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Ghajar

Coordinates:33°16′22″N35°37′23″E/ 33.27278°N 35.62306°E/33.27278; 35.62306
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For Iranian royal family, seeQajar dynasty.

Ghajar
غجر
ע'ג'ר‎
Location of Ghajar
Ghajar is located in Syria
Ghajar
Ghajar
The Golan on the map of Syria; Ghajar on the map of the Golan.
Ghajar is located in the Golan Heights
Ghajar
Ghajar
Ghajar (the Golan Heights)
Coordinates:33°16′22″N35°37′23″E/ 33.27278°N 35.62306°E/33.27278; 35.62306
Grid position208/297PAL
CountryOn the border betweenLebanon
and theIsraeli-occupiedarea
of theGolan Heights(de jureSyria). SeeStatus of the Golan Heights.
Area
• Total246 ha (608 acres)
Elevation
310 m (1,020 ft)
Population
(2022)[1]
2,806

Ghajar(Arabic:غجر,Hebrew:ע'ג'רorרג'ר‎), alsoRhadjar,is anAlawite-Arab village on theHasbani River,on the border betweenLebanonand theIsraeli-occupiedportion of theGolan Heights.[2]In 2022, it had a population of 2,806.

History

Early history

Control over Ghajar has changed hands many times. Three hundred years ago, the village was known as Taranjeh. It was renamed Ghajar under the rule of theOttoman Empire,when the land was allegedly seized from the "villagers" byKurdsand forcibly sold. According to "local" legend, the Kurdish governor of Ghajar tried to ride his horse onto the tomb of a local holy man, Sheikh al-Arba'in. The horse refused and the following day a fire broke out, destroying the governor's shield and sword. The Kurds fled and quickly sold it back.[3]

Modern era

Further information:2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid
Homes in Ghajar

In 1932, the residents of Ghajar, predominantlyAlawites,were given the option of choosing their nationality and overwhelmingly chose to be a part ofSyria,which has a sizable Alawite minority.[4]Prior to the1967 Arab–Israeli War,Ghajar was considered part of Syria and its residents were counted in the 1960 Syrian census.[5]Before the1967 war,it was one of three mainly Alawite villages in the Golan Heights together withZa'uraand'Ayn Fit.[6]

WhenIsraeloccupied theGolan Heightsafter capturing it from Syria in 1967, Ghajar remained ano-man's landfor two and a half months. The Alawi villagers petitioned the Golan's Israeli governor to be attached to the occupied territory, as part of the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, rather than Lebanon, because they considered themselves to be Syrians, like the majority of the native residents of the Golan at that time.[7][8]Israel agreed to include Ghajar in its occupied territory of the Syrian Golan Heights.[9]

In 1981, most Alawi villagers were pressured by authorities into Israeli citizenship under theGolan Heights Law[10]which annexed the occupied Syrian territory to Israel, but the unilateral annexation was not recognized by the international community. AfterOperation Litaniin 1978, Israel turned over its positions inside Lebanon to theSouth Lebanon Armyand inaugurated itsGood Fencepolicy. TheUnited Nations Interim Force in Lebanon(UNIFIL) was created after the incursion, following the adoption ofSecurity CouncilResolution425in March 1978 to confirm Israeli withdrawal from Southern Lebanon, restore international peace and security, and help the government of Lebanon restore its effective authority in the area.[11]Ghajar expanded northward into Lebanese territory, subsuming theWazzanisettlement north of the border.[4]

In 1982,Israel invaded Lebanon.[12]In 2000, following the campaign promise and election ofEhud Barakas Prime Minister, Israel withdrew their troops from Lebanon. In an attempt to demarcate permanent borders between Israel and Lebanon, theUnited Nationsdrew up what became known as theBlue Line.Due to Ghajar's location, wedged between Lebanon and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, the northern half of the village came under Lebanese control and the southern part remained under Israeli occupation.[5]

Despite the Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, tension mounted as Hezbollah made attempts to kidnap Israeli soldiers in the Ghajar area.[13]In 2005, Hezbollah launched a missile on Ghajar and infiltrated it, but withdrew after being repelled by the Israelis.[4]Following another attack in July 2006, Israel invaded southern Lebanon and re-occupied the northern half of Ghajar during the2006 Lebanon War.Following a month of intense fighting,UNSC Resolution 1701was unanimously approved to resolve the conflict, and it was accepted by combatants on both sides. Among other things, the resolution demanded the full cessation of hostilities, the withdrawal of Israeli forces, the disarming of Hezbollah, the deployment of Lebanese and UNIFIL soldiers, and the establishment of full control by the government of Lebanon.

