George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney

"George Rodney" redirects here. For other similarly named people, seeGeorge Rodney (disambiguation).

The Right Honourable The Lord Rodney KB
Admiral Rodney after theBattle of the Saintes,1782, byThomas Gainsborough.Behind is the Frenchfleur de lysnaval ensign from the capturedVille De Paris
Born	bap.13 February 1718 Walton-on-Thames,Surrey, England
Died	24 May 1792(1792-05-24)(aged 74) Hanover Square,London, England
Buried	Old Alresford
Allegiance	Kingdom of Great Britain
Service/branch	Royal Navy
Years of service	1732–1792
Rank	Admiral
Commands held	Greenwich Hospital Jamaica Station Leeward Islands Station
Battles/wars	War of the Austrian Succession Second Battle of Cape Finisterre (1747) Seven Years' War Raid on Rochefort Raid on Le Havre British Blockade of France (1756–1762) Siege of Louisbourg (1758) British expedition against Martinique (1762) British expedition against Grenada (1762) British expedition against St Lucia (1762) British expedition against Cuba (1762) American War of Independence Cape Finisterre (1780) Battle of Cape St. Vincent Relief of Gibraltar Battle of Martinique (1780) French invasion of Tobago Battle of the Saintes Fourth Anglo–Dutch War Capture of Sint Eustatius (1781)
Awards	Knight of the Order of the Bath

AdmiralGeorge Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney,KB(bap.13 February 1718 – 24 May 1792), was aBritishnaval officer. He is best known for his commands in theAmerican War of Independence,particularly his victory over the French at theBattle of the Saintesin 1782. It is often claimed that he was the commander to have pioneered the tactic ofbreaking the line.

Rodney came from a distinguished but poor background, and went to sea at the age of fourteen. His first major action was theSecond Battle of Cape Finisterrein 1747. He made a large amount ofprizemoney during the 1740s, allowing him to purchase a largecountry estateand a seat in theHouse of Commons of Great Britain.During theSeven Years' War,Rodney was involved in a number of amphibious operations such as the raids onRochefortandLe Havreand theSiege of Louisbourg.He became well known for his role in thecapture of Martiniquein 1762. Following thePeace of Paris,Rodney's financial situation stagnated. He spent large sums of money pursuing his political ambitions. By 1774 he had run up large debts and was forced to flee Britain to avoid his creditors. He was in a French jail whenwar was declaredin 1778. Thanks to a French benefactor, Rodney was able to secure his release and return to Britain where he was appointed to a new command.

Rodney successfully relieved Gibraltar during theGreat Siegeand defeated a Spanish fleet during the 1780Battle of Cape St. Vincent,known as the "Moonlight Battle" because it took place at night. He then was posted to theJamaica Station,where he became involved in the controversial 1781capture of Sint Eustatius.Later that year he briefly returned home suffering from ill health. During his absence the British lost the crucialBattle of the Chesapeakeleading to thesurrender at Yorktown.

To some, Rodney was a controversial figure, accused of an obsession with prize money. This was brought to a head in the wake of his taking of Saint Eustatius, for which he was heavily criticised in Britain. Orders for his recall had been sent when Rodney won a decisive victory at the Battle of the Saintes in April 1782, ending the French threat toJamaica.

Rodney accompanied the future KingWilliam IVon his visit (April 1783) to Cuba. There the prince conferred with Captain GeneralLuis de Unzagato reach the preliminaries of peace conditions that would later recognize the birth of theUnited States of America.On his return to Britain, Rodney was made apeerand was awarded an annual pension of £2,000. He lived in retirement until his death in 1792.

Early life

George Brydges Rodney was born either inWalton-on-Thamesor in London, though the family seat wasRodney Stoke,Somerset. He was most likely born sometime in January 1718.He was baptised inSt Giles-in-the-Fieldson 13 February 1718.He was the third of four surviving children ofHenry Rodneyand Mary (Newton) Rodney, daughter ofSir Henry Newton.His father had served in Spain under theEarl of Peterboroughduring theWar of the Spanish Succession,and on leaving the army served as captain in a marine corps which was disbanded in 1713.A major investment in theSouth Sea Companyruined Henry Rodney and impoverished the family.In spite of their lack of money, the family was well-connected by marriage. It is sometimes claimed that Henry Rodney had served as commander of theRoyal YachtofGeorge Iand it was after him that George was named,but this had been discounted more recently.

