Jump to content

Goat

Edit links
Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromGoats)
This article is about the domesticated species of goat. For other species, seeCapra (genus).For other uses, seeGoat (disambiguation).
"Billy goat" redirects here. For other uses, seeBilly goat (disambiguation).

Domestic goat
Temporal range:0.01–0Ma
↓
Neolithic–Recent
Apygmy goaton atree stump
Domesticated
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Caprinae
Tribe: Caprini
Genus: Capra
Species:
C. hircus
Binomial name
Capra hircus
Synonyms

Capra aegagrus hircusLinnaeus, 1758
Capra depressaLinnaeus, 1758
Capra mambricaLinnaeus, 1758
Capra reversaLinnaeus, 1758

Herd of goat bleating

Thegoatordomestic goat(Capra hircus) is a species ofdomesticatedgoat-antelopethat is mostly kept aslivestock.It wasdomesticatedfrom thebezoar ibex(C. aegagrus aegagrus) ofSouthwest AsiaandEastern Europe.The goat is a member of the familyBovidae,meaning it is closely related to thesheep.There are over 300 distinctbreedsof goat.[1]It is one of the oldest domesticated species of animal - according to archaeological evidence its earliest domestication occurred in Iran at 10,000calibratedcalendar years ago.[2]

Goats have been used formilk,meat,fur,andskinsacross much of the world.[3]Milk from goats is often turned intogoat cheese.

In 2011, there were more than 924 million goats living in the world, according to theUNFood and Agriculture Organization.[4]

Etymology

Goat-herding in Spain.
Goats inAğrı Mountain,Turkey.

TheModern Englishwordgoatcomes fromOld Englishgāt"she-goat, goat in general", which in turn derives fromProto-Germanic*gaitaz(cf.Dutch/Frisian/Icelandic/Norwegiangeit,GermanGeiß,andGothicgaits), ultimately fromProto-Indo-European*ǵʰaidosmeaning "young goat" (cf.Latinhaedus"kid" ).[5]To refer to the male goat, Old English usedbucca(cf.Dutch/Frisianbokand giving modernbuck) until ousted byhegote,hegootein the late 12th century.[6]Nanny goat(females) originated in the 18th century, andbilly goat(for males) originated in the 19th century.[7][8]

Castratedmales are calledwethers.While the wordshircineandcaprineboth refer to anything having a goat-like quality,hircineis used most often to emphasize the distinct smell of domestic goats.[9][10]

History

Main article:Evolution of domestic goats
Horn cores from the Neolithic village ofAtlit Yam
Skeleton (Capra hircus)

Goats are among the earliest animals domesticated by humans.[11]The most recent genetic analysis[12]confirms the archaeological evidence that the wildbezoar ibexof theZagros Mountainsis the likely original ancestor of all or most domestic goats today.[11]

Neolithicfarmers began to herd wild goats primarily for easy access tomilkand meat, as well as to their dung, which was used as fuel; and their bones, hair, and sinew were used for clothing, building, and tools.[1]The earliest remnants of domesticated goats dating 10,000 yearsBefore Presentare found inGanj DarehinIran.[13]Goat remains have been found at archaeological sites inJericho,Choga Mami,[14]Djeitun,andÇayönü,dating the domestication of goats inWestern Asiaat between 8,000 and 9,000 years ago.[11]

Studies of DNA evidence suggests 10,000 years ago as the domestication date.[12]Historically, goat hide has been used for water andwinebottles in both traveling and transporting wine for sale. It has also been used to produceparchment.[15]

Anatomy

Each recognized breed of goat has specific weight ranges, which vary from over 140 kg (300 lb) for bucks of larger breeds such as the Boer, to 20 to 27 kg (45 to 60 lb) for smaller goat does.[16]Within each breed, different strains or bloodlines may have different recognized sizes. At the bottom of the size range are miniature breeds such as the African Pygmy, which stand 41 to 58 cm (16 to 23 in) at the shoulder as adults.[17]

