, dated to the LaterStone Age(3500 BP); one carriedhaplogroup L4b2aand another carriedhaplogroup E (E-M96, E-P162).[13][14]

At Lukenya Hill, inKenya,there were two individuals, dated to thePastoral Neolithic(3500 BP); one carried haplogroupsE1b1b1b2b (E-M293, E-CTS10880)andL4b2a2b,and another carriedhaplogroup L0f1.[13][14]

At Hyrax Hill, inKenya,an individual, dated to thePastoral Neolithic(2300 BP), carried haplogroupsE1b1b1b2b (E-M293, E-M293)andL5a1b.[13][14]

At Molo Cave, inKenya,there were two individuals, dated to thePastoral Neolithic(1500 BP); while one had haplogroups that went undetermined, another carried haplogroupsE1b1b1b2b (E-M293, E-M293)andL3h1a2a1.[13][14]

At Kakapel, inKenya,there were three individuals, one dated to the LaterStone Age(3900 BP) and two dated to the LaterIron Age(300 BP, 900 BP); one carried haplogroupsCT (CT-M168, CT-M5695)andL3i1,another carriedhaplogroup L2a1f,and the last carriedhaplogroup L2a5.[13][14]

AtPanga ya Saidi,inKenya,an individual, estimated to date between 496 BP and 322 BP, carried haplogroupsE1b1b1b2andL4b2a2.[15]

Kilifi[edit]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1250 CE and 1650 CE, carriedhaplogroup L3b1a1a.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1250 CE and 1650 CE, carriedhaplogroup L0a1b2a.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1250 CE and 1650 CE, carried haplogroupsJ1a2a1a2d2b~andL3e3a.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1250 CE and 1650 CE, carriedhaplogroup L3b1a11.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1250 CE and 1650 CE, carriedhaplogroup L3b1a1.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1250 CE and 1650 CE, carried haplogroupsJ1a2a1a2d2b~andL0a2a1a2.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1250 CE and 1650 CE, carried haplogroupsJ1a2a1a2d2b~andL2a1a.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1250 CE and 1650 CE, carried haplogroupsJ1a2a1a2andL3f1b1a1.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1250 CE and 1650 CE, carriedhaplogroup L3b1a1a.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1250 CE and 1650 CE, carriedhaplogroup L0a2.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1250 CE and 1650 CE, carriedhaplogroup L3f1b4a1.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1250 CE and 1650 CE, carriedhaplogroup L3e3.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1250 CE and 1650 CE, carriedhaplogroup L0a2a2a1.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1250 CE and 1650 CE, carried haplogroupsJandL3b1a1.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1250 CE and 1650 CE, carriedhaplogroup L1b1a.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1250 CE and 1650 CE, carriedhaplogroup L2a1f1.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1250 CE and 1650 CE, carriedhaplogroup L3b1a+@16124.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1200 CE and 1450 CE, carried haplogroupsE1b1bandL0a2a2a.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1200 CE and 1450 CE, carried haplogroupsE1b1b1b2a1a1a1a1f~andL0a2a2a.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1200 CE and 1450 CE, carried haplogroupsJ1a2a1a2d2b~andL0a2a2a.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1200 CE and 1450 CE, carriedhaplogroup M30d1.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1200 CE and 1450 CE, carriedhaplogroup L0a2a2a.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1200 CE and 1450 CE, carriedhaplogroup L0a1b1a.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1226 cal CE and 1297 cal CE, carried haplogroupsJ1a2a1a2d2b~andM30d1.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1323 cal CE and 1423 cal CE, carried haplogroupsE1b1bandL0d3.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1350 CE and 1500 CE, carriedhaplogroup L1c3a1b.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1400 CE and 1650 CE, carried haplogroupsJ1a2a1a2andL3e3a.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1408 cal CE and 1442 cal CE, carriedhaplogroup L0a2a1a2.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1424 cal CE and 1457 cal CE, carriedhaplogroup L3a2.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1435 cal CE and 1469 cal CE, carried haplogroupsJandL3d1a.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1435 cal CE and 1479 cal CE, carried haplogroupsJ1a2a1a2d2b~andL0a2a2a.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1442 cal CE and 1612 cal CE, carried haplogroupsJ1andL0a1b1a.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1445 cal CE and 1609 cal CE, carried haplogroupsR1a1a1andL3b1a1a.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1446 cal CE and 1611 cal CE, carried haplogroupsJ1a2a1a2d2b~andL3d1a1a.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1446 cal CE and 1614 cal CE, carried haplogroupsR1a1a1andL3e1d1.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1446 cal CE and 1623 cal CE, carried haplogroupsJ1a2a1a2d2b~andL1b1a.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1450 CE and 1700 CE, carried haplogroupsJ2a1a1a2a2bandL0a2a1a2.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1451 cal CE and 1619 cal CE, carried haplogroupsJ1andL3e3a.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1454 cal CE and 1623 cal CE, carriedhaplogroup L3f1b1a1.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1457 cal CE and 1626 cal CE, carriedhaplogroup L2a1b1a.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1496 cal CE and 1630 cal CE, carriedhaplogroup L1c3a1b.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1497 cal CE and 1640 cal CE, carriedhaplogroup L2a1'2'3'4.[16]