George was educated atHarrow School,and left as one of the lastKing's letter boysto join theRoyal Navy,having been appointed, by warrant dated 21 June 1732, a junior officer on boardSunderland.

Early career

After serving aboardSunderland,Rodney switched toDreadnoughtwhere he served from 1734 to 1737 under CaptainHenry Medleywho acted as a mentor to him. Around this time he spent eighteen months stationed inLisbon,a city he would later return to several times. He then changed ships several times, taking part in the navy's annual trip to protect the British fishing fleet offNewfoundlandin 1738.

He rose swiftly through the ranks of the navy helped by a combination of his own talents and the patronage of theDuke of Chandos. While serving on theMediterranean stationhe was made lieutenant inDolphin,his promotion dating 15 February 1739.He then served onNamur,theflagshipof the Commander-in-Chief SirThomas Mathews.

Captain

TheWar of the Austrian Successionhad broken out by this point, and in August 1742, Rodney had his first taste of action when he was ordered by Matthews to take a smaller vessel and launch a raid onVentimiglia,where the Spanish army had stockpiled supplies and stores ready for a planned invasion of Britain's ally theRepublic of Genoa,which he successfully accomplished.Shortly after this, he attained the rank ofpost-captain,having been appointed by Matthews toPlymouthon 9 November. He picked up several Britishmerchantmenin Lisbon to escort them home, but lost contact with them in heavy storms. Once he reached Britain his promotion was confirmed, making him one of the youngest Captains in the navy.

After serving in home waters learning about convoy protection he was appointed to the newly builtLudlow Castlewhich he used toblockadethe Scottish coast during theJacobite Rebellionin 1745. Two of Rodney's midshipman aboardLudlow CastlewereSamuel Hood,later to become a distinguished sailor, and Rodney's younger brother James Rodney.In 1746 he obtained command of the 60-gunEagle.After some time spent blockading French-occupiedOstendand cruising around theWestern Approaches,where on 24 May he took his first prize a 16-gun Spanishprivateer,Eaglewas sent to join theWestern Squadron.

Battle of Cape Finisterre

Main articles:Second Battle of Cape FinisterreandWestern Squadron

TheSecond Battle of Cape Finisterrein October 1747.

The Western Squadron was a new strategy by Britain's naval planners to operate a more effective blockade system of France by stationing the Home Fleet in the Western Approaches, where they could guard both theEnglish Channeland the French Atlantic coast.

Eaglecontinued to take prizes while stationed with the Squadron being involved directly, or indirectly, in the capture of sixteen enemy ships. After taking one of the captured prizes toKinsalein Ireland,Eaglewas not present at theFirst Battle of Cape Finisterrewhen the Western Squadron commanded byLord Ansonwon a significant victory over the French. While returning from Ireland,Eaglefell in with a small squadron under CommodoreThomas Foxwhich sighted a French merchant convoy heading for theBay of Biscay.In total around 48 merchantmen were taken by the squadron, although Rodney ignored an order of Fox by pursuing several ships which had broken away from the rest in an attempt to escape managing to capture six of them.AfterwardsEaglerejoined the Western Squadron now under the command ofEdward Hawke.

On 14 October 1747 the ship took part in theSecond Battle of Cape Finisterre,a victory offUshantover the French fleet. The French were trying to escort an outgoing convoy from France to the West Indies and had eight largeships-of-the-linewhile the British had fourteen smaller ships. Rodney was at the rear of the British line, andEaglewas one of the last British ships to come into action engaging the French shortly after noon. InitiallyEaglewas engaged with two French ships, but one moved away. Rodney engaged the 70-gunNeptunefor two hours until his steering wheel was struck by a lucky shot, and his ship became unmanageable. Rodney later complained that Thomas Fox inKenthad failed to support him, and testified at Fox'scourt martial.The British took six of the eight French ships, but were unable to prevent most of the merchant convoy escaping, although much of it was later taken in the West Indies.