A white Irish goat with horns

Most goats naturally have twohorns,of various shapes and sizes depending on the breed.[18]There have been incidents ofpolycerategoats (having as many as eight horns), although this is a genetic rarity thought to be inherited. Unlike cattle, goats have not been successfully bred to be reliablypolled,as the genes determining sex and those determining horns are closely linked. Breeding together two genetically polled goats results in a high number ofintersexindividuals among the offspring, which are typically sterile.[18]Their horns are made of living bone surrounded bykeratinand otherproteins,and are used for defense, dominance, territoriality,[19]and thermoregulation.[20]Both male and female goats may have beards, and many types of goat (most commonly dairy goats, dairy-crossBoers,andpygmy goats) may havewattles,one dangling from each side of the neck.[21]Goats have horizontal, slit-shapedpupils.Because goats'irisesare usually pale, their contrasting pupils are much more noticeable than in animals such as cattle, deer, most horses, and many sheep, whose similarly horizontal pupils blend into a dark iris andsclera.[citation needed] Goats have no tear ducts.[22]

Goats areruminants.They have a four-chambered stomach consisting of therumen,thereticulum,theomasum,and theabomasum.As with other mammal ruminants, they are even-toed ungulates. The females have anudderconsisting of two teats, in contrast to cattle, which have four teats.[23]An exception to this is theBoer goat,which sometimes may have up to eight teats.[24][25]

Eye with horizontal pupil
Brown/tan goat with some white spotting

Goats expressing the tan pattern have coats pigmented completely withpheomelanin(tan/brown pigment). Theallelewhich codes for this pattern is located at theagouti locusof the goatgenome.It is completelydominantto all other alleles at thislocus.There are multiplemodifier geneswhich control how much tan pigment is actually expressed, so a tan-patterned goat can have a coat ranging from pure white to deep red.[citation needed]

Genetics

Goats arediploidand have 60 chromosomes.[26]TheSLC11A1gene is located on goat chromosome 2.[27]

Behavior and ecology

An example of goats browsing together inJapan.

Goats are naturally curious. They are also agile and well known for their ability to climb and balance in precarious places. This makes them the onlyruminantto regularly climb trees. Due to their agility and inquisitiveness, they are notorious for escaping their pens by testing fences and enclosures, either intentionally or simply because they are used to climbing. If any of the fencing can be overcome, goats will almost inevitably escape. Goats have been found to be as intelligent as dogs by some studies.[28]

Goats establish adominance hierarchyin flocks, sometimes through head butting.

When handled as a group, goats tend to display less herding behavior than sheep. When grazing undisturbed, they tend to spread across the field or range, rather than feed side by side as do sheep. When nursing young, goats will leave their kids separated ( "lying out" ) rather than clumped, as do sheep. They will generally turn and face an intruder and bucks are more likely to charge or butt at humans than arerams.[29]

Goats blocking a road inLadakh

A study byQueen Mary Universityreports that goats try to communicate with people in the same manner as domesticated animals such as dogs and horses. Goats were first domesticated as livestock more than 10,000 years ago. Research conducted to test communication skills found that the goats will look to a human for assistance when faced with a challenge that had previously been mastered, but was then modified. Specifically, when presented with a box, the goat was able to remove the lid and retrieve a treat inside, but when the box was turned so the lid could not be removed, the goat would turn and gaze at the person and move toward them, before looking back toward the box. This is the same type of complex communication observed by animals bred as domestic pets, such as dogs. Researchers believe that better understanding of human-goat interaction could offer overall improvement in the animals' welfare.[30][31]The field of anthrozoology has established that domesticated animals have the capacity for complex communication with humans when in 2015 a Japanese scientist determined that levels of oxytocin did increase in human subjects when dogs were exposed to a dose of the "love hormone", proving that a human-animal bond does exist. This is the same affinity that was proven with the London study above; goats are intelligent, capable of complex communication, and able to form bonds.[32]

Reproduction

"Goat sex" redirects here. For the shock site, seegoatse.cx.
Goat kid

Goats reach puberty between three and 15 months of age, depending on breed and nutritional status. Many breeders prefer to postpone breeding until the doe has reached 70% of the adult weight, but this separation is rarely possible in extensively managed, open-range herds.[33]

In temperate climates and among the Swiss breeds, thebreeding seasoncommences as the day length shortens, and ends in early spring or before. In equatorial regions, goats are able tobreedat any time of the year. Successful breeding in these regions depends more on available forage than on day length. Does of any breed or region come intoestrus(heat) every 21 days for two to 48 hours. A doe in heat typically flags (vigorously wags) her tail often, stays near the buck if one is present, becomes more vocal, and may also show a decrease in appetite and milk production for the duration of the heat.