AtKilifi,Mtwapa,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1508 cal CE and 1654 cal CE, carriedhaplogroup R0+16189.[16]

Laikipia County[edit]

At Kisima Farm/Porcupine Cave, inLaikipia County,Kenya,there were two pastoralists of thePastoral Neolithic;one carried haplogroupsE1b1b1b2b2a1/E-M293andM1a1,and another carried haplogroupM1a1f.[11][12]

At Kisima Farm/C4, inLaikipia County,Kenya,a pastoralist of the PastoralIron Age,carried haplogroupsE2 (xE2b)/E-M75andL3h1a1.[11][12]

At Laikipia District Burial, inLaikipia County,Kenya,a pastoralist of the PastoralIron Agecarried haplogroupL0a1c1.[11][12]

Lamu[edit]

AtLamu,Manda,inKenya,an individual, dated between 800 CE and 1500 CE, carriedhaplogroup L3d1a1a.[16]

AtLamu,Manda,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1400 CE and 1700 CE, carried haplogroupsJ2andL2d1a.[16]

AtLamu,Manda,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1400 CE and 1700 CE, carriedhaplogroup L2d1a.[16]

AtLamu,Manda,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1437 cal CE and 1482 cal CE, carriedhaplogroup L2a1b1.[16]

AtLamu,Manda,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1456 cal CE and 1621 cal CE, carriedhaplogroup L2d1a.[16]

AtLamu,Manda,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1456 cal CE and 1621 cal CE, carriedhaplogroup J2.[16]

AtLamu,Manda,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1457 cal CE and 1626 cal CE, carried haplogroupsJ2b2a2~andL2d1a.[16]

AtLamu,Manda,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1485 cal CE and 1629 cal CE, carried haplogroupsG2aandL3e3a.[16]

AtLamu,Pate Island,Faza,inKenya,an individual, dated between 1500 CE and 1700 CE, carried haplogroupsE1b1a1a1a2a1aandL3e3a.[16]

Nakuru County[edit]

At Prettejohn's Gully, inNakuru County, Kenya,there were two pastoralists of the early pastoral period; one carried haplogroupsE2 (xE2b)/E-M75andK1a,and another carried haplogroupL3f1b.[11][12]

At Cole's Burial, inNakuru County, Kenya,a pastoralist of thePastoral Neolithiccarried haplogroupsE1b1b1a1a1b1/E-CTS3282andL3i2.[11][12]

At Rigo Cave, inNakuru County, Kenya,there were three pastoralists of thePastoral Neolithic/Elmenteitan,one carried haplogroupsE1b1b1b2b2a1/E-M293andL3f,another carried haplogroupsE1b1b1b2b2/E-V1486,likelyE-M293,and probablyM1a1b,and the last carried haplogroupsE1b1b1b2b2a1/E-M293andL4b2a2c.[11][12]