The two Battles of Cape Finisterre had proved a vindication of the Western Squadron strategy.Rodney later often referred to "the good old discipline" of the Western Squadron, using it as an example for his own views on discipline.For the remainder of the war Rodney took part in further cruises, and took several more prizes. Following theCongress of Breda,an agreement was signed at theTreaty of Aix-la-Chapelleending the war. Rodney took his ship back toPlymouthwhere it wasdecommissionedon 13 August 1748. Rodney's total share ofprize moneyduring his time withEaglewas £15,000 giving him financial security for the first time in his life.

Commander

On 9 May 1749 he was appointed governor andcommander-in-chiefofNewfoundland,with the rank ofCommodore,it being usual at that time to appoint a naval officer, chiefly on account of the fishery interests.He was given command ofRainbowand had two smaller ships under his overall command. It was extremely difficult for naval officers to secure commands in peacetime, and Rodney's appointment suggests that he was well regarded by his superiors. Rodney's role as Governor was rather limited. Each summer a large British fishing fleet sailed for Newfoundland, where it took part in the valuablecodtrade. The fleet then returned home during the winter. Rodney oversaw three such trips to Newfoundland between 1749 and 1751.

Around this time Rodney began to harbour political ambitions and gained the support of the powerfulDuke of BedfordandLord Sandwich.He stood unsuccessfully in a 1750 by-election inLaunceston.He was elected MP forSaltash,a safe seat controlled by the Admiralty, in 1751.After his third and final trip to Newfoundland in the summer of 1751, Rodney sailed home via Spain and Portugal, escorting some merchantmen. Once home he fell ill, and was then unemployed for around ten months. During this time he oversaw the development of an estate atOld Alresfordin Hampshire, which he had bought with the proceeds of his prize money.

In 1753 he married his first wife, Jane Compton (1730–1757), sister ofCharles Compton, 7th Earl of Northampton.He had initially been undecided whether to marry Jane or her younger sister Kitty whom he had met in Lisbon during his various visits to the city, where their fatherCharles Comptonwas consul. The marriage proved happy, and they had three children together before she died in January 1757.From 1753 Rodney commanded a series of Portsmouth guard ships without actually having to go to sea before the onset of theSeven Years' War.

Seven Years' War

Further information:Great Britain in the Seven Years War

Portrait of Rodney byJoshua Reynoldsshowing him after his appointment as a rear admiral in 1759.

The first fighting broke out in North America in 1754, with competingBritish and French forces clashingin theOhio Country.Despite this fighting formal war wasn't declared in Europe until 1756 and opened witha French attack on Minorca,the loss of which was blamed onAdmiral John Byngwho was court-martialled and executed. He was shot on the quarterdeck ofMonarch,which until recently had been commanded by Rodney. Rodney excused himself from serving on the court martial by pleading illness. While Rodney disapproved of Byng's conduct, he thought the death sentence excessive and unsuccessfully worked for it to becommuted.

Louisbourg

Main articles:Raid on RochefortandSiege of Louisbourg (1758)

Rodney had in 1755 and 1756, taken part in preventive cruises under Hawke andEdward Boscawen.In 1757, he took part in theexpedition against Rochefort,commanding the 74-gun ship of the lineDublin.After an initial success, the expedition made no serious attempt onRochefortand sailed for home. Next year, in the same ship, he was ordered to serve under Boscawen as part of an attempt to capture the strategic French fortress ofLouisbourgin North America. He was given the task of carrying Major GeneralJeffery Amherst,the expedition's commander to Louisbourg. On the way Rodney captured a FrenchEast Indiamen,and took it intoVigo.This action saw the beginning of criticism of Rodney that he was obsessed with prize money ahead of strategic importance, with some claiming he spent two weeks or more in Vigo making sure of his prize money instead of carrying Amherst to Louisbourg. This appears to be untrue, as Rodney sailed within four days from Vigo.