A two-month-old goat kid in a field ofcapeweed

Bucks (intact males) of Swiss and northern breeds come intorutin the fall as with the does' heat cycles. Bucks of equatorial breeds may show seasonal reduced fertility, but as with the does, are capable of breeding at all times. Rut is characterized by a decrease in appetite and obsessive interest in the does.[19]A buck in rut will displayflehmenlip curling and willurinate on his forelegs and face.[34]Sebaceous scent glands at the base of the horns add to the male goat's odor, which is important to make him attractive to the female. Some does will not mate with a buck which has been descented.[19]

In addition to natural, traditional mating,artificial inseminationhas gained popularity among goatbreeders,as it allows easy access to a wide variety ofbloodlines.

A female goat and two kids

Gestationlength is approximately 150 days.Twinsare the usual result, with single andtripletbirths also common. Less frequent are litters ofquadruplet,quintuplet,and evensextupletkids. Birthing, known as kidding, generally occurs uneventfully. Just before kidding, the doe will have a sunken area around the tail and hip, as well as heavy breathing. She may have a worried look, become restless and display great affection for her keeper. The mother ofteneats the placenta,which gives her much-needed nutrients, helps stanch her bleeding, and parallels the behavior of wildherbivores,such as deer, to reduce the lure of the birth scent for predators.[35][36]

Freshening (coming into milk production) usually occurs at kidding, although milk production is also relatively common in unbred doelings of dairy breeds.[37]Milk production varies with the breed, age, quality, and diet of the doe; dairy goats generally produce between 680 and 1,810 kg (1,500 and 4,000 lb) of milk per 305-daylactation.On average, a good quality dairy doe will give at least 3 kg (6 lb) of milk per day while she is in milk. A first-time milker may produce less, or as much as 7 kg (16 lb), or more of milk in exceptional cases. After the lactation, the doe will "dry off", typically after she has been bred. Occasionally, goats that have not been bred and are continuously milked will continue lactation beyond the typical 305 days.[38]Meat, fiber, andpetbreeds are not usually milked and simply produce enough for the kids untilweaning.

Male lactationis also known to occur in goats.[39]

Diet

A goat tied on a grass point.

Goats are reputed to be willing to eat almost anything, including tin cans andcardboardboxes. While goats will not actually eat inedible material, they arebrowsinganimals, notgrazerslike cattle and sheep, and (coupled with their highly curious nature) will chew on and taste just about anything remotely resembling plant matter to decide whether it is good to eat, including cardboard, clothing and paper (such as labels from tin cans).[40]

Aside from sampling many things, goats are quite particular in what they actually consume, preferring to browse on the tips of woody shrubs and trees, as well as the occasional broad-leaved plant. However, it can fairly be said that their plant diet is extremely varied, and includes some species which are otherwise toxic.[41]They will seldom consume soiled food or contaminated water unless facingstarvation.This is one reason goat-rearing is most oftenfree-ranging,since stall-fed goat-rearing involves extensive upkeep and is seldom commercially viable.[citation needed]

A domestic goat feeding in a field ofcapeweed,a weed which is toxic to most stock animals

Goats prefer to browse onvines,such askudzu,onshrubberyand onweeds,more like deer than sheep, preferring them to grasses.Nightshadeis poisonous; wilted fruit tree leaves can also kill goats.Silage(fermented corn stalks) and haylage (fermented grass hay) can be used if consumed immediately after opening – goats are particularly sensitive toListeriabacteria that can grow in fermented feeds.Alfalfa,a high-protein plant, is widely fed ashay;fescueis the least palatable and least nutritious hay.Moldin a goat's feed can make it sick and possibly kill it due to the presence ofmycotoxins.Goats can contractListeriosis,which is a life-threatening disease often caused by the ingestion of moldy hay. In various places in China, goats are used in the production of tea. Goats are released onto the tea terraces, where they avoid consuming the green tea leaves (which contain bitter-tasting substances) and instead eat the weeds. The goats' droppings fertilise the tea plants.[42]