The Blue Line fixation

Further information:Blue Line (Lebanon)
Ghajar village park

In April 2009, the IDF agreed to withdraw from northern Ghajar at a meeting atRas al-Naqoura.[14]On 13 May, the government of Israel suspended talks to await the outcome of the Lebanese Parliamentary elections, fearing a Hezbollah victory.[15]In the wake of reports in December 2009 of a possible splitting of the village, 2,200 Ghajar residents took to the streets in protest.[16]

On November 2010, Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahuinformed the UN Secretary General of Israeli intentions to unilaterally withdraw from Ghajar, after failing to come to an agreement with Lebanon[17][18]and place security matters into the hands ofUNIFIL.[19] On 17 November 2010,Security Cabinet of Israelvoted in favor of withdrawal from northern half of Ghajar.[20]

As theSyrian Civil Warerupted, Israel halted redeployment along the border. Moreover, residents of Ghajar object to division of the village.[21]

2023 Israel–Hamas war

In the2023 conflict between Hamas and Israel,Hezbollahtargeted northern Israeli border communities, forcing evacuations, including in Ghajar.[22]Despite the IDF's order, the residents of Ghajar made a decision as one and refused to evacuate.[23]

Citizenship

Ghajar Village Local Council

Residents on both sides of the village have Israeli citizenship; those in the northern half often hold passports from both Lebanon and Israel.[24]They work and travel freely withinIsrael,but those living on the Lebanese side have difficulties receiving services from Israel. There was anIsrael Defense Forces checkpointat the entrance to the village, and a fence surrounding the entire village, but no fence or barrier dividing the two sides of the village. The checkpoint at the entrance to the village was removed in September 2022 after the Local Council constructed a border fence separating the entire village from Lebanon.[25]

UNIFIL observers

The UN has physically marked the recognized border and Israeli soldiers remain on the Lebanese side of Ghajar despite the decision of the Israeli cabinet on 3 December 2006, to hand it over toUNIFIL.Israel says that the Lebanese army rejected a UN-brokered proposal in which the Lebanese Army would protect the vicinity north of the village, while UNIFIL would be deployed in the village itself; this type of arrangement would be unique for UNIFIL in populated areas. A perimeter fence has been built along the northern edge of the village in Lebanese territory up to 800 meters north of theBlue Line.UNIFIL military observers patrol the area continuously.[26]

In its October 2007 report on the implementation of the resolution, the United Nations issued a report stating that discussions on the duration of temporary security arrangements for northern Ghajar remained deadlocked. Israel remains in control north of the Blue Line and the small adjacent area inside Lebanese territory, although it does not maintain a permanent military presence there. The Lebanese Armed Forces patrol the road outside the perimeter fence. The report notes "so long as the Israel Defense Forces remain in northern Ghajar, Israel will not have completed its withdrawal from southern Lebanon in accordance with its obligations under resolution 1701 (2006)." It further notes: "Failure to make progress on this issue could become a source of tension and carry the potential for incidents in the future."[27]

Problematic border demarcation

The reliability of the Blue Line in the area of the Ghajar has been questioned, based on cartographic and historical points of view. According to an article inHaaretznewspaper, there has never been an agreement over the exact location of the boundary in Ghajar and its vicinity. Maps produced prior to 1967 have been inconsistent, placing the village occasionally in Syria, at different times in Lebanon and less frequently divided between the two states. Ghajar, when under full Syrian control before the 1967 war, extended to include both sections of the village that were divided by the Blue Line in 2000—both the southern section that was annexed by Israel and the northern part that is located north of the Blue Line.

According to Asher Kaufman, a researcher from theUniversity of Notre Dame,"This is clearly seen in reports of and sketches made by the US Embassy in Beirut that tried to decipher the problems of sovereignty in the tri-border region during the 'water wars' in the early 1960s between Israel and its Arab neighbors." According to Kaufman, the village has been divided by theBlue Lineinto two 'neighborhoods' "that in 2000 were mistakenly thought to be two different villages: Ghajar in the south andal-Wazzaniin the north. The village of al-Wazzani, the supposedly northern village that lies within Lebanon, has never really existed. There is a small community called al-Wazzani, better known as ‘Arab al-Luweiza', but it is located west of the Hasbani river across from Ghajar ".[28]

In January 2015, Israel attacked a joint Hezbollah-Iranian military convoy on the Syrian controlled side of the Golan Heights, killing an Iranian commander and six Hezbollah operatives. When Hezbollah retaliated, Ghajar suffered attacks.[29]

Economy

Most residents of Ghajar work outside the village, many of them inKiryat Shmona.In 2021, the village began to organize local tours and home hospitality, catering to small groups.[30]In 2022, local officials reported 4000 visitors per day.[31]

Cuisine

Culinary specialties of Ghajar include a dish calledmitabla,made of grains of wheat and corn cooked in milk, andbisara,a stew of bulgur, chickpeas and fried onions thickened with flour. Bisara is usually served with a sauce of garlic and lemon.[32]

References

  1. ^"Regional Statistics".Israel Central Bureau of Statistics.Retrieved21 March2024.
  2. ^"Israel approves pullout from Lebanon border village".BBC.17 November 2010.Retrieved16 January2011.
  3. ^Bar'el, Zvi (10 May 2009)."Getting Rid of Ghajar".Haaretz.
  4. ^abc"A New Fence Is Added to a Border Town Already Split".The New York Times.11 October 2006.
  5. ^ab"Getting rid of Ghajar".
  6. ^Abu Fakhr, Sakr (2000)."Voices from the Golan".Journal of Palestine Studies.29(4): 5–36.doi:10.2307/2676559.JSTOR2676559.
  7. ^"Getting Rid of Ghajar".Haaretz.Retrieved16 September2022.
  8. ^Nicholas Blanford.Warriors of God: Inside Hezbollah's Thirty-Year Struggle Against Israel.Random House. p. 18.ISBN9781400068364.
  9. ^Dudu Ben-Tzur's interview with Khatib Jamal, a resident of Ghajar, December 1993. Published in Hebrew inTeva Ha-Dvarim,2nd issue, February–March 1994[1].
  10. ^"Majority of Syrians continue to refuse Israeli citizenship".8 May 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 31 August 2020.
  11. ^"Extracts relating to Article 98 of the Charter of the United Nations: Supplement No 5 (1970–1978)"(PDF).Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs.United Nations.pp. §275–279. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 19 October 2013.Retrieved6 August2006.
  12. ^"1982 Lebanon invasion".BBC.6 May 2008.Retrieved16 December2010.
  13. ^"Kidnap of Soldiers in July Was Hezbollah's Fifth Attempt".Haaretz.Retrieved16 September2022.
  14. ^"Israel to withdraw from northern Ghajar – report".
  15. ^"'Israel delays plan to quit Lebanon border town'".Archived16 May 2009 at theWayback Machine
  16. ^"Ghajar Residents Protest Over Planned Israeli Withdrawal".Haaretz.Retrieved16 September2022.
  17. ^"Israel to withdraw from village on Lebanon border".
  18. ^Ravid, Barak"Lieberman: Israel will quit Lebanon town unilaterally due to Hezbollah refusal to cooperate."Haaretz,7 November 2010
  19. ^"Cabinet set to approve unilateral withdrawal from Ghajar".
  20. ^"Israel approves unilateral pullout from Lebanon border town".
  21. ^Disputed Alawite village caught between Israel, Hezbollah
  22. ^Fabian, Emanuel."IDF to evacuate civilians from 28 communities along Lebanese border amid attacks".timesofisrael.Retrieved22 October2023.
  23. ^Kraus, Yair (20 October 2023)."'We're one family': Village near Lebanon refuses to evacuate ".Ynetnews.Retrieved22 October2023.
  24. ^Ash, Uri (4 June 2002)."Ghajar says 'don't fence me in'".Haaretz.Retrieved21 December2011.
  25. ^Oseran, Ariel (14 September 2022)."Divided no more: A new reality for the unique Ghajar village".Times of Israel.Retrieved13 January2023.
  26. ^Lebanon holding up IDF Ghajar pullout[permanent dead link]
  27. ^UN Security Council document S/2007/641Archived29 February 2008 at theWayback Machine,paragraphs 16 and 71
  28. ^"Border Control The Thin Blue Line".Haaretz.Retrieved16 September2022.
  29. ^"Inside the Village Caught in the Crossfire Between Israel, Syria and Lebanon".Time.Retrieved16 September2022.
  30. ^This Isolated Syrian Community Straddling the Israeli-Lebanese Border Is a Culinary Gem,Haaretz
  31. ^‘Closed’ village on Lebanese-Israeli boundary welcomes visitors after 22 years,The Guardian
  32. ^This Isolated Syrian Community Straddling the Israeli-Lebanese Border Is a Culinary Gem,Haaretz

Bibliography

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