Rodney and his ship played a minor role in thetaking of Louisburg,which laid the way open for a British campaign up theSt Lawrence Riverthe following year, and thefall of Quebec.In August 1758 Rodney sailed for home in charge of six warships and tentransportscarrying the captured garrison of Louisbourg who were being taken to Britain asprisoners of war.

Le Havre

Main article:Raid on Le Havre

On 19 May 1759 he became arear admiral,and shortly afterwards he was given command of a smallsquadron.The admiralty had received intelligence that the French had gathered atLe Havre,at the mouth of theRiver Seine,a large number offlat-bottomed boatsand stores which were being collected there for aninvasion of the British Isles.After drawing up plans for an attack on Le Havre,Lord Ansonbriefed Rodney in person. The operation was intended to be a secret with it being implied that Rodney's actual destination wasGibraltar.This soon became impossible to maintain as Rodney tried to acquire pilots who knew theNormandycoast.

Rodney received his final orders on 26 June, and by 4 July he was off Le Havre. His force included six bomb-vessels which could fire at a very high trajectory. In what become known as theRaid on Le Havre,he bombarded the town for two days and nights, and inflicted great loss of war-material on the enemy. The bomb ships fired continuously for fifty two hours, starting large fires. Rodney then withdrew toSpithead,leaving several ships to blockade the mouth of the Seine. Although the attack hadn't significantly affected French plans, it proved a morale boost in Britain. In August Rodney was again sent to Le Havre with similar orders but through a combination of weather and improved French defences he was unable to get his bomb-vessels into position, and the Admiralty accepted his judgement that a further attack was impossible. The invasion was ultimately cancelled because of French naval defeats at theBattle of LagosandBattle of Quiberon Bay.

From 1759 and 1761 Rodney concentrated on his blockade of the French coast, particularly around Le Havre. In July 1760, with another small squadron, he succeeded in taking many more of the enemy's flat-bottomed boats and in blockading the coast as far asDieppe.

Martinique

Main article:British expedition against Martinique (1762)

Rodney was elected MP forPenrynin 1761.Lord Anson then selected him to command the naval element of a planned amphibious attack on the lucrative and strategically important French colony ofMartiniquein the West Indies, promoting him over the heads of a number of more senior officers. A previousBritish attack on Martiniquehad failed in 1759. The land forces for the attack on Martinique were to be a combination of troops from various locations including some sent out from Europe and reinforcements from New York City, who were available following theConquest of Canadawhich had been completed in 1760. During 1761 Martinique was blockaded bySir James Douglasto prevent reinforcements or supplies from reaching it.In 1762 he was formally appointed commander-in-chief of theLeeward Islands Station.

Within the first three months of 1762,Moncktonand hehad reduced the important island of Martinique,while bothSaint LuciaandGrenadahad surrendered to his squadron. During the siege ofFort Royal (later Fort de France)his seamen and marines rendered splendid service on shore.Afterwards Rodney's squadron, amounting to eight ships of the line joined theBritish expedition to Cubabringing the total number of ships of the line to 15 by the end of April 1762. However he was later criticised for moving his ships to protect Jamaica from attack by a large Franco-Spanish force that had gathered in the area, rather than waiting to support the expedition as he had been ordered.

Following theTreaty of Parisin 1763, Admiral Rodney returned home having been during his absence made Vice-Admiral of the Blue and having received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament.In the peace terms Martinique was returned to France.

Years of peace

George Brydges Rodney, byJoshua Reynoldsin 1789

In 1764, Rodney was created abaronet,and the same year he married Henrietta, daughter of John Clies ofLisbon.From 1765 to 1770, he was governor ofGreenwich Hospital,and on the dissolution of parliament in 1768 he successfully contestedNorthamptonat a ruinous cost. When appointed Commander-in-Chief of theJamaica Stationin 1771,he lost his Greenwich post, but a few months later received the office ofRear-Admiral of Great Britain.Until 1774, he held the Jamaica command, and during a period of quiet, was active in improving the naval yards on his station. Sir George struck his flag with a feeling of disappointment at not obtaining the governorship of Jamaica, and was shortly after forced to settle in Paris. Election expenses and losses at play in fashionable circles had shattered his fortune, and he could not secure payment of the salary as Rear-Admiral of Great Britain. In February 1778, having just been promoted Admiral of the White, he used every possible exertion to obtain a command to free himself from his money difficulties. By May, he had, through the splendid generosity of his Parisian friendMarshal Biron,effected the latter task, and accordingly he returned to London with his children. The debt was repaid out of the arrears due to him on his return. The story that he was offered a French command is fiction.

American War of Independence

Further information:American Revolutionary War

In London, he suggested toLord George GermainthatGeorge Washingtoncould "certainly be bought –honourswill do it ".

Moonlight Battle

Main article:Battle of Cape St Vincent (1780)

Rodney was appointed once more commander-in-chief of the Leeward Islands Station late in 1779.His orders were to relieve Gibraltar on his way to the West Indies. Hecaptured a Spanish convoyof 22 vessels offCape Finisterreon 8 January 1780.Eight days later at theBattle of Cape St. Vincenthe defeated the Spanish AdmiralDon Juan de Lángara,taking or destroying seven ships.He thenbrought some relief to Gibraltarby delivering reinforcements and supplies.

Battle of Martinique

Main article:Battle of Martinique (1780)

On 17 April he fought anactionoff Martinique with the French AdmiralGuichenwhich, owing to the carelessness of some of Rodney's captains, was indecisive.

Capture of St Eustatius

Main article:Capture of St Eustatius

Admiral George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney,byJean-Laurent Mosnier,painted 1791.

Following the outbreak of theFourth Anglo-Dutch Warbetween Britain and theDutch RepublicRodney, acting under orders from London, captured the valuable Dutch island ofSt Eustatiuson 3 February 1781.Rodney had already identified several individuals on the island who were aiding the Americans, such as "... Mr Smith at the House of Jones – they (the Jews of St. Eustatius, Caribbean Antilles)cannot be too soon taken care of – they are notorious in the cause of America and France... "The island was also home to a Jewish community who were mainly merchants with significant international trading and maritime commercial ties. The Jews were estimated to have been at least 10% of the permanent population of St. Eustatius.

Rodney immediately arrested and imprisoned 101 Jews in the warehouses of the lower city. He summarily deported 31 adult Jews to the island ofSaint Kitts.Rodney looted Jewish personal possessions and even tore out the linings of the clothes of his captives in search of hidden valuables; this alone yielded him 8,000 pounds.When Rodney realised that the Jews might be hiding additional treasure, he dug up their local cemetery. Even large quantities of non-military trading goods belonging to British merchants on the island were arbitrarily confiscated. This resulted in Rodney being entangled in a series of costly lawsuits for the rest of his life. Still, the wealth Rodney acquired on St. Eustatius exceeded his expectations.

Controversy and Yorktown

Rodney wrote to his family with promises of a new London home; to his daughter "the bestharpsichordmoney can purchase ". He confidently wrote of a marriage settlement for one of his sons and a soon-to-be purchased commission in theFoot Guardsfor another son. Rodney also wrote of adowryfor his daughter to marry theEarl of Oxfordand noted he would have enough to pay off the young prospective bridegroom's debts.

Other Royal Navy officers scathingly criticised Rodney for his actions. In particular, ViscountSamuel Hoodsuggested that Rodney should have sailed to intercept a French fleet under Rear AdmiralFrancois Joseph Paul de Grasse,travelling to Martinique.The French fleet instead turned north and headed for theChesapeake BayofVirginiaandMaryland.

Rodney's delay at St. Eustatius was not the first time he had taken the opportunity to capture prizes over the immediate and expeditious fulfillment of his military duties. During the Seven Years' War Rodney had been ordered to Barbados to link up with Admiral Sir George Pocock and the Earl of Albemarle for an attack on Cuba. Instead, Rodney sent valuable ships off in search of prizes. In 1762, Rodney, after the fall of Martinique, quarreled with the army over prize money. During Rodney's command in Jamaica, 1771–1774, the Earl of Sandwich feared that Rodney might provoke a war with Spain to obtain prize money.