The digestive physiology of a very young kid (like the young of other ruminants) is essentially the same as that of amonogastricanimal. Milk digestion begins in theabomasum,the milk having bypassed the rumen via closure of the reticuloesophageal groove during suckling. At birth, the rumen is undeveloped, but as the kid begins to consume solid feed, the rumen soon increases in size and in its capacity to absorb nutrients.[43]

The adult size of a particular goat is a product of its breed (genetic potential) and its diet while growing (nutritional potential). As with alllivestock,increased protein diets (10 to 14%) and sufficient calories during the prepuberty period yield higher growth rates and larger eventual size than lower protein rates and limited calories.[44]Large-framed goats, with a greater skeletal size, reach mature weight at a later age (36 to 42 months) than small-framed goats (18 to 24 months) if both are fed to their full potential. Large-framed goats need more calories than small-framed goats for maintenance of daily functions.[45]

Diseases and life expectancy

Main article:List of infectious sheep and goat diseases

While goats are generally considered hardy animals and in many situations receive little medical care, they are subject to a number of diseases. Among the conditions affecting goats are respiratory diseases includingpneumonia,foot rot, internal parasites, pregnancy toxicosis, and feed toxicity. Feed toxicity can vary based on breed and location. Certain foreign fruits and vegetables can be toxic to different breeds of goats.[citation needed]Goats can become infected with various viral and bacterial diseases, such asfoot-and-mouth disease,caprine arthritis encephalitis,caseous lymphadenitis,pinkeye, mastitis, andpseudorabies.They can transmit a number of zoonotic diseases to people, such astuberculosis,brucellosis,Q fever,andrabies.[46]

Life expectancy for goats is between 15 and 18 years.[47]An instance of a goat reaching the age of 24 has been reported.[48]Several factors can reduce this average expectancy; problems during kidding can lower a doe's expected life span to 10 or 11, and stresses of going into rut can lower a buck's expected life span to eight to 10 years.[48]

Agriculture

Main article:Goat farming
Goathusbandryis common through theNorte Chicoregion inChile.Intensive goat husbandry in drylands may produce severeerosionanddesertification.Image from upperLimarí River

A goat is useful to humans when it is living and when it is dead, first as a renewable provider ofmilk,manure,andfiber,and then as meat and hide.[49]Somecharitiesprovide goats toimpoverishedpeople in poor countries, because goats are easier and cheaper to manage thancattle,and have multiple uses. In addition, goats are used for driving andpackingpurposes.

The intestine of goats is used to make "catgut",which is still in use as a material for internal humansurgical suturesand strings formusical instruments.The horn of the goat, which signifies plenty and wellbeing (thecornucopia), is also used to makespoons.[50]

Breeds

Main article:List of goat breeds

Goat breeds fall into overlapping, general categories. They are generally distributed in those used for dairy, fiber, meat, skins, and as companion animals. Some breeds are also particularly noted aspack goats.

Worldwide population statistics

According to theFood and Agriculture Organization(FAO), the top producers of goat milk in 2008 were India (4 million metric tons), Bangladesh (2.16 million metric tons), and the Sudan (1.47 million metric tons).[51]India slaughters 41% of 124.4 million goats each year. The 0.6 million metric tonnes of goat meat make up 8% of India's annual meat production.[52]Approximately 440 million goats are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.[53]

Husbandry

Species-appropriate goat husbandry with stable andhay rack

Husbandry, or animal care and use, varies by region and culture. The particular housing used for goats depends not only on the intended use of the goat, but also on the region of the world where they are raised. Historically, domestic goats were generally kept in herds that wandered on hills or other grazing areas, often tended bygoatherdswho were frequently children oradolescents,similar to the more widely knownshepherd.These methods ofherdingare still used today.

In some parts of the world, especially Europe and North America, distinct breeds of goats are kept for dairy (milk) and for meat production. Excess male kids of dairy breeds are typically slaughtered for meat. Both does and bucks of meat breeds may be slaughtered for meat, as well as older animals of any breed. The meat of older bucks (more than one year old) is generally considered not desirable for meat for human consumption. Castration at a young age prevents the development of typical buck odor.