At Naishi Rockshelter, inNakuru County, Kenya,there two pastoralists of thePastoral Neolithic;one carried haplogroupsE1b1b1b2b/E-V1515,likelyE-M293,andL3x1a,and another carried haplogroupsA1b (xA1b1b2a)/A-P108andL0a2d.[11][12]

At Keringet Cave, inNakuru County, Kenya,a pastoralist of thePastoral Neolithiccarriedhaplogroups A1b1b2/A-L427andL4b2a1,and another pastoralist of thePastoral Neolithic/Elmenteitancarriedhaplogroup K1a.[11][12]

At Naivasha Burial Site, inNakuru County, Kenya,there were five pastoralists of thePastoral Neolithic;one carriedhaplogroup L4b2a2b,another carried haplogroups xBT, likelyA,andM1a1b,another carried haplogroupsE1b1b1b2b2a1/E-M293andL3h1a1,another carried haplogroupsA1b1b2b/A-M13andL4a1,and the last carried haplogroupsE1b1b1b2b2a1/E-M293andL3x1a.[11][12]

At Njoro River Cave II, inNakuru County, Kenya,a pastoralist of thePastoral Neolithiccarried haplogroupL3h1a2a1.[11][12]

At Egerton Cave, inNakuru County, Kenya,a pastoralist of thePastoral Neolithic/Elmenteitancarried haplogroupL0a1d.[11][12]

At Ilkek Mounds, inNakuru County, Kenya,a pastoralist of the PastoralIron Agecarried haplogroupsE2 (xE2b)/E-M75andL0f2a.[11][12]

At Deloraine Farm, inNakuru County, Kenya,an iron metallurgist of theIron Agecarried haplogroupsE1b1a1a1a1a/E-M58andL5b1.[11][12]

Narok County[edit]

At Kasiole 2, inNarok County,Kenya,a pastoralist of the PastoralIron Agecarried haplogroupsE1b1b1b2b/E-V1515,likelyE-M293,andL3h1a2a1.[11][12]

At Emurua Ole Polos, inNarok County,Kenya,a pastoralist of the PastoralIron Agecarried haplogroupsE1b1b1b2b2a1/E-M293andL3h1a2a1.[11][12]

Taita Taveta[edit]

AtTaita Taveta,Makwasinyi, inKenya,an individual, dated between 1650 CE and 1950 CE, carried haplogroupsE1b1a1a1a2a1aandL4b2a.[16]

AtTaita Taveta,Makwasinyi, inKenya,an individual, dated between 1650 CE and 1950 CE, carriedhaplogroup L3d1a1a.[16]

AtTaita Taveta,Makwasinyi, inKenya,an individual, dated between 1650 CE and 1950 CE, carriedhaplogroup L3d1a1a.[16]

AtTaita Taveta,Makwasinyi, inKenya,an individual, dated between 1650 CE and 1950 CE, carried haplogroupsE1b1a1a1a2a1a3b1d1candL1c3b1a.[16]

AtTaita Taveta,Makwasinyi, inKenya,an individual, dated between 1650 CE and 1950 CE, carriedhaplogroup L3f2a1.[16]

AtTaita Taveta,Makwasinyi, inKenya,an individual, dated between 1650 CE and 1950 CE, carriedhaplogroup L0f2a.[16]

AtTaita Taveta,Makwasinyi, inKenya,an individual, dated between 1650 CE and 1950 CE, carriedhaplogroup L5a1a.[16]

AtTaita Taveta,Makwasinyi, inKenya,an individual, dated between 1650 CE and 1950 CE, carried haplogroupsE1b1a1a1a2a1aandL2a1+143.[16]

AtTaita Taveta,Makwasinyi, inKenya,an individual, dated between 1650 CE and 1950 CE, carriedhaplogroup L0d3.[16]

AtTaita Taveta,Makwasinyi, inKenya,an individual, dated between 1650 CE and 1950 CE, carriedhaplogroup L3e3a.[16]

