George Grote

George Grote
Portrait byThomas Stewardson,1824
Born	(1794-11-14)14 November 1794 Clay Hill,Kent
Died	18 June 1871(1871-06-18)(aged 76) Mayfair,London
Nationality	English
Signature

George Grote(/ɡroʊt/;17 November 1794 – 18 June 1871) was anEnglishpolitical radical and classical historian. He is now best known for his major work, the voluminousHistory of Greece.

Early life

George Grote was born atClay HillnearBeckenhaminKent.His grandfather, Andreas, originally aBremenmerchant, was one of the founders (on 1 January 1766) of the banking-house of Grote, Prescott & Company inThreadneedle Street,London (the name of Grote did not disappear from the firm until 1879). His father, another George, married (1793) Selina, daughter ofHenry Peckwell(1747–1787), minister ofSelina, Countess of Huntingdon'schapel in Westminster,and his wife Bella Blosset (descended from aHuguenotofficerSalomon Blosset de Lochewho left theDauphinéon the revocation of theEdict of Nantes), and had one daughter and ten sons, of whom George was the eldest.His brothers were the moral philosopherJohn Groteand the colonial administratorArthur Grote.(John RussellRA painted portraits of Henry Peckwell and Bella Blosset.)

Educated at first by his mother, George Grote was sent toSevenoaksgrammar school(1800–1804) and afterwards toCharterhouse School(1804–1810), where he studied under Dr Raine in company withConnop Thirlwall,GeorgeandHorace WaddingtonandHenry Havelock.In spite of Grote's school successes, his father refused to send him to university and sent him to work at the bank. He spent all his spare time in the study of classics, history, metaphysics and political economy and in learningGerman,FrenchandItalian.Driven by his mother'sPuritanismand his father's contempt for academic learning, he sought other friends, one of whom wasCharles Hay Cameron,who strengthened him in his love ofphilosophy.

Through another friend, George W. Norman, he met his wife,Harriet Lewin(1792–1878), a writer and later the biographer of the artistAry Scheffer.After various difficulties the marriage took place on 5 March 1820, and was a happy one.His wife's nephew was the actorWilliam Terriss,the father ofEllaline Terriss.

Work and writing

Title page of Vol. 2 of first edition, 1846.

Meanwhile, Grote had finally decided his philosophic and political attitude. In 1817 he came under the influence ofDavid Ricardo,and through him ofJames MillandJeremy Bentham.He settled in 1820 in a house attached to the bank inThreadneedle Street,where his onlychild dieda week after its birth. During Mrs Grote's convalescence atHampstead,he wrote his first published work, the "Statement of the Question of Parliamentary Reform" (1821), in reply to SirJames Mackintosh's article in theEdinburgh Review,advocatingpopular representation,vote by ballotand short parliaments. In April 1822 he published in theMorning Chroniclea letter againstGeorge Canning's attack onLord John Russell,and edited, or rather re-wrote, some discursive papers of Bentham, which he published under the titleAnalysis of the Influence of Natural Religion on the Temporal Happiness of Mankind by Philip Beauchamp(1822). The book was published in the name ofRichard Carlile,then in gaol atDorchester.Though not a member ofJohn Stuart Mill'sUtilitarian Society(1822–1823), he took a great interest in a society for reading and discussion, which met from 1823 onwards in a room at the bank before business hours, twice a week.

Mrs Grote claimed to have first suggested theHistory of Greecein 1823; but the book was already in preparation in 1822. In April 1826 Grote published inThe Westminster Reviewa criticism ofWilliam Mitford'sHistory of Greece,which shows that his ideas were already in order. From 1826 to 1830 he was hard at work withJohn Stuart MillandHenry Broughamin the organization ofUniversity College London.He was a member of the council which organized the faculties and the curriculum. In 1830, owing to a difference with Mill as to an appointment to one of the philosophical chairs (Grote objected toJohn Hoppus), he resigned his position.He rejoined the council in 1849 and was appointed Treasurer in 1860, then President in 1868. In his will Grote left £6,000 as an endowment for theChair of Philosophy of Mind and Logicat University College London.