Goats are important livestock forsmallholderfarmers in many countries, such as this woman fromBurkina Faso.

Dairy goats are generally pastured in summer and may be stabled during the winter. As dairy does are milked daily, they are generally kept close to the milking shed. Their grazing is typically supplemented with hay and concentrates. Stabled goats may be kept in stalls similar to horses, or in larger group pens. In the US system, does are generally rebred annually. In some European commercial dairy systems, the does are bred only twice, and are milked continuously for several years after the second kidding.

Meat goats are more frequently pastured year-round, and may be kept many miles from barns. Angora and other fiber breeds are also kept on pasture or range. Range-kept and pastured goats may be supplemented with hay or concentrates, most frequently during the winter or dry seasons.

In theIndian subcontinentand much of Asia, goats are kept largely for milk production, both in commercial and household settings. The goats in this area may be kept closely housed or may be allowed to range for fodder. The Salem Black goat is herded to pasture in fields and along roads during the day, but is kept penned at night for safe-keeping.[54]

In Africa and the Mideast, goats are typically run in flocks with sheep. This maximizes the production per acre, as goats and sheep prefer different food plants. Multiple types of goat-raising are found in Ethiopia, where four main types have been identified: pastured in annual crop systems, in perennial crop systems, with cattle, and in arid areas, under pastoral (nomadic) herding systems. In all four systems, however, goats were typically kept in extensive systems, with few purchased inputs.[55]Household goats are traditionally kept in Nigeria. While many goats are allowed to wander the homestead or village, others are kept penned and fed in what is called a 'cut-and-carry' system. This type of husbandry is also used in parts of Latin America. Cut-and-carry, which refers to the practice of cutting down grasses, corn or cane for feed rather than allowing the animal access to the field, is particularly suited for types of feed, such as corn or cane, that are easily destroyed by trampling.[56]

Pet goats may be found in many parts of the world when a family keeps one or more animals for emotional reasons rather than as production animals. It is becoming more common for goats to be kept exclusively as pets in North America and Europe.

Meat

Main article:Goat meat
See also:List of goat dishes
TheBoer goat– in this case a buck – is a widely kept meat breed.

The taste of goat kid meat is similar to that ofspring lambmeat;[57]in fact, in the English-speaking islands of theCaribbean,and in some parts of Asia, particularlyBangladesh,Pakistan,andIndia,the word "mutton"is used to describe both goat and sheep meat. However, some compare the taste of goat meat tovealorvenison,depending on the age and condition of the goat. Its flavor is said to be primarily linked to the presence of4-methyloctanoicand4-methylnonanoic acid.[58]It can be prepared in a variety of ways, includingstewing,baking,grilling,barbecuing,canning,andfrying;it can beminced,curried,or made intosausage.Due to its low fat content, the meat can toughen at high temperatures if cooked without additional moisture. One of the most popular goats grown for meat is theSouth AfricanBoer,introduced into theUnited Statesin the early 1990s. TheNew ZealandKikois also considered a meat breed, as is themyotonic or "fainting goat",a breed originating inTennessee.

Milk, butter, and cheese

Main article:Goat milk
See also:List of goat milk cheeses
A goat being machine milked on anorganic farm

Goats produce about 2% of the world's total annual milk supply.[59]Some goats are bred specifically formilk.If the strong-smelling buck is not separated from the does, his scent will affect the milk.

Goat milk naturally has small, well-emulsified fat globules, which means the cream remains suspended in the milk, instead of rising to the top, as in raw cow milk; therefore, it does not need to behomogenized.Indeed, if the milk is to be used to make cheese, homogenization is not recommended, as this changes the structure of the milk, affecting the culture's ability to coagulate the milk and the final quality and yield of cheese.[60]

Dairy goats in their prime (generally around the third or fourth lactation cycle) average—2.7 to 3.6 kg (6 to 8 lb)—of milk production daily—roughly 2.8 to 3.8 L (3 to 4 U.S. qt)—during a ten-monthlactation,producing more just after freshening and gradually dropping in production toward the end of their lactation. The milk generally averages 3.5%butterfat.[61]