AtTaita Taveta,Makwasinyi, inKenya,an individual, dated between 1667 cal CE and 1843 cal CE, carried haplogroupsE1b1a1a1a2a1a3b1d1candL2a1+143.[16]

AtTaita Taveta,Makwasinyi, inKenya,an individual, dated between 1698 cal CE and 1950 cal CE, carriedhaplogroup L0a1a+200.[16]

AtTaita Taveta,Makwasinyi, inKenya,an individual, dated between 1709 cal CE and 1927 cal CE, carried haplogroupsE1b1a1a1a2a1a3a1d~andL3a2.[16]

Tanzania[edit]

At Mlambalasi rockshelter, inTanzania,an individual, dated between 20,345 BP and 17,025 BP, carried undetermined haplogroups.[17]

At Kisese II rockshelter, inTanzania,an individual, dated between 7240 BP and 6985 BP, carried haplogroupsB2b1a~andL5b2.[17]

AtLuxmanda,Tanzania,an individual, estimated to date between 3141 BP and 2890 BP, carriedhaplogroup L2a1.[15]

AtKuumbi Cave,inZanzibar,Tanzania,an individual, estimated to date between 1370 BP and 1303 BP, carried haplogroupL4b2a2c.[15]

Karatu District[edit]

At Gishimangeda Cave, inKaratu District,Tanzania,there were eleven pastoralists of thePastoral Neolithic;one carried haplogroupsE1b1b1a1b2/E-V22andHV1b1,another carriedhaplogroup L0a,another carried haplogroupL3x1,another carried haplogroupL4b2a2b,another carried haplogroupsE1b1b1b2b2a1/E-M293andL3i2,another carried haplogroupL3h1a2a1,another carried haplogroupsE1b1b1b2b2/E-V1486,likelyE-M293andL0f2a1,and another carried haplogroupsE1b1b1b2b2/E-V1486,likelyE-M293,andT2+150;while most of the haplogroups among three pastoralists went undetermined, one was determined to carryhaplogroup BT,likelyB.[11][12]

Kilwa Coast[edit]

AtKilwa, Coast,inTanzania,an individual, dated between 1300 CE and 1600 CE, carried haplogroupsJ2a2a1a1a2a~andL2a1h.[16]

AtKilwa, Coast,inTanzania,an individual, dated between 1300 CE and 1600 CE, carriedhaplogroup L3b1a11.[16]

Lindi[edit]

AtLindi,inTanzania,an individual, dated between 1511 cal CE and 1664 cal CE, carried haplogroupsE1b1a1a1a2a1a3a1d~andL0a1a2.[16]

Pemba Island[edit]

At Makangale Cave, onPemba Island,Tanzania,an individual, estimated to date between 1421 BP and 1307 BP, carriedhaplogroup L0a.[15]

At Makangale Cave, onPemba Island,Tanzania,an individual, estimated to date between 639 BP and 544 BP, carriedhaplogroup L2a1a2.[15]

Songo Mnara[edit]

AtSongo Mnara,inTanzania,an individual, dated between 1294 cal CE and 1392 cal CE, carried haplogroupsR1aandL3e3a.[16]

AtSongo Mnara,inTanzania,an individual, dated between 1402 cal CE and 1437 cal CE, carriedhaplogroup L3e2b1a2.[16]

AtSongo Mnara,inTanzania,an individual, dated between 1412 cal CE and 1446 cal CE, carriedhaplogroup L3d1a1a.[16]

AtSongo Mnara,inTanzania,an individual, dated between 1418 cal CE and 1450 cal CE, carried haplogroupsE1b1a1~andL3e2b.[16]

AtSongo Mnara,inTanzania,an individual, dated between 1508 cal CE and 1648 cal CE, carriedhaplogroup L3d1a1a1.[16]

AtSongo Mnara,inTanzania,an individual, dated between 1516 cal CE and 1667 cal CE, carried haplogroupsE1b1b1b2b2a1a~andL3a1b.[16]

AtSongo Mnara,inTanzania,an individual, dated between 1629 cal CE and 1794 cal CE, carried haplogroupsE1b1b1a1a1b2~andL3d1a1a1.[16]