He went abroad in 1830, and spent some months in Paris with theLiberalleaders. Recalled by his father's death (6 July), he became manager of the bank, and took a leading position among the City Radicals.In 1831 he published his importantEssentials ofParliamentary Reform(an elaboration of his previous "Statement" ), and, after refusing to stand as parliamentary candidate for theCity of Londonin 1831, changed his mind and was elected head of the poll, with three other Liberals, in December 1832. As an MP, Grote spent much of his time unsuccessfully advocating for thesecret ballot.After serving in three parliaments, he resigned in 1841, by which time his party ( "thePhilosophical Radicals") had dwindled away.

Portrait of George Grote, by Maull & Fox

During these years of active public life, his interest inGreek historyand philosophy had increased, and after a trip to Italy in 1842, he severed his connection with the bank and devoted himself to literature. In 1846 the first two volumes of theHistoryappeared.The remaining ten appeared between 1847 and the spring of 1856. In 1845, withWilliam MolesworthandRaikes Currie,he gave money toAuguste Comte,then in financial difficulties. The formation of theSonderbund(20 July 1847) led him to visit Switzerland and study for himself a condition of things in some sense analogous to that of theancient Greek states.This visit resulted in the publication inThe Spectatorof seven weekly letters, collected in book form at the end of 1847 (see a letter tode Tocquevillein Mrs Grote's reprint of theSeven Letters,1876). Grote was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciencesin 1853.

In 1856, Grote began to prepare his works onPlatoandAristotle.Plato and the Other Companions of Sokrates(3 vols.) appeared in 1865. That work made him known by some as "the greatest nineteenth-century Plato scholar".The work on Aristotle he did not complete. He had finished theOrganonand was about to deal with themetaphysicaland physical treatises when he died at his home inMayfair,London, and was buried inWestminster Abbey.The house, No. 12Savile Row,now has a commemorative brown plaque on it.

He is said, in some estimations, to have been a man of strong character and self-control, unfailing courtesy and unswerving devotion to what he considered the best interests of the nation.Other historians, such asGuy MacLean Rogers,consider he can reasonably be accused ofanti-clericalbias. Grote's time on the Council at University College London was characterised by his contentious approach to two liberalnonconformists:John HoppusandJames Martineau,both of whom found ways to work around his opposition. Grote's life has attracted a wide variety of biographical comment due to his strong views.

Principal works

• 1821 –Statement of the Question of Parliamentary Reform
• 1822 –Analysis of the Influence of Natural Religion on the Temporal Happiness, of Mankind(From Jeremy Bentham's notes)
• 1831 –Essentials of Parliamentary Reform
• 1831 –Speech of George Grote, Esq. M.P., delivered April 25th, 1833, in the House of Commons, on moving for the introduction of the vote by ballot at elections
• 1846–1856 –A History of Greece; from the Earliest Period to the Close of the Generation Contemporary with Alexander the Great(12 vols.)
• 1847 –Seven Letters on the Recent Politics of Switzerland
• 1859 –Life, Teachings, and Death of Socrates. From Grote's History of Greece
• 1860 –Plato's Doctrine Respecting the Rotation of the Earth, and Aristotle's Comment upon that Doctrine.
• 1865 –Plato, and the Other Companions of Sokrates(3 vols.). 2nd edition, 1867; 3rd edition in 4 volumes with some re-organisation, 1885.
• 1868 –Review of the Work of Mr. John Stuart Mill Entitled 'Examination of Sir William Hamilton's philosophy'
• 1872 –Poems, 1815–1823
• 1872 –Aristotle(ed. byAlexander BainandGeorge Croom Robertson).A 2nd edition with some extra material but in one volume was published in 1880.
• 1873 –The Minor Works of George Grote
• 1876 –Fragments on Ethical Subjects, a Selection from his Posthumous Papers

Recognition

TheGrote prizefor outstanding research in Greek History, funded by a legacy fromV. L. Ehrenbergand awarded annually by theInstitute of Classical Studiesat theUniversity of London,is named after George Grote.

