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This article is about the Caucasian ethnic group. For the inhabitants of Georgia, seeDemographics of Georgia (country).For the inhabitants of the US state, seeDemographics of Georgia (U.S. state).For other uses, seeGeorgian (disambiguation).
Georgians
ქართველები
Kartvelebi
The Georgiankings,queens consortand theCatholicos-Patriarchdepicted on aByzantine-influencedfresco[a]wearingByzantine dressat theGelati Monastery,UNESCO'sWorld Heritage Sitelandmark.[3]
Total population
c.5 million[b]
Regions with significant populations
Georgia3,224,600[4][c]
For more, seelist of populationandstatistical data
Languages
Georgianand otherKartvelian languages
Religion
Predominant:Georgian Orthodoxy[5]
Significant:CatholicismandIslam[6]

TheGeorgians,orKartvelians[d](/kɑːrtˈvɛliənz/;Georgian:ქართველები,romanized:kartvelebi,pronounced[kʰaɾtʰʷelebi]), are a nation andCaucasianethnic groupnative to present-dayGeorgiaand surrounding areas historically associated with the Georgian kingdoms. Significant Georgian diaspora communities are also present throughoutRussia,Turkey,Greece,Iran,Ukraine,theUnited States,and theEuropean Union.

Georgians arose fromColchianandIberiancivilizationsofclassical antiquity;Colchis was interconnected with theHellenic world,whereas Iberia was influenced by theAchaemenid EmpireuntilAlexander the Greatconquered it.[7]In the early 4th century, the Georgians became one of the first toembrace Christianityand now the majority of Georgians areOrthodox Christians,with most following their nationalGeorgian Orthodox Church,[8][9]although there are small GeorgianCatholicandMuslimcommunities as well as a significant number ofirreligious Georgians.Located in theCaucasus,on thecontinental crossroads of Europe and Asia,theHigh Middle Agessaw Georgian people form aunifiedKingdom of Georgiain 1008 AD,[10][11][12]the pan-Caucasian empire,[13]later inaugurating theGeorgian Golden Age,a height of political and cultural power of the nation. This lasted until thekingdom was weakened and later disintegratedas the result of the 13th–15th-century invasions of theMongolsandTimur,[14]theBlack Death,theFall of Constantinople,as well as internal divisions following the death ofGeorge V the Brilliantin 1346, the last of the greatkings of Georgia.[15]

Thereafter and throughout theearly modern period,Georgians became politically fractured and were dominated by theOttoman Empireand successivedynasties of Iran.Georgians started looking for allies and found the Russians on the political horizon as a possible replacement for the lostByzantine Empire,"for the sake of the Christian faith".[16]The Georgian kings andRussian tsarsexchanged no less than 17 embassies,[17]which culminated in 1783, whenHeraclius IIof the eastern Georgian kingdom ofKartli-Kakhetiforgedan alliancewith theRussian Empire.The Russo-Georgian alliance, however, backfired as Russia was unwilling to fulfill the terms of the treaty, proceeding toannex[18][19]the troubled kingdom in 1801[20]as well as the western Georgiankingdom of Imeretiin 1810.[21]There were several uprisings and movements to restore the statehood, the most notable being the1832 plot,which collapsed in failure.[22]Eventually, Russian rule over Georgia was acknowledged in various peace treaties with Iran and the Ottomans, and the remaining Georgian territories were absorbed by the Russian Empire in a piecemeal fashion through the course of the 19th century. Georgians briefly reasserted their independence from Russia under theFirst Georgian Republicfrom 1918 to 1921 and finallyin 1991from theSoviet Union.