Uganda[edit]

AtMunsa,inUganda,an individual, dated to the LaterIron Age(500 BP), carried haplogroupL3b1a1.[13][14]

Y-Chromosomal DNA[edit]

Further information:Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa

As of 19,000 years ago, Africans, bearinghaplogroup E1b1a-V38,likely traversed across theSahara,fromeasttowest.[18]

Before theslavetradeperiod, East Africans, who carriedhaplogroup E1b1a-M2,expanded intoArabia,resulting in various rates of inheritance throughout Arabia (e.g., 2.8%Qatar,3.2%Yemen,5.5%United Arab Emirates,7.4%Oman).[19]

Mitochondrial DNA[edit]

Further information:Macro-haplogroup L (mtDNA),Haplogroup M (mtDNA),andHaplogroup N (mtDNA)

In 150,000 BP, Africans (e.g.,Central Africans,East Africans) bearinghaplogroup L1diverged.[20]In 130,000 BP, Africans bearinghaplogroup L5diverged inEast Africa.[20]Between 130,000 BP and 75,000 BP,behavioral modernityemerged amongSouthern Africansand long-term interactions between the regions of Southern Africa andEastern Africabecame established.[20]Between 75,000 BP and 60,000 BP, Africans bearinghaplogroup L3emerged inEast Africaand eventually migrated into and became present in modernWest Africans,Central Africans,andnon-Africans.[20]Amid the Holocene, including theHolocene Climate Optimumin 8000 BP, Africans bearing haplogroup L2 spread within West Africa and Africans bearing haplogroup L3 spread within East Africa.[20]As the largest migration since theOut of Africa migration,migration from Sub-Saharan Africa toward the North Africa occurred, by West Africans, Central Africans, and East Africans, resulting in migrations intoEuropeandAsia;consequently, Sub-Saharan African mitochondrial DNA was introduced into Europe and Asia.[20]During the early period of theHolocene,50% ofSub-Saharan African mitochondrial DNAwas introduced intoNorth AfricabyWest Africansand the other 50% was introduced byEast Africans.[20]During the modern period, a greater number of West Africans introduced Sub-Saharan African mitochondrial DNA into North Africa than East Africans.[20]Between 15,000 BP and 7000 BP, 86% of Sub-Saharan African mitochondrial DNA was introduced into Southwest Asia byEast Africans,largely in the region ofArabia,which constitute 50% of Sub-Saharan African mitochondrial DNA in modernSouthwest Asia.[20]In the modern period, 68% of Sub-Saharan African mitochondrial DNA was introduced by East Africans and 22% was introduced by West Africans, which constitutes 50% of Sub-Saharan African mitochondrial DNA in modern Southwest Asia.[20]

Autosomal DNA[edit]

From the region ofKenyaandTanzaniatoSouth Africa,easternBantu-speakingAfricans constitute a north to south geneticcline;additionally, fromeastern Africato towardsouthern Africa,evidence of genetic homogeneity is indicative of aserial founder effectandadmixtureevents having occurred between Bantu-speaking Africans andother African populationsby the time the Bantu migration had spanned into South Africa.[21]

Across all areas ofMadagascar,the average ancestry for theMalagasy peoplewas found to be 4%West Eurasian,37%Austronesian,and 59%Bantu.[22]

Medical DNA[edit]

The genomes of Africans commonly found to undergoadaptationareregulatory DNA,and many cases of adaptation found among Africans relate todiet,physiology,andevolutionary pressuresfrom pathogens.[21]ThroughoutSub-Saharan Africa,genetic adaptation (e.g., rs334 mutation,Duffy blood group,increased rates ofG6PD deficiency,sickle cell disease) tomalariahas been found amongSub-Saharan Africans,which may have initially developed in 7300 BP.[21]Sub-Saharan Africanshave more than 90% of theDuffy-nullgenotype.[23]In thehighlandsofEthiopia,genetic adaptation (e.g., rs10803083, anSNPassociated with the rate and function ofhemoglobin;BHLHE41, a gene associated withcircadian rhythmandhypoxiaresponse; EGNL1, a gene strongly associated with oxygenhomeostasisin mammals) to hypoxia and lowatmospheric pressurehas been found among the Amhara people, which may have developed within the past 5000 years.[21]InTanzania,genetic adaptation (e.g., greater amount ofamylasegenes than in African populations that consume low-starch foods) has been found in theHadza peopledue to a food diet that especially includes consumption oftubers.[21]

References[edit]

  1. ^Osborne, Anne H.; et al. (October 2008)."A humid corridor across the Sahara for the migration of early modern humans out of Africa 120,000 years ago".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.105(43): 16444–16447.Bibcode:2008PNAS..10516444O.doi:10.1073/pnas.0804472105.PMC2575439.PMID18936490.S2CID10418009.
  2. ^Drake, Nick; Breeze, Paul (2016)."Climate Change and Modern Human Occupation of the Sahara from MIS 6-2".Africa from MIS 6-2.Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Africa from MIS 6-2. pp. 103–122.doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7520-5_6.ISBN978-94-017-7519-9.S2CID131383927.
  3. ^El-Shenawy, Mohammed I.; et al. (2018)."Speleothem evidence for the greening of the Sahara and its implications for the early human dispersal out of sub-Saharan Africa".Quaternary Science Reviews.188:67–76.Bibcode:2018QSRv..188...67E.doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.03.016.S2CID134694090.
  4. ^Scheele, Judith(Aug 2016).Crossroads Regions: The Sahara.Oxford Handbooks Online.doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935369.013.18.ISBN978-0-19-993536-9.
  5. ^Wippel, Steffen (2020)."The Sahara as a Bridge, Not a Barrier: An Essay and Book Review on Recent Transregional Perspectives".Neue Politische Literatur.65(3): 449–472.doi:10.1007/s42520-020-00318-y.S2CID224855920.
  6. ^Bergström A, Stringer C, Hajdinjak M, Scerri EM, Skoglund P (February 2021). "Origins of modern human ancestry".Nature.590(7845): 229–237.Bibcode:2021Natur.590..229B.doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03244-5.PMID33568824.S2CID231883210.
  7. ^Llorente MG, Jones ER, Eriksson A, Siska V, Arthur KW, Arthur JW, et al. (November 2015). "Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture throughout the African continent".Science.350(6262): 820–822.Bibcode:2015Sci...350..820L.doi:10.1126/science.aad2879.hdl:2318/1661894.PMID26449472.S2CID25743789.
  8. ^Llorente MG, Jones ER, Eriksson A, Siska V, Arthur KW, Arthur JW, et al. (13 November 2015)."Supplementary Materials for Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture in Eastern Africa".Science.350(6262): 820–822.Bibcode:2015Sci...350..820L.doi:10.1126/science.aad2879.hdl:2318/1661894.PMID26449472.S2CID25743789.
  9. ^Hellenthal G, Bird N, Morris S (April 2021)."Structure and ancestry patterns of Ethiopians in genome-wide autosomal DNA".Human Molecular Genetics.30(R1): R42–R48.doi:10.1093/hmg/ddab019.PMC8242491.PMID33547782.
  10. ^Pagani, Luca; Kivisild, Toomas; Tarekegn, Ayele; Ekong, Rosemary; Plaster, Chris; Gallego Romero, Irene; Ayub, Qasim; Mehdi, S. Qasim; Thomas, Mark G.; Luiselli, Donata; Bekele, Endashaw (2012-07-13)."Ethiopian genetic diversity reveals linguistic stratification and complex influences on the Ethiopian gene pool".American Journal of Human Genetics.91(1): 83–96.doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.05.015.ISSN1537-6605.PMC3397267.PMID22726845.
  11. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstPrendergast ME, Lipson M, Sawchuk EA, Olalde I, Ogola CA, Rohland N, et al. (July 2019)."Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa".Science.365(6448): 6275.Bibcode:2019Sci...365.6275P.doi:10.1126/science.aaw6275.PMC6827346.PMID31147405.
  12. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstPrendergast ME, Lipson M, Sawchuk EA, Olalde I, Ogola CA, Rohland N, et al. (5 July 2019)."Supplementary Materials for Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa".Science.365(6448): eaaw6275.Bibcode:2019Sci...365.6275P.doi:10.1126/science.aaw6275.PMC6827346.PMID31147405.
  13. ^abcdefWang K, Goldstein S, Bleasdale M, Clist B, Bostoen K, Bakwa-Lufu P, et al. (June 2020)."Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa".Science Advances.6(24): eaaz0183.Bibcode:2020SciA....6..183W.doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz0183.PMC7292641.PMID32582847.
  14. ^abcdefWang K, Goldstein S, Bleasdale M, Clist B, Bostoen K, Bakwa-Lufu P, et al. (June 2020)."Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa".Science Advances.6(24): eaaz0183.Bibcode:2020SciA....6..183W.doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz0183.PMC7292641.PMID32582847.
  15. ^abcdeSkoglund P, Thompson JC, Prendergast ME, Mittnik A, Sirak K, Hajdinjak M, et al. (September 2017)."Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure".Cell.171(1): 59–71.e21.doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049.PMC5679310.PMID28938123.
  16. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblbmbnbobpbqbrbsbtbubvbwBrielle, Esther S.; et al. (March 29, 2023)."Supplementary Data Files for Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of medieval peoples of the Swahili coast".Nature.615(7954): 866–873.Bibcode:2023Natur.615..866B.doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w.ISSN0028-0836.OCLC9819552636.PMC10060156.PMID36991187.S2CID250534036.
  17. ^abLipson, Mark; et al. (23 February 2022)."Extended Data Table 1 Ancient individuals analysed in this study: Ancient DNA and deep population structure in sub-Saharan African foragers".Nature.603(7900): 290–296.Bibcode:2022Natur.603..290L.doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04430-9.ISSN0028-0836.OCLC9437356581.PMC8907066.PMID35197631.S2CID247083477.
  18. ^Shriner, Daniel; Rotimi, Charles N. (April 2018)."Whole-Genome-Sequence-Based Haplotypes Reveal Single Origin of the Sickle Allele during the Holocene Wet Phase".American Journal of Human Genetics.102(4): 547–556.doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.02.003.ISSN0002-9297.OCLC7353789016.PMC5985360.PMID29526279.
  19. ^Neves da Nova Fernandes VC."High-resolution characterization of genetic markers in the Arabian Peninsula and Near East"(PDF).White Rose eTheses Online.University of Leeds.
  20. ^abcdefghijSá, Luísa; et al. (16 August 2022)."Phylogeography of Sub-Saharan Mitochondrial Lineages Outside Africa Highlights the Roles of the Holocene Climate Changes and the Atlantic Slave Trade".International Journal of Molecular Sciences.23(16): 9219.doi:10.3390/ijms23169219.ISSN1661-6596.OCLC9627558751.PMC9408831.PMID36012483.S2CID251653686.
  21. ^abcdePfennig, Aaron; et al. (March 29, 2023)."Evolutionary Genetics and Admixture in African Populations".Genome Biology and Evolution.15(4): evad054.doi:10.1093/gbe/evad054.OCLC9817135458.PMC10118306.PMID36987563.S2CID257803764.
  22. ^Heiske M, Alva O, Pereda-Loth V, Van Schalkwyk M, Radimilahy C, Letellier T, et al. (April 2021)."Genetic evidence and historical theories of the Asian and African origins of the present Malagasy population".Human Molecular Genetics.30(R1): R72–R78.doi:10.1093/hmg/ddab018.PMID33481023.
  23. ^Wonkam, Ambroise; Adeyemo, Adebowale (March 8, 2023)."Leveraging our common African origins to understand human evolution and health"(PDF).Cell Genomics.3(3): 100278.doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100278.PMC10025516.PMID36950382.S2CID257458855.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genetic_history_of_Eastern_Africa&oldid=1224249630"