Goat milk is commonly processed intocheese,butter,ice cream,yogurt,cajetaand other products.Goat cheeseis known asfromage de chèvre( "goat cheese" ) in France. Some varieties includeRocamadourand Montrachet.[62]Goatbutteris white because goats produce milk with the yellowbeta-caroteneconverted to a colorless form ofvitamin A.Goat milk has less cholesterol than cow's milk.[63]

Nutrition

TheAmerican Academy of Pediatricsdiscourages feeding infants milk derived from goats. An April 2010 case report[64]summarizes their recommendation and presents "a comprehensive review of the consequences associated with this dangerous practice", also stating, "Many infants are exclusively fed unmodified goat's milk as a result of cultural beliefs as well as exposure to false online information. Anecdotal reports have described a host of morbidities associated with that practice, including severe electrolyte abnormalities, metabolic acidosis, megaloblastic anemia, allergic reactions including life-threatening anaphylactic shock, hemolytic uremic syndrome, and infections." Untreated caprinebrucellosisresults in a 2% case fatality rate. According to theUSDA,doe milk is not recommended for human infants because it contains "inadequate quantities ofiron,folate,vitamins CandD,thiamine,niacin,vitamin B6,andpantothenic acidto meet an infant's nutritional needs "and may cause harm to an infant'skidneysand could cause metabolic damage.[65]

The department of health in the United Kingdom has repeatedly released statements stating on various occasions that[66]"Goats' milk is not suitable for babies, and infant formulas and follow-on formulas based on goats' milk protein have not been approved for use in Europe", and "infant milks based on goats' milk protein are not suitable as a source of nutrition for infants."[67]Moreover, according to the Canadian federal health departmentHealth Canada,most of the dangers of, and counter-indications for, feeding unmodified goat's milk to infants parallel those associated with unmodified cow's milk — especially insofar as allergic reactions go.[68]

However, some farming groups promote the practice. For example, Small Farm Today, in 2005, claimed beneficial use in invalid and convalescent diets, proposing thatglycerol ethers,possibly important in nutrition for nursing infants, are much higher in does' milk than in cows' milk.[69]A 1970 book on animal breeding claimed that does' milk differs from cows' or humans' milk by having higher digestibility, distinctalkalinity,higherbuffering capacity,and certain therapeutic values in human medicine and nutrition.[70]George Mateljan suggested doe milk can replaceewe milkor cow milk in diets of those who are allergic to certain mammals' milk.[71]However, like cow milk, doe milk haslactose(sugar), and may causegastrointestinal problemsfor individuals withlactose intolerance.[71]In fact, the level of lactose is similar to that of cow milk.[67]

Some researchers and companies producing goat's milk products have made claims that goat's milk is better for human health than most Western cow's milk due to it mostly lacking a form of β-casein proteins called A1, and instead mostly containingthe A2 form,which does not metabolize toβ-casomorphin 7in the body.[72][73][74][75]

Basic composition of various milks (mean values per 100 g)[76]
Constituent Doe (goat) Cow Human
Fat (g) 3.8 3.6 4.0
Protein (g) 3.5 3.3 1.2
Lactose (g) 4.1 4.6 6.9
Ash (g) 0.8 0.7 0.2
Total solids (g) 12.2 12.3 12.3
Calories 70 69 68
Milk composition analysis, per 100 grams[77]
Constituents Unit Cow Doe
(goat) 		Ewe
(sheep) 		Water
buffalo
Water g 87.8 88.9 83.0 81.1
Protein g 3.2 3.1 5.4 4.5
Fat g 3.9 3.5 6.0 8.0
Carbohydrates g 4.8 4.4 5.1 4.9
Energy kcal 66 60 95 110
Energy kJ 275 253 396 463
Sugars (lactose) g 4.8 4.4 5.1 4.9
Cholesterol mg 14 10 11 8
Calcium IU 120 100 170 195
Saturated fatty acids g 2.4 2.3 3.8 4.2
Monounsaturated fatty acids g 1.1 0.8 1.5 1.7
Polyunsaturated fatