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Ghenadie Petrescu

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His Eminence

Ghenadie Petrescu
Metropolitan-Primate of Romania
Etching of Metropolitan Ghenadie, ca. 1893
ChurchRomanian Orthodox
ArchdioceseBucharest
Elected1893
Term ended1896
PredecessorIosif Gheorghidan
SuccessorIosif Gheorghidan
Other post(s)Bishop of Argeș
Orders
Ordination1854 or 1858
Personal details
BornMarch 1836
Bucharest
DiedAugust 31, 1918
Căldărușani Monastery
NationalityWallachian,Romanian

Ghenadie Petrescu(Romanian pronunciation:[ɡeˈnadi.epeˈtresku];March 1836 – August 31, 1918) was aWallachian,laterRomanianpriest of thenational Orthodox church,who served asMetropolitan-Primate of Romaniafrom 1893 to 1896. Ghenadie was a monk andhieromonksteadily progressing through church ranks, and becomingBishop of Argeșin 1875. While tending to this congregation, he established his reputation as philanthropist, art patron, and writer on historical subjects. Ghenadie also preserved an interest in politics, espousing anationalistOrthodox agenda and finding himself allies on both sides of Romania'stwo-party system,ConservativeandNational Liberal.

As Metropolitan, Ghenadie became tangled in a political controversy which tested the issues ofseparation between church and state,and ruined his close relationship withPrime MinisterDimitrie A. Sturdza.The conflict became one between Ghenadie and theRomanian Synod,whose civilian members opted to depose him. Ghenadie earned support from the opposition Conservatives, and was energetically defended in print by poetAlexandru Macedonski.His decision to contest the Synod resulted in his banishment toCăldărușani Monastery,as a simple monk. Large swathes of the public rallied behind him, causing protests and riots against the Sturdza government.

Although the Synod showed its readiness to reinstate Ghenadie, the latter did not follow suit, and spent the remainder of his life at Căldărușani. In 1909, he was madeStaretsfor life. His final activities were in the field of art conservation.

Biography

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Early career

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Ghenadie Petrescu was born in the Wallachian capital ofBucharest,in 1836. His parents were of lowly origins,[1]and his native home was in Hagiuluimahala.[2]The future priest received his elementary education at a parish school, that ofDomnița Bălașa Church.[2]According to some sources, he took orders at Căldărușani Monastery,Ilfov County,in 1854.[3]Others mention that this happened only in 1858, atCernica Monastery.[2]

Within four years, he was dispatched to theMetropolitan diocese of Bucharest,where he functioned asDeacon(Archdeaconas of 1865).[3]In parallel, Ghenadie trained for the priesthood, was received into its ranks in 1869, eventually serving as the Metropolitan'sEcclesiarch.[3]According to his biographical profile the literary magazineFamilia(April 1894), he became one of the first Romanian clergymen to live up to modern expectations, as both an educated priest and a promoter of education.[4]Ghenadie was however noted for not having followed the academic path of theology, and for not having attendedpublic school.[5]

In the 1860s, Ghenadie was intervening in the large political debate agitating Romania: the issue ofnaturalizationfor residents not baptized intoEastern Orthodoxy.His was vocal among the anti-reform clergy, at a time when the Church threatened toexcommunicatethose politicians who acted in favor of reforming the citizenship law.[6]In 1865, he argued that there was no compatibility betweenJewish,Catholicor Protestant residents and the term "Romanians".[6]He later expanded on such subjects, helping to enshrine the notion of communion between church, nation and state, and arguing: "The Church is the foundation stone of any State, and the State cannot exist without it".[7]His discourse has been read as a precursor to thetheocracyenvisaged in the 1930s by nationalist Orthodox thinkers (Nichifor Crainic,Gheorghe Racoveanu,Dumitru Stăniloae,etc.).[7]

With time, Ghenadie became close to the Conservative Party, whose cabinets appointed him to high office. In 1874, whenTitu MaiorescuwasMinister of Religious Affairs,Ghenadie was unanimously voted anArchiereusby the Romanian Synod.[8]He was assigned to the Argeș Bishopric in February 1875, whenPetre P. Carpwas head of the Ministry.[9]His selection coincided with a period of "consolidation", which cemented the reforms of the previous period, when theUnited Principalitieshad become the modern Romanian state and the church hierarchies had been fused together.[10]The former Bishop of Argeș, also named Ghenadie, had taken part in the effort to consolidate the international prestige of Romanian Orthodoxy, by participating in bilateral meetings with theOld Catholic Church.[11]

As Bishop of Argeș

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After serving for a year as theVicar,Ghenadie Petrescu became recognized as the new Bishop of Argeș.[2]According toFamilia,he had an outstanding profile: "He spent over 17 years in this office, serving at the Lord's altar, advancing the clergy's prosperity and the people's instruction, rendering good advice to each and all and, like all good Christians and Romanians, sacrificing large sums for the churches and schools in his care. [...] His philanthropic zeal and his generosity for the poor are well-known to the public."[9]Constantin Dobrescu-Argeș,a journalist and activist from theCurtea de Argeșarea, also remembered: "The lower clergy and all theEparchyhave seen him stepping into each and every hamlet, into the most secluded human dwellings; they heard him preaching the awakening, the encouragement and the rebirth of national and religious sentiment among the people. Instead of 400 wooden churches, which could barely stand to be called houses of prayer, he erected 400 temples, beautiful as far as taste and comfort go. "[12]During his reign, several new monasteries were reestablished within the Argeș Diocese, atStănișoara,Ostrov,Turnuetc.[13]

It was under Ghenadie's direction that restoration work was completed onCurtea de Argeș Cathedral,receiving words of praise from a visitingKing of Romania,Carol I.[14]Ghenadie oversaw the (re)building of an OrthodoxSeminaryin Curtea de Argeș,[15]and, in 1888, contributed to the newreliquaryofDimitrie Basarabov.The artifact, of fine silver, was paid for with Ghenadie's personal revenue and with funds collected from his congregation, and specially crafted by famedRussian Romaniansilversmith Teodor Filipov.[16]Ghenadie also oversaw the creation of a new reliquary to host the remains ofSaint Filofteia.[2]

The bishop's religious life was doubled by involvement in secular activities. Dobrescu-Argeș credits Ghenadie Petrescu with having been an active participant in all public works done for the benefit of the region, from the boulevard cutting across Curtea de Argeș to therailway networkwhich connected it to the world.[12]Dobrescu-Argeș received money from Ghendie to set up, atMușătești,[17]"the first printing press and bookbinder ever to have functioned in a rural commune."[18]After 1888, there was even an interest inspiritism:Ghenadie is recorded as one of the regular guests of writer and National Liberal polemicistBogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu,attendingséanceswhereTheodor Speranțiawas themedium.[19]From 1889, Ghenadie also published 8 volumes of anthology,Acte și documente privind renașterea României( "Papers and Documents on the Rebirth of Romania" ).[20][21]The latter project had been a cherished dream of National Liberal politician and amateur historianDimitrie A. Sturdza,and sought to provide readers with a guide to Romania's 19th century.[20]

Bishop Ghenadie was a candidate for the Metropolitan seat in 1885, and gained significant support. Dobrescu-Argeș later claimed that Ghenadie withdrew from the race after the National Liberal lobby, who supportedIosif Gheorghidanfor the position, asked him to do so; there was no grudge preserved between the two contestants, with Ghenadie canvassing votes for Iosif.[22]When Metropolitan Iosif resigned in early 1893, Ghenadie was one of the first choices for the seat: in May, the Synod andParliament of Romaniaboth voted him in as leader the Romanian Church.[23]Since Ghenadie lacked formal training, the regulation on such appointments had to be modified.[24]He received his investiture from King Carol I, on May 21.[25]

As Metropolitan

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Ghenadie's short rule witnessed few national events. It is however remembered as the time when Romania's royal family, aHohenzollernbranch, had its first born-Orthodox members: Ghenadie personally baptizedCarolandElisabeth,the children of heir-apparentFerdinand.[26]Once ordained Metropolitan, Ghenadie did not interrupt his activities as a scholar, and, in 1894, publishedEvangheliile. Studiu istorico-literar și Autenticitatea Evangheliilor în genere( "The Gospels. A Historical-Literary Study and On the Overall Authenticity of the Gospels" ).[21]He was still preoccupied with church art and architecture, and, in 1894, arranged for the restoration of Bucharest'sDarvari Skete.[27]