The Georgian nation was formed out of a diverse set of geographic subgroups, each with its characteristic traditions, manners,dialectsand, in the case ofSvansandMingrelians,own regional languages. TheGeorgian language,with itsown unique writing systemand extensive written tradition, which goes back to the 5th century, is theofficial languageof Georgia as well as the language of education of all Georgians living in the country. According to theState Ministry on Diaspora Issues of Georgia,unofficial statistics say that there are more than 5 million Georgians in the world.[23]

Etymology

Anexonymicterm "Georgian" resulted from the merger ofPersiandesignation "gurğ"(wolf), with the cult ofSaint Georgepopular among the Georgians.[24]The saint's name played a definite role in the transformation of "gurğ/gorg"into"Georgia/Georgian".[25]

The earliest known example for anendonym"kartveli"[d](ႵႠႰႧႥႤႪႨ) was found as an archaeological artifact in the neighborhood ofUmm Leisun,nearby Jerusalem.[26]
Further information:Names of the Georgians

Georgians call themselvesKartveli[d](ქართველი,pl.Kartvelebiქართველები), their landSakartvelo(საქართველო), and their languageKartuli(ქართული).[30][31]According toThe Georgian Chronicles,the ancestor of the Kartvelian people wasKartlos,the great-grandson of theBiblicalJapheth.However, scholars agree that the word is derived from theKarts,the latter being one of the proto-Georgian tribes that emerged as a dominant group in ancient times.[32]Kartprobably is cognate with Indo-Europeangardand denotes people who live in a "fortifiedcitadel".[33]Ancient Greeks(Homer,Herodotus,Strabo,Plutarchetc.) andRomans(Titus Livius,Cornelius Tacitus,etc.) referred to western Georgians asColchiansand eastern Georgians asIberians.[34]

The term "Georgians" is derived from the country of Georgia. In the past, lore-based theories were given by the medieval French travellerJacques de Vitry,who explained the name's origin by the popularity ofSt. Georgeamongst Georgians,[35]while travellerJean Chardinthought that "Georgia" came from Greekγεωργός( "tiller of the land" ), as when the Greeks came into the region (inColchis[32]) they encountered a developed agricultural society.[32]

However, asAlexander Mikaberidzeadds, these explanations for the wordGeorgians/Georgiaare rejected by the scholarly community, who point to thePersianwordgurğ/gurğān( "wolf"[36]) as the root of the word.[37]Starting with the Persian wordgurğ/gurğān,the word was later adopted in numerous other languages, including Slavic and West European languages.[32][38]This term itself might have been established through the ancient Iranian appellation of the near-Caspianregion, which was referred to asGorgan( "land of the wolves"[39]).[32]

History

A Georgianwoman,byTeramo Castelli;and aman,byCesare Vecellio.
Further information:History of Georgia (country)andPrehistoric Georgia

Most historians and scholars of Georgia as well as anthropologists, archaeologists, and linguists tend to agree that the ancestors of modern Georgians inhabited thesouthern Caucasusand northernAnatoliasince theNeolithic period.[40]Scholars usually refer to them as Proto-Kartvelian (Proto-Georgians such as Colchians and Iberians) tribes.[41]

The Georgian people in antiquity have been known to theancient GreeksandRomansasColchiansandIberians.[42][43]East Georgian tribes of Tibarenians-Iberians formed their kingdom in 7th centuryBCE.However, western Georgian tribes (Colchian tribes) established the first Georgian state ofColchis(c. 1350 BCE) before the foundation of theKingdom of Iberiain the east.[44][45]According to the numerous scholars of Georgia, the formations of these two early Georgian kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia, resulted in the consolidation and uniformity of the Georgian nation.[46]

According to the renowned scholar of the Caucasian studiesCyril Toumanoff,theMoschiansalso were one of the early proto-Georgian tribes which were integrated into the first early Georgian state of Iberia.[45] The ancient Jewish chronicle byJosephusmentions Georgians as Iberes who were also called Thobel (Tubal).[47]David Marshall Langargued that the rootTibargave rise to the formIberthat made the Greeks pick up the nameIberianin the end for the designation of the eastern Georgians.[48]

Georgians presenting gifts to theByzantine emperor.TheSkylitzes Chronicle.

DiauehiinAssyriansources andTaochiin Greek lived in the northeastern part ofAnatolia.This ancient tribe is considered by many scholars as ancestors of the Georgians.[49]Modern Georgians still refer to this region, which now belongs to present-day Turkey, asTao-Klarjeti,an ancient Georgian kingdom. Some people there still speak the Georgian language.[50]

Colchians in the ancient western Georgian polity of Colchis were another proto-Georgian tribe. They are first mentioned in the Assyrian annals ofTiglath-Pileser Iand in the annals ofUrartianking Sarduri II, and also included western Georgian tribe of theMeskhetians.[45][51]

Iberians, also known as Tiberians or Tiberanians, lived in the eastern Georgian kingdom of Iberia.[45]

Both Colchians and Iberians played an important role in the ethnic and cultural formation of the modern Georgian nation.[52][53]

According to the scholar of the Caucasian studies Cyril Toumanoff:

Colchis appears as the first Caucasian State to have achieved the coalescence of the newcomer, Colchis can be justly regarded as not a proto-Georgian, but a Georgian (West Georgian) kingdom... It would seem natural to seek the beginnings of Georgian social history in Colchis, the earliest Georgian formation.[54]

Genetics

Further information:Genetic history of the Caucasus

An FTDNA collection of Georgian Y-DNA suggests that Georgians have the highest percentage ofHaplogroup G(39.9%) among the general population recorded in any country. Georgians'Y-DNAalso belongs toHaplogroup J(32.5%),R1b(8.6%),L(5.4%),R1a(4.2%),I2(3.8%) and other more minor haplogroups such as E, T and Q.[55]

Culture

Georgian language is written in its ownunique Alpha betsince the early 5th century.
Main article:Culture of Georgia (country)

Language and linguistic subdivisions

Main article:Georgian language

Georgian is the primary language for Georgians of all provenance, including those who speak otherKartvelian languages:Svans,Mingreliansand theLaz.The language known today as Georgian is a traditional language of the eastern part of the country which has spread to most of the present-day Georgia after the post-Christianization centralization in the first millennium CE. Today, Georgians regardless of their ancestral region use Georgian as their official language. The regional languagesSvanandMingrelianare languages of the west that were traditionally spoken in the pre-ChristianKingdom of Colchis,but later lost importance as the unifiedKingdom of Georgiaemerged. Their decline is largely due to the capital of the unified kingdom,Tbilisi,being in the eastern part of the country known asKingdom of Iberiaeffectively making the language of the east an official language of the Georgian monarch.

All of these languages comprise theKartvelian language familyalong with the related language of theLaz people,which has speakers in both Turkey and Georgia.

Georgian dialectsincludeImeretian,Racha-Lechkhumian,Gurian,Adjarian,Imerkhevian(in Turkey),Kartlian,Kakhetian,Ingilo(in Azerbaijan),Tush,Khevsur,Mokhevian,Pshavian,Fereydan dialect in IraninFereydunshahrandFereydan,Mtiuletian,MeskhetianandJavakhetiandialect.

Religion

Gelati Monastery,one of the most significant religious structures in Georgia, located near the former capital city ofKutaisi.
Main articles:Religion in Georgia (country)andSecularism and irreligion in Georgia

According to Orthodox tradition,Christianitywas first preached in Georgia by theApostlesSimon and Andrew in the 1st century. It became the state religion ofKartli (Iberia)in 319[56]or 326.[57][58][59][60]At the same time, in the first centuries A.D., the cult ofMithras,paganbeliefs, andZoroastrianismwere commonly practiced in Georgia.[61]The conversion of Kartli to Christianity is credited toSt. NinoofCappadocia.Christianity gradually replaced all the former religions except Zoroastrianism, which become a second established religion in Iberia after thePeace of Acilisenein 378.[62]The conversion to Christianity eventually placed the Georgians permanently on the front line of conflict between the Islamic and Christian world. Georgians remained mostly Christian despite repeated invasions by Muslim powers, and long episodes of foreign domination.

As was true elsewhere, the Christian church in Georgia was crucial to the development of a written language, and most of the earliest written works were religious texts.MedievalGeorgian culture was greatly influenced byEastern Orthodoxyand theGeorgian Orthodox Church,which promoted and often sponsored the creation of many works of religious devotion. These included churches and monasteries, works of art such asicons,andhagiographiesof Georgian saints.

Today, 83.9% of the Georgian population, most of whom are ethnic Georgian, follow Eastern Orthodox Christianity.[63]A sizable GeorgianMuslimpopulation exists inAdjara.This autonomous Republic borders Turkey, and was part of theOttoman Empirefor a longer amount of time than other parts of the country. Those Georgian Muslims practice theSunniHanafiform of Islam. Islam has however declined in Adjara during the 20th century, due to Soviet anti-religious policies, cultural integration with the national Orthodox majority, and strong missionary efforts by the Georgian Orthodox Church.[64]In the early modern period, converted Georgian recruits were often used by the Persian and Ottoman Empires for elite military units such as theMameluks,Qizilbash,andghulams.TheIranian Georgiansare all reportedly Shia Muslims today, whileIngiloy(indigenous to Azerbaijan),Laz(indigenous to Turkey),Imerkhevians(indigenous to Turkey), andGeorgians in Turkey(who descend from Georgian immigrants) are mostly Sunni Muslim.

There is also a small number ofGeorgian Jews,tracing their ancestors to theBabylonian captivity.

In addition to traditional religious confessions, Georgia retainsirreligious segments of society,as well as a significant portion of nominally religious individuals who do not actively practice their faith.[65]

Peter the Iberian,Hilarion the Iberian,Shio of Mgvime,John the Iberian,Euthymius the Athonite,George the HagioriteandDavid of Garejion the 14th-centurytriptychtitled as the "Radiant Georgians", kept at theSaint Catherine's MonasteryonMount Sinai.

Cuisine

GeorgianSupra,byNiko Pirosmani.

TheGeorgian cuisineis specific to the country, but also contains some influences from otherEuropean culinary traditions,as well as those from the surrounding Western Asia. Each historical province of Georgia has its own distinct culinary tradition, such as Megrelian, Kakhetian, and Imeretian cuisines. In addition to various meat dishes, Georgian cuisine also offers a variety of vegetarian meals.

The importance of both food and drink toGeorgian cultureis best observed during a Caucasian feast, orsupra,when a huge assortment of dishes is prepared, always accompanied by large amounts of wine, and dinner can last for hours. In a Georgian feast, the role of thetamada(toastmaster) is an important and honoured position.

In countries of the formerSoviet Union,Georgian food is popular due to the immigration of Georgians to other Soviet republics, in particular Russia. In Russia all major cities have many Georgian restaurants and Russian restaurants often feature Georgian food items on their menu.[66]

Geographic subdivisions and subethnic groups

Svanpeasant inMestia,c. 1888

Geographical subdivisions

The Georgians have historically been classified into various subgroups based on the geographic region which their ancestors traditionally inhabited.

Even if a member of any of these subgroups moves to a different region, they will still be known by the name of their ancestral region. For example, if aGurianmoves toTbilisi(part of theKartliregion) he will not automatically identify himself asKartliandespite actually living in Kartli. This may, however, change if substantial amount of time passes. For example, there are someMingrelianswho have lived in theImeretiregion for centuries and are now identified as Imeretian or Imeretian-Mingrelians.

Main article:Georgian surname

Last names from mountainous eastern Georgian provinces (such as Kakheti, etc.) can be distinguished by the suffix –uri(ური), or –uli(ული). MostSvanlast names typically end in –ani(ანი),Mingrelianin –ia(ია), -ua(უა), or -ava(ავა), andLazin –shi(ში).

Name Name in Georgian Geographical region Dialect or Language
Adjarians აჭარელიachareli Adjara Adjarian dialect
Gurians გურულიguruli Guria Gurian dialect
Imeretians იმერელიimereli Imereti Imeretian dialect
Javakhians ჯავახიjavakhi Javakheti Javakhian dialect
Kakhetians კახელიkakheli Kakheti Kakhetian dialect
Kartlians ქართლელიkartleli Kartli Kartlian dialect
Khevsurians ხევსურიkhevsuri Khevsureti Khevsurian dialect
Lechkhumians ლეჩხუმელიlechkhumeli Lechkhumi Lechkhumian dialect
Mingrelians მეგრელიmegreli Samegrelo Mingrelian language
Meskhetians მესხიmeskhi Meskheti(Samtskhe) Meskhian dialect
Mokhevians მოხევეmokheve Khevi Mokhevian dialect
Pshavians ფშაველიpshaveli Pshavi Pshavian dialect
Rachians რაჭველიrachveli Racha Rachian dialect
Svans სვანიsvani Svaneti Svan language
Tushs თუშიtushi Tusheti Tushetian dialect

The1897 Russian census(which accounted people by language), had Imeretian,SvanandMingrelianlanguages separate fromGeorgian.[67] During the 1926 Soviet census, Svans and Mingrelians were accounted separately from Georgian.[68] Svan and Mingrelian languages are bothKartvelian languagesand are closely related to the nationalGeorgian language.

Outside modern Georgia

Main article:Georgian diaspora

Laz peoplealso may be considered Georgian based on their geographic location and religion. According to theLondon School of Economics' anthropologist Mathijs Pelkmans,[69]Lazs residing in Georgia frequently identify themselves as "first-class Georgians" to show pride, while considering their Muslim counterparts in Turkey as "Turkified Lazs".[70]

Subethnic groups Georgian name Settlement area Language
(dialect) 		Number Difference(s) from mainstream Georgians
(other than location)
Laz people ლაზიlazi Chaneti(Turkey) Laz language 1 million Religion: Muslim majority, Orthodox Minority
Fereydani ფერეიდნელიpereidneli Fereydan(Iran) Pereidnuli dialect 100,000 +[6] Religion:Muslim[6]
Chveneburi ჩვენებურიchveneburi Black Sea Region(Turkey) Georgian language 91,000[71]–1,000,000[72] Religion:Muslim[71]
Ingiloy people ინგილოingilo SaingiloHeretiZaqatala District(Azerbaijan) Ingiloan dialect 12,000 Religion:Muslim majority,[73]
Orthodox minority[74]
Imerkhevians

(Shavshians)

შავშიshavshi Shavsheti(Turkey) Imerkhevian dialect Religion: Muslim majority.
Klar gian s კლარჯიklarji Klarjeti(Turkey) Imerkhevian dialect

Extinct Georgian subdivisions

Throughout history Georgia also has extinct Georgian subdivisions

Name Name in Georgian Geographical location Dialect or language
Dvals დვალიdvali Georgia (RachaandKheviregions) and Russia (North Ossetia) Dval dialect

See also

Notes

  1. ^The fresco was a demonstration of the ambitious imperial[1]example on which the Georgian monarchs modeled themselves and competed in magnificence with those ofByzantine Empire.[2]
  2. ^The total figure is merely an estimation; sum of all the referenced populations only.
  3. ^Ethnic Georgians are 86.8% of Georgia's current population of 3,713,800. Data without theRussian-occupied territories of Georgia.
  4. ^abcThe termKartveli,derived fromOld GeorgianKartueli(ႵႠႰႧႭႳႤႪႨ), originally designated inhabitants of theKingdom of Iberiaand were natively known asKartvelians,[27]that stood at the political, cultural, religious and economic vanguard of the nation. Kartvelians, tracing their definitive appearance since post-Assyriantimes, gradually became a dominant element in nation-building that would give its name to the whole country and people.[28]After theGeorgian unification,the term would come to signify all-Georgian enterprise, becoming absolute and universal.[29]

References

  1. ^Rapp (2016), location: 8958
  2. ^Eastmond, pp. 26-61-62
  3. ^Eastmond, pp. 60-28
  4. ^Census dataArchived26 March 2023 at theWayback MachineofNational Statistics Office of Georgia
  5. ^"საქართველოს მოსახლეობის საყოველთაო აღწერის საბოლოო შედეგები"(PDF).National Statistics Office of Georgia. 28 April 2016. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 10 October 2017.Retrieved29 April2016.
  6. ^abcRezvani, Babak (Winter 2009). "The Fereydani Georgian Representation".Anthropology of the Middle East.4(2): 52–74.doi:10.3167/ame.2009.040205.
  7. ^Rayfield, pp. 18—19
  8. ^Suny, p. 21
  9. ^Rayfield, p. 39
  10. ^Suny, p. 32
  11. ^Rayfield, p. 71
  12. ^Eastmond, p. 39
  13. ^Rapp (2016), location: 453
  14. ^W.E.D. Allen, location: 1157
  15. ^W.E.D. Allen, location: 337
  16. ^W.E.D. Allen, location: 1612
  17. ^W.E.D. Allen, location: 344
  18. ^Suny, pp. 63-65-88
  19. ^Rayfield, p. 259
  20. ^Suny, p. 59
  21. ^Suny, pp. 64-66
  22. ^Suny, pp. 71-72
  23. ^StatisticsArchived13 August 2020 at theWayback Machine22.04.2015
  24. ^Rayfield, p. 12
  25. ^Khintibidze, Elguja(1998), The Designations of the Georgians and Their Etymology, pp. 77-78,Tbilisi State UniversityPress,ISBN5-511-00775-7
  26. ^Tchekhanovets, Y. (2014). Iohane, bishop of Purtavi and Caucasian Albanians in the Holy Land. In G. C. Bottini, L. D. Chrupcała, & J. Patrich (Eds.), Knowledge and Wisdom: Archaeological and Historical Essays in Honour of Leah Di Segni (Studium Biblicum Franciscanum,Collectio Maior; Vol. 54). Edizioni Terra Santa,p. 305,ISBN978-88-6240-274-3
  27. ^Rapp & Crego, 2, pp. 1-2
  28. ^Rapp & Crego, I, pp. 1-3
  29. ^Rapp & Crego, 12-I, pp. 4-5
  30. ^Suny, p. 3
  31. ^Rapp (2016), location: 656
  32. ^abcdeMikaberidze, Alexander (2015).Historical Dictionary of Georgia(2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 3.ISBN978-1-4422-4146-6.
  33. ^Rayfield, p. 13
  34. ^Braund, David. Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC-AD 562, pp. 17–18
  35. ^Peradze, Gregory."The Pilgrims' derivation of the name Georgia".Georgica,Autumn, 1937, nos. 4 & 5, 208–209
  36. ^Hock, Hans Henrich; Zgusta, Ladislav (1997).Historical, Indo-European, and Lexicographical Studies.Walter de Gruyter. p. 211.ISBN978-3-11-012884-0.
  37. ^Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015).Historical Dictionary of Georgia(2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 3.ISBN978-1-4422-4146-6.However, such explanations are rejected by the scholarly community, who point to the Persian gurğ/gurğān as the root of the word (...)
  38. ^Boeder; et al. (2002).Philology, typology and language structure.Peter Lang. p. 65.ISBN978-0-8204-5991-2.The Russian designation of Georgia (Gruziya) also derives from the Persian gurg.
  39. ^Rapp (2016), location: 1086
  40. ^Lang, p. 19
  41. ^Lang, p. 66
  42. ^Georgia A Sovereign Country of the Caucasus,Roger Rosen, p 18
  43. ^Suny, p. 4
  44. ^Rayfield, pp. 13-14
  45. ^abcdToumanoff, p. 80
  46. ^Toumanoff, p. 58
  47. ^The Complete Works,Jewish Antiquities, Josephus, Book 1, p 57
  48. ^Suny, p. 11
  49. ^Suny, p. 6
  50. ^Lang, p. 58
  51. ^Lang, p. 59
  52. ^Charles Burney and David Marshal Lang,The Peoples of the Hills: Ancient Ararat and Caucasus,p. 38
  53. ^Toumanoff, p. 57
  54. ^Toumanoff, pp. 69—84
  55. ^"FamilyTreeDNA - Georgian DNA Project".familytreedna.Archivedfrom the original on 19 December 2022.Retrieved19 December2022.