Plundering the wealth of St. Eustatius and capturing many prizes over a number of months, Rodney further weakened his fleet by sending twoships-of-the-lineto escort his treasure ships to England, though both were in need of major repair. Nevertheless, he is both blamed and defended for the subsequent disaster at Yorktown.His orders as naval commander in chief in the eastern Caribbean were not only to watch de Grasse but also to protect the valuable sugar trade. Rodney had received intelligence earlier that de Grasse would send part of his fleet before the start of the hurricane season to relieve the French squadron at Newport and to co-operate with Washington, returning in the fall to the Caribbean. The other half of de Grasse's fleet, as usual, would escort the French merchantmen back across the Atlantic. Rodney accordingly made his dispositions in the light of this intelligence. Sixteen of his remaining twenty-one battleships would go with Hood to reinforce the squadron at New York under Sir Thomas Graves, while Rodney, who was in ill health, returned to England with three other battleships as merchant escorts, leaving two others in dock for repair. Hood was well satisfied with these arrangements, informing a colleague that his fleet was "fully equal to defeat any designs of the enemy." What Rodney and Hood could not know was that at the last moment de Grasse decided to take his entire fleet to North America, leaving the French merchantmen to the protection of the Spanish. The result was a decisive French superiority in battleships during the subsequent naval campaign, when the combined fleets of Hood and Graves were unable to relieve the British army ofCharles Cornwallis,who was then establishing a base on the York River.This left Cornwallis no option but to surrender, resulting a year later in British recognition of American Independence. Although Rodney's actions at St. Eustatius and afterwards contributed to the British naval inferiority in theBattle of the Chesapeake,the real reason for the disaster at Yorktown was the inability of Britain to match the resources of the other naval powers of Europe.

Battle of the Saintes

Further information:Battle of the Saintes

Battle of the Saintes, April 1782
painting byFrançois Aimé Louis Dumoulin

After a few months in England, restoring his health and defending himself in Parliament, Sir George returned to his command in February 1782, and a running engagement with the French fleet on 9 April led up to his crowning victory at theBattle of the Saintesoff Dominica, when on 12 April with thirty-five sail of the line he defeated theComte de Grasse,who had thirty-three sail. The French inferiority in numbers was more than counterbalanced by the greater size and superior sailing qualities of their ships, yet four French ships of the line were captured (including theflagship) as well as one destroyed after eleven hours' fighting.

This important battle savedJamaicaand ruined French naval prestige, while it enabled Rodney to write: "Within two little years I have taken two Spanish, one French and one Dutch admirals." A long and wearisome controversy exists as to the originator of the manoeuvre of "breaking the line" in this battle, but the merits of the victory have never seriously been affected by any difference of opinion on the question. A shift of wind broke the French line of battle, and the British ships took advantage of this by crossing in two places;many were taken prisoner including the Comte de Grasse.

From 29 April to 10 July he sat with his fleet atPort Royal, Jamaicawhile his fleet was repaired after the battle.

Recall

In a 15 April letter toLord George Germain,who unknown to Rodney had recently lost his position, he wrote "Permit me most sincerely to congratulate you on the most important victory I believe ever gained against our perfidious enemies, the French".The news of Rodney's victories reached England on 18 May 1782 via HMSAndromacheand boosted national morale in Britain and strengthened the pro-war party, who wished to carry on the fight. George III observed to the new Prime MinisterLord Shelburnethat he "must see that the great success of Lord Rodney's engagement has so far roused the nation, that the peace which would have been acquiesced in three months ago would now be a matter for complaint".

Rodney was preparing to sail to meet the enemy offCape HaitienwhenHMSJupiterarrived from England, not only relieving him of duty, but also bringing his replacement:Admiral Hugh Pigot.This bizarre exchange was largely the result of changing politics in Britain: Rodney was a Tory placed in charge of the fleet by a Tory government... but the Whigs were now in power.That said, at 64 years of age, he was perhaps due for retirement. However, Pigot and the command to retire was dispatched on 15 May, three days before the news of the victory at theBattle of the Saintesreached the Admiralty. A cutter sent by the Admiralty on 19 May failed to catch theJupiterso Rodney's fate was sealed.