Grote Street,a principal business strip in the city ofAdelaide,South Australiawas named for him.

References

• "Grote, George."British Authors of the Nineteenth Century.H.C. Wilson Company, New York, 1936.

Attribution:

• This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911). "Grote, George".InChisholm, Hugh(ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 619–620.This includes a detailed contemporaneous analysis of his career and works.

Further reading

• Calder, William M., ed. (1996).George Grote Reconsidered: A 200th Birthday Celebration.Hildesheim: Weidmann.ISBN3-615-00180-X.
• Clarke, Martin L. (1962).George Grote: A Biography.London: Athlone Press.
• Davies, James (1873)."George Grote,"The Contemporary Review,Vol. 22, pp. 393–411.
• Demetriou, Kyriacos N. (1999).George Grote on Plato and Athenian Democracy, a Study in Classical Reception.Frankfurt am Main; Berlin; Bern; Bruxelles; New York; Wien: Lang.ISBN3-631-32739-0;ISBN0-8204-3554-6
• Dow, Elizabeth Flagg (1956). "George Grote, Historian of Greece: Some Notes for the Centennial",The Classical Journal,Vol. 51, No. 5, pp. 211–19.
• Hamburger, Joseph (1965).Intellectuals in Politics: John Stuart Mill and the Philosophical Radicals.New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Johnson, W. (1994). "Edward Gibbon and George Grote: A Bicentenary in Common",Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London,Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 221–26.
• Jones, Tom B. (1935). "George Grote and His History of Greece",The Classical Weekly,Vol. 29, No. 8, pp. 59–61.
• "Modern Historians,"Part II,The British Controversialist,Vol. 1, 1869, pp. 1–19, 161–86.
• Momigliano, Arnaldo(1952).George Grote and the Study of Greek History.London:H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd.
• Robertson, G. Croom(1890)."George Grote".Dictionary of National Biography.Vol. XXIII. New York: Macmillan & Co. pp. 284–93.
• Stephen, Leslie(1900)."George Grote".The English Utilitarians.Vol. III (John Stuart Mill). London: Duckworth & Co. pp. 336–44.
• Thomas, William (1979). "George Grote and the Ballot." In:The Philosophic Radicals: Nine Studies in Theory and Practice, 1817–1841.Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Tritle, Lawrence (1999). "The Athens of George Grote: Historiography and Philosophic Radicalism." In:Text and Tradition: Studies in Greek History and Historiography.Claremont, California: Regina Books.
• Whedbee, Karen E. (2004). "Reclaiming Rhetorical Democracy: George Grote's Defense of Cleon and the Athenian Demagogues",Rhetoric Society Quarterly,Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 71–95.
• Whedbee, Karen E. (2005). "Authority and Critical Reason: George Grote's Defense of Democratic Justice."Victorians Institute Journal,Vol. 33, pp. 97–115.

External links

• Works by George GroteatProject Gutenberg
• Works by or about George GroteatInternet Archive
• Works by George GroteatHathi Trust
• Library of George Grote held at Senate House Library, University of London
• "MR. GROTE (Obituary Notice, Monday, June 19, 1871)".Eminent Persons: Biographies reprinted from The Times.Vol. I (1870-1875). London: Macmillan and Co. 1892. pp. 37–42.hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t6n011x45.Retrieved13 February2019– via HathiTrust.
• Portraits of George Groteat theNational Portrait Gallery, London
• George GroteatFind a Grave
• Hutchinson, John (1892)."George Grote".Men of Kent and Kentishmen(Subscription ed.). Canterbury: Cross & Jackman. pp. 57–58.