  56. ^Sauter, Simonia, Stephenson, Orchiston (2014).Historical Astronomy of the Caucasus: Sources from Georgia and Armenia.p. 114.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  57. ^Toumanoff, Cyril,"Iberia between Chosroid and Bagratid Rule", inStudies in Christian Caucasian History,Georgetown, 1963, pp. 374–377. Accessible online at"Iberia between Chosroid and Bagratid Rule by Cyril Toumanoff. Eastern Asia Minor, Georgia, Georgian History, Armenia, Armenian History".Archived fromthe originalon 8 February 2012.Retrieved4 June2012.
  58. ^Rapp, Stephen H. Jr (2007)."7 – Georgian Christianity".The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity.John Wiley & Sons. p. 138.ISBN978-1-4443-3361-9.Archivedfrom the original on 31 July 2023.Retrieved11 May2012.
  59. ^McGuckin, John Anthony (3 February 2014).The Concise Encyclopedia of Orthodox Christianity.John Wiley & Sons.ISBN978-1-118-75933-2.Archivedfrom the original on 22 May 2024.Retrieved22 May2024.
  60. ^"Religion in Georgia".advantour.Archivedfrom the original on 22 May 2024.Retrieved22 May2024.
  61. ^"GEORGIA iii. Iranian elements in Georgian art and archeology".Archivedfrom the original on 17 May 2015.Retrieved1 January2015.
  62. ^Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994).The Making of the Georgian Nation.Indiana University Press.ISBN0-253-20915-3.Archivedfrom the original on 30 May 2024.Retrieved2 January2015.
  63. ^"2002 census results – p. 132"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 23 October 2015.Retrieved4 June2012.
  64. ^Thomas Liles, "Islam and religious transformation in Adjara", ECMI Working Paper, February 2012,[1]Archived5 November 2015 at theWayback Machine,accessed 4 June 2012
  65. ^Caucasus Analytical Digest No.20Archived25 March 2015 at theWayback Machine,Heinrich Böll Stiftung,11 October 2010
  66. ^Mack, Glenn R.; Surina, Asele (2005).Food Culture in Russia And Central Asia.Greenwood Publishing Group.ISBN0-313-32773-4.Archivedfrom the original on 30 May 2024.Retrieved20 June2015.
  67. ^(in Russian)Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г.Archived4 June 2011 at theWayback Machine
  68. ^(in Russian)ССР ГРУЗИЯ (1926 г.)Archived8 February 2008 at theWayback Machine
  69. ^"Dr Mathijs Pelkmans".Archived fromthe originalon 8 August 2015.Retrieved21 August2015.
  70. ^Pelkmans, Mathijs.Defending the border: identity, religion, and modernity in the Republic of Georgia.Ithaca, New York:Cornell University Press,2006, pg. 80
  71. ^abExtra, Guus; Gorter, Durk (2001).The Other Languages of Europe.Multilingual Matters.ISBN978-1-85359-509-7.Archivedfrom the original on 30 May 2024.Retrieved26 May2014.About 91,000 Muslim Georgians living in Turkey.{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)
  72. ^"Türkiye'deki Yaşayan Etnik Gruplar Araştırıldı".Milliyet(in Turkish). 6 June 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 16 August 2014.Retrieved7 June2008.
  73. ^Ramet, Sabrina P. (1989).Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics.Durham: Duke University Press. p. 187.ISBN978-0-8223-0891-1.
  74. ^Friedrich, Paul (1994).Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Russia and Eurasia, China(1. publ. ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: G.K. Hall. p.150.ISBN978-0-8161-1810-6.A part of the Ingilo population still retains the (Orthodox) Christian faith, but another, larger segment adheres to the Sunni sect of Islam.

Bibliography

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