Rodney quietly quit his quarters on theFormidableand returned to England in more modest quarters onHMSMontagu.

Later life

Nepotism and self-interest

Rodney was unquestionably a most able officer, but he was also vain, selfish and unscrupulous,both in seeking prize money, and in using his position to push the fortunes of his family, although such nepotism was common (not to say normal) at the time. He made his son a post-captain at fifteen, and his assiduous self-interest alienated his fellow officers and the Board of Admiralty alike. Naval historianNicholas A. M. Rodgerdescribes Rodney as possessing weaknesses with respect to patronage "which destroyed the basis of trust upon which alone an officer can command."It must be remembered that he was then prematurely old and racked by disease.

Retirement and death

Rodney arrived home in August to receive unbounded honour from his country. He had already been created Baron Rodney of Rodney Stoke, Somerset, by patent of 19 June 1782, and the House of Commons had voted him a pension of £2000 a year. From this time he led a quiet country life until his death in London. He was succeeded as 2nd Baron by his son,George(1753–1802).

In 1782 Rodney was presented with the Freedom of theCity of Cork,Ireland. TheNational Maritime Museum,Greenwich,London, holds the gold presentation box that the City of Cork gave him on 16 September 1782.

Rodney died in 1792, and was buried in the church of St Mary the Virgin,Old Alresford,in Hampshire, which adjoins his family seat. There is a memorial to him withinSt Paul's Cathedral.

Legacy

• 
  Monument of George Brydges Rodney in Memorial inSpanish Town
• 
  Memorial inSt Paul's Cathedral,London
• 
  Rodney's Pillar onBreidden Hillin Wales
• 
  Admiral Rodney public house, Long Buckby

In February 1783, the government ofJamaicacommissionedJohn Bacon,a renowned British sculptor, to create a statue of Admiral Lord Rodney, as an expression of their appreciation. The Assembly spent $5,200 on the statue alone and a reputed $31,000 on the entire project. Bacon sourced the finest marble from Italy to create theNeo-classicalsculpture of the Admiral, dressed in a Roman robe and breastplate. On its completion, the statue was fronted with cannons taken from theFrench flagship, Ville de Paris,in the battle.The truly huge monument, known as theRodney Templestands inSpanish Town, Jamaica,next to the Governor's House.

In late 1782 and early 1783 a large number of existing taverns renamed themselves "The Admiral Rodney" in admiration of the victory. Admiral Rodney's Pillarwas constructed on the peak ofBreidden Hillto commemorate his victories.

InSt. Paul's Cathedralcrypt, there is a memorial to Rodney designed byCharles Rossi.

At least four serving warships of the Royal Navy have been namedHMSRodneyin his honour.

Two Britishpublic schools,Churcher's CollegeandEmanuel School,havehousesnamed after him.

Due to his popularity with citizens of Newfoundland as governor, small round-bottomed wooden boats, propelled by oars and/or sails, are often referred to as a"Rodney"up to the present day in Newfoundland.

In 1793, following Rodney's death, Scotland's Bard, the poetRobert Burns(1759–1796), published a poem "Lines On The Commemoration Of Rodney's Victory"commemorating theBattle of the Saintes.The poem opens with the lines:

"Instead of a Song, boy's, I'll give you a Toast;

"Here's to the memory of those on the twelfth that we lost!-

"That we lost, did I say?-nay, by Heav'n, that we found;

"For their fame it will last while the world goes round. “

Places named after Rodney

• Rodney Street, Liverpool
• Rodney Street, Edinburgh
• Rodney Bay,Saint Lucia,the Caribbean
• Rodney County, New Zealand
• Rodney Gardens,Perth, Scotland
• Cape Rodney,North Island,New Zealand
• Rodney,Ontario,Canada
• Admiral Rodney – Pub, Worcestershire
• Admiral Rodney - Pub, Criggion Lane, Powys
• Admiral Lord Rodney - Pub, Colne, Lancashire
• Admiral Rodney - Hotel, Horncastle, Lincolnshire
• Admiral Rodney - Pub, Sheffield
• Rodney Inn - Pub, Helston, Cornwall
• The Admiral Rodney Inn - Criggion, Powys (in sight of Rodney's Pillar monument on Breidden Hill)
• The Admiral Rodney Inn - Pub, Hartshorne, Swadlincote, Derbyshire.
• The Admiral Rodney - Pub, Prestbury, Cheshire
• The Lord Rodney - Pub, Keighley, West Yorkshire
• The Admiral Rodney - Pub, Calverton, Nottinghamshire
• The Rodney Hotel - Hotel, Clifton, Bristol
• Admiral Rodney - Pub, Wollaton, Nottinghamshire

Bibliography

• Cundall, Frank (1915).Historic Jamaica.West India Committee.
• The Naval Chronicle, Volume 11799, J. Gold, London. (reissued byCambridge University Press,2010.ISBN978-1-108-01840-1
• Fraser, Edward (2009).Famous Fighters of the Fleet: Glimpses Through the Cannon Smoke in the Days of the Old Navy (1904).Kessinger Publishing.ISBN9781104820039.
• Fleming, Thomas.The Perils of Peace: America's Struggle for Survival After Yorktown.First Smithsonian books, 2008.
• Hannay, David.Life of Rodney.Macmillan, 1891.
• Hibbert, Christopher.Redcoats and Rebels: The American Revolution Through British Eyes.Avon Books, 1990.
• General Mundy,Life and Correspondence of Admiral Lord Rodney(2 vols, 1830)
• O'Shaunhassey, Andrew Jackson.The Men Who Lost America: British Leadership, the American Revolution and the Fate of Empire.Yale University Press, 2013.
• Rodger, N. A. M.Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815.Penguin Books, 2006.
• Spinney, David.Rodney,George Allen & Unwin, 1969.
• Stewart, William.Admirals of the World: A Biographical Dictionary 1500 to the Present.McFarland, 2009.
• Trew, Peter.Rodney and the Breaking of the Line.Pen and Sword, 2006.
• Weintraub, Stanley.Iron Tears: Rebellion in America, 1775–1783.Simon & Schuster, 2005.
• Rodney letters in9th Report of Hist. manuscripts Coin.,pt. iiL; "Memoirs," inNaval Chronicle,i. 353–93; and Charnock,Biographia Navalis,v. 204–28. Lord Rodney published in his lifetime (probably 1789)
• Letters to His Majesty's Ministers,etc., relative to St Eustatius, etc., of which there is a copy in theBritish Museum.Most of these letters are printed in Mundy'sLife,vol. ii., though with many variant readings.

Further reading

• Arbell, Mordechai.The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean, The Spanish-Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas(2002) Geffen Press, Jerusalem
• Bernardini, P. & Fiering, N. (editors).The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450–1800(2001), Berghan Press
• Charnock, John.Biographia Navalisvolume, 5 pg 204–228. 1797, London.
• Ezratty, Harry.500 Years in the Jewish Caribbean – The Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the West Indies(1997) Omni Arts, Baltimore
• Macintyre, Donald.Admiral Rodney(1962) Peter Davies, London.
• Middleton, Richard.The War of American Independence, 1775–1783.Pearson. London, 2012
• Mundy, Godfrey Basil.Life and Correspondence of Admiral Lord Rodney, Vols 1 and 21830
• Syrett, David.The Rodney Papers: selections from the correspondence of Admiral Lord Rodney2007, Ashgate Publishing Ltd
• Hartog, J.History of St. Eustatius(1976) Central USA Bicentennial Committee of the Netherlands Antilles
• Attema, Y.A Short History of St. Eustatius and its Monuments(1976) Wahlberg Pers

External links

Media related toGeorge Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodneyat Wikimedia Commons

• Government HouseThe Governorship of Newfoundland and Labrador
• George Rodney, 1st Baron RodneyatFind a Grave
• "Retribution:Admiral Rodney and the Jews of St. Eustatius",by Louis Arthur Norton
• Chapter III,Rodney: The Formin
• Types of Naval OfficersatProject Gutenberg,byA. T. Mahan