Ghenadie held ade jureseat in theSenate of Romania,and was President of the Naturalization Commission, which mainly assessed requests made by non-emancipatedRomanian Jews.He was thus involved in the controversy surroundingLazăr Șăineanu(Lazare Sainéan), a Jewish scholar whose application was repeatedly rejected by theantisemiticlobby. Șăineanu was at the time still supported by his fellow linguist Hasdeu, and noted that the three of them spent a few days' vacation inCâmpina.[28]Although the Ghenadie's Commission ruled in his favor (December 1893), the decision to naturalize Șăineanu was blocked out by National Liberal leaders such as Dimitrie Sturdza andV. A. Urechia.[29]

The period also brought another scandal: Ghenadie found himself at odds with parts of the establishment, at a time when the Orthodox Church was being governed under a new statute, allowing for extended public control exercised by civilian members of the Synod. The statute was hotly opposed by members of the clergy: asProtosyngelMiron Cristeanoted in 1909, Ghenadie's rule coincided with a nadir for the nation's clergymen.[30]Metropolitan Iosif's own criticism of such legislation, as endorsed by the Conservatives, had been a factor in his decision to leave office.[24]Shortly before coming to power asPrime Minister,Sturdza spoke out against the new legislation.[31]

The clash between the Metropolitan and the civil administration was followed the baptism of Crown Prince Carol. Ghenadie selected thebaptismal font,a relic of theDomnița Bălașa Churchcollection, and, following the ceremony, offered it as a gift to King Carol; he later tried to console Domnița Bălașa priests by sending them a replica of the font.[32]According to one account, the Metropolitan also alienated his royal hosts by not making an exception to the Orthodox custom of administering the baptism, which involved sinking their baby into the font.[33]A parallel conflict, resonating throughout theBalkans,took place between Ghenadie andNeophytus VIII,theEcumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.It reflected mounting tension betweenGreeks,represented by Neophytus'Greek Orthodox Church,andAromanians,who were under Romanian state protection. On official visit to the Aromanians ofMacedonia,Metropolitan Ghenadie held mass in theRomanian vernacular,prompting the Patriarch to demand that the Romanian Synod sanction its leader.[34]

Another point of contention was Ghenadie's relationship with Premier Sturdza. The Conservatives believed that, in seeking to display his friendship for Ghenadie, the Premier was being hypocritical. This point of view is expressed inO lichea( "A Scoundrel" or "A Stain" ), a lampoon by Conservative opinion makerIon Luca Caragiale,who alleged that, once designated head of cabinet, Sturdza embarrassed the church by insisting to prostrate himself in front of its leader.[35]Although equivocal, the piece remains one of Caragiale's most charged and crudest articles.[36]

According to theologian Paul Brusanowski, Sturdza's arrival to power inaugurated an irregular "companionship" between the leader of the cabinet and the leader of the church.[24]Ghenadie broke tradition when he invited Sturdza to attend a meeting of theSafta Brâncoveanu Foundation,the church's main charity outlet.[37]This vexed other stakeholders, in particular theBibescuandȘtirbeifamilies of donors, and Ghenadie replied to their objections by cutting off the church's share in the budget.[38]

Dismissal and political backlash

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While Sturdza withdrew from the affair so as not to provoke the king's anger, the Bibescus took steps to place Ghenadie under church indictment.[37]The Synod put Ghenadie on trial (an abusive trial, according to some later commentators) at its Sf. Dumitru Church quarters.[39]On May 20, 1896, it decided to strip Ghenadie of his ecclesiastical office, and initiallydefrockedhim altogether.[40]

Ghenadie's dismissal was especially controversial: according toFamilia,the event "shook temperaments" in Bucharest and made "a lively impression" onTransylvanianobservers.[41]The same paper noted "great agitation" in Romania, and cited official protests from within the Conservative opposition and the breakaway faction ofNicolae Fleva.[42]While some early commentators noted that, above all, the dismissal was a political move,[30][43]Paul Brusanowski argues that the ousted church leader was the one maneuvering through his political connections. According to Brusanowski, Fleva's conflict with Sturdza and his alliance with the Conservatives were entirely provoked by Ghenadie, in an attempt to preserve his position.[24]Another voice to make public its support for the cause, in hopes that the government would topple, was Conservative figureTake Ionescu,who spoke for a larger group of Bucharest citizens.[24]A notorious defender of Ghenadie wasAlexandru Macedonski,the rebellious poet and journalist. Especially for the purpose, he created the propaganda gazetteLiga Ortodoxă( "The Orthodox League" ).[43][44]He was joined in this effort by Fleva and by various other public figures: journalist Eugen Vaian, poetTudor Arghezi,writer and future priestGala Galaction.[45]

In June 1896, Ghenadie received an order from the Attorney General to vacate theMetropolitan's Palace.He objected, arguing that the Synod had broken the governing law, and stating that he would only leave if presented with a Royal Decree.[42]As a consequence, Ghenadie was taken into custody by the authorities, driven out of the Palace through a side door,[46]and taken byRomanian Policecarriage toCăldărușani Monastery,where his banishment came in effect.[47]Reportedly, the prosecutors caused embarrassment when they also proceeded to evacuate Ghenadie's friends and supporters, including Conservative politicoLascăr Catargiu,out of the repossessed building.[46]A while after, Carol signed a Royal Decree confirming his government's decision,[48]and the interim leadership was left to a triumvirate of bishops:Partenie Clinceni,Iosif Naniescu,Gherasim Timuș.[49]

The central press covered the clash with much interest, especially as Ghenadie's place of exile was initially kept a secret. Criticized for itssensationalism,Adevăruldaily sent reporter Vespasian Pella on Ghenadie's trail immediately after the Palace incidents, and, on the next day, published Pella's exclusive interview with the former Metropolitan.[46]Sympathetic journalists and politicians coalesced, organizing a pilgrimage to Căldărușani and a rally at Bucharest's Dacia Hall (said to have been one of the most important gatherings of the period).[50]The orators included Conservatives such as Fleva andAlexandru Lahovary,alongside disgruntled Liberals (Gheorghe Gh. Mârzescu,George D. Pallade).[50]

Angry, sometimes violent, protests continued in Bucharest for the next few months, peaking on November 18. At that moment, the pro-Ghenadie crowd attempted to storm into Senate and were met with excessive force by theGendarmes,leading to a street battle in front ofUniversityquarters.[51]The matter was only solved by a new National Liberal cabinet, presided upon byPetre S. Aurelianand havingVasile Lascăras head ofInternal Affairs.This new administration, formed around National Liberals who opposed Sturdza, was entirely dedicated to a new settlement in the Ghenadie affair.[24]Lascăr, who took credit for the pacification, later claimed that the Conservatives had been stoking the fire of popular discontent without assuming the responsibilities.[52]

Căldărușani Monastery(2011 photograph)

In short while, pilgrimages to Căldărușani became the object of derision: in one instance, a group of eccentric high school students passing themselves off as the press made a noisy descent on the monastery, dined at the monks' expense, and even arranged an interview with Ghenadie.[53]The prank was organized by friendsUrmuz,the future writer, andGeorge Ciprian,later a comedian and playwright. As Ciprian recalled in the 1950s, Ghenadie was not upset when uncovering their subterfuge, and spoke to them about the injustices of his dismissal.[54]

Later life

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Despite receiving strong support, Ghenadie formally obeyed the Synod's orders. Instead, he attacked the decision on legal grounds, hired himself a team of lawyers, and went to court.[43]In the end, the Synod decided to overturn the defrocking, but Ghenadie was no longer fighting for recognition.[55]On December 4, 1896, he was even formally reinstated, but withdrew on the same day.[56]Iosif Gheorghidan returned to the Metropolitan seat for a second reign.[57]

Macedonski was surprised by this turn of events. He shut downLiga Ortodoxă,and, in 1898, published the brochureFalimentul clerului ortodox român( "The Bankruptcy of the Romanian Orthodox Clergy" ), with such verdicts as: "however vile a clergy may be, [it] will not go bankrupt lest its leader force it into bankruptcy."[43]Macedonski suggested that the entire scenario was undignified, noting that, in Catholicism, Church leaders were still refusing to sign a demeaningconcordatwith theItalian Kingdom;he called Ghenadie's legal battle "ridiculous".[43]The poet's sense of frustration also led him to compose a "Psalm of Ghenadie".[43]

In Catholic circles, Ghenadie's dismissal was reported as a clue that the Orthodox Church was in crisis.Das Vaterlandjournal, published in neighboringAustria-Hungaryby theChristian Socialmovement, announced: "all this quarrel between bishop and synod, and the entire situation of the Romanian church, is a new supporting argument for old experienced fact, namely that theEastern Church,as broken away fromRome,shall never flourish, but will advance resolutely toward internal and external decomposition. "[30]Ghenadie's guilt was under constant reassessment by the Synod, reflecting political competitions outside the Romanian Orthodox Church. According to Miron Cristea, the institution shamed itself further by yielding to outside pressures, particularly since the Synod appeared unconvinced about the truth of its own convictions: "Only in a state of decay can one proceed in this manner."[30]Similarly, Brusanowski argues: "the Synod [was forced] to render two mutually exclusive verdicts. It is therefore blasphemous and a sign of disrespect to state, as some prelates have done repeatedly [...], that all decisions of an episcopal Synod are inspired by theHoly Ghost."[58]

In compensation for the loss of his see, Ghenadie was appointed a lifetimeStaretsof his place of exile, with a special law passed in 1909.[59]He took an active part in restoring and refurbishing the monastery complex, which had been heavily damaged by time, and intervened on sites outside his jurisdiction. Early on, in 1904, he intervened atZamfira Monastery,where he demanded that the murals done by painterNicolae Grigorescube covered up withtemperaartwork—his order was obeyed, and the result remains one of the most controversial acts.[60][61]Some have described it as virtually an act of vandalism, and, 50 years later, the process was reverted on church orders.[60][61]Ghenadie requested, and received, King Carol's patronage for the Căldărușani restoration works (begun in 1908), and hired artist D. Belizarie to recondition its archaic murals.[62]In 1915, he personally oversaw the festive reopening of Căldărușani Church.[63]

Ghenadie Petrescu was honored by Bucharest citizens, his name assigned to a street downtown—the present-day Labirint Street.[64]In 2009, authorIoana Pârvulescumade the deposed Metropolitan a character in her historical novelViața începe vineri( "Life Begins on Friday" ).[65]

Notes

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  1. ^Dobrescu-Argeș, p.163
  2. ^abcdePetcuet al.,p.99
  3. ^abc"Ghenadie, mitropolitul-primat al României", p.13; "Ilustrațiunile", p.261
  4. ^"Ghenadie, mitropolitul-primat al României", p.13
  5. ^Brusanowski, p.245; Dobrescu-Argeș, p.164
  6. ^abDietmar Müller,Staatsbürger auf Widerruf Juden und Muslime als Alteritätspartner im rumänischen und serbischen Nationscode. Ethnonationale Staatsbürgerschaftskonzepte. 1878 - 1941 (Balkanologische Veröffentlichungen. Band 41),Harrasowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, 2005, p.288.ISBN3-447-05248-1
  7. ^ab(in Romanian)Ciprian Bota,"Prefigurări ale ortodoxismului interbelic. Naționalismul Bisericii Ortodoxe Române"Archived2012-03-31 at theWayback Machine,inApostrof,Nr. 9/2008
  8. ^"Ghenadie, mitropolitul-primat al României", p.13-14. See also Petcuet al.,p.99
  9. ^ab"Ghenadie, mitropolitul-primat al României", p.14
  10. ^Stamatin, p.96-97
  11. ^Stamatin, p.113
  12. ^abDobrescu-Argeș, p.162
  13. ^Petcuet al.,p.99, 451
  14. ^"Ghenadie, mitropolitul-primat al României", p.14; "Ilustrațiunile", p.261. See also Dobrescu-Argeș, p.162, 165; Petcuet al.,p.305, 355
  15. ^Dobrescu-Argeș, p.162; Jaklovszky, p.7; Petcuet al.,p.99
  16. ^(in Romanian)Gheorghe Vasilescu,"Moaștele Sfântului Cuvios Dimitrie cel Nou, patronul Bucureștiului, au fost furate",inJurnalul de Vrancea,October 26, 2010. See also Petcuet al.,p.99, 650
  17. ^"Cărți noi.Tipografiile din România dela 1801 până azide Gr.Crețu, profesor ", inNoua Revistă Română,Nr. 12/1911, p.261
  18. ^Alexandru Macedonski,"NotițeleLiteratoruluĭ.Banchiet Țĕrănesc ", inLiteratorul,Nr. 6/1892, p.16
  19. ^George Călinescu,Istoria literaturii române de la origini pînă în prezent,Editura Minerva,Bucharest, 1986, p.372
  20. ^ab(in Romanian)Ion Bulei,"D.A. Sturdza, constructorul",inZiarul Financiar,October 27, 2006
  21. ^ab(in Romanian)Iudita Călușer, Constantin Mălinaș,"Biblioteca lui Iosif Vulcan donată gimnaziului de la Beiuș"Archived2011-10-08 at theWayback Machine,inFamilia,Nr. 9/2005
  22. ^Dobrescu-Argeș, p.161
  23. ^"Ghenadie, mitropolitul-primat al României", p.14; "Ilustrațiunile", p.262; Dobrescu-Argeș, p.163
  24. ^abcdefBrusanowski, p.245
  25. ^"Ghenadie, mitropolitul-primat al României", p.14; "Ilustrațiunile", p.262
  26. ^"Ilustrațiunile", p.262; Ciprian, p.54
  27. ^(in Romanian)Daniela Cârlea Șontică,"O oază spirituală în centrul Capitalei"Archived2016-03-04 at theWayback Machine,inJurnalul Național,July 9, 2005
  28. ^Sainéan, p.28-29
  29. ^Sainéan, p.29-32
  30. ^abcdCristea, p.50
  31. ^Cristea, p.49-51
  32. ^Popescu-Cadem, p.91-92
  33. ^Ciprian, p.54
  34. ^(in Romanian)Ștefan Pop,"Între două lumi culturale. Studii din istoria luptei bisericei române",inRăvașul,Nr. 37-38-39/1907, p.642 (digitized by theBabeș-Bolyai UniversityTranssylvanica Online Library)
  35. ^(in Romanian)Ion Luca Caragiale,O lichea,CIMeC - Institutul de Memorie CulturalăDigital Library;retrieved October 25, 2011
  36. ^Șerban Cioculescu,Caragialiana,Editura Eminescu,Bucharest, 1974, p.27.OCLC6890267
  37. ^abBrusanowski, p.245; Vianu, p.368
  38. ^Vianu, p.368
  39. ^(in Romanian)Bădescu Emanuel,"Fabulosul salt în timp de pe Podul Ișlicarilor",inZiarul Financiar,September 22, 2010
  40. ^Jaklovszky, p.7; Vianu, p.369
  41. ^"Ilustrațiunile", p.261
  42. ^ab"Biserică și școală", p.263
  43. ^abcdef(in Romanian)Ion Georgescu,"Presa periodică și publiciștii români",inVestitorul,Nr. 4/1937, p.41 (digitized by theBabeș-Bolyai UniversityTranssylvanica Online Library)
  44. ^Vianu, p.368-369, 371
  45. ^Vianu, p.369
  46. ^abc(in Romanian)Ion Georgescu,"Alte periodice românești",inVestitorul,Nr. 21/1937, p.191 (digitized by theBabeș-Bolyai UniversityTranssylvanica Online Library)
  47. ^"Biserică și școală", p.263; Popescu-Cadem, p.92
  48. ^Popescu-Cadem, p.92
  49. ^Petcuet al.,p.100
  50. ^abJaklovszky, p.6
  51. ^Popescu-Cadem, p.91-98
  52. ^(in Romanian)Mariu Theodorian-Carada,"Titu Maiorescu",inCultura Creștină,Nr. 3-4/1940, p.137 (digitized by theBabeș-Bolyai UniversityTranssylvanica Online Library)
  53. ^Ciprian, p.50-57
  54. ^Ciprian, p.53-55
  55. ^Jaklovszky, p.7
  56. ^Brusanowski, p.245-246; Petcuet al.,p.99-100
  57. ^Brusanowski, p.245; Petcuet al.,p.83, 99-100
  58. ^Brusanowski, p.245-246
  59. ^Petcuet al.,p.100, 305
  60. ^abPetcuet al.,p.481
  61. ^ab(in Romanian)Cătălin Pruteanu,"Tânărul Grigorescu la Mănăstirea Zamfira"Archived2015-02-14 at theWayback Machine,inJurnalul Național,March 22, 2009
  62. ^Petcuet al.,p.305-306, 308
  63. ^Petcuet al.,p.305
  64. ^(in Romanian)"Primim",inRomânia Literară,Nr. 48/2009
  65. ^(in Romanian)Bianca Burța-Cernat,"Jocul cu timpul",inObservator Cultural,Nr. 511, February 2010; Adrian G. Romilă,"București, decembrie 1897",inLuceafărul,Nr. 13/2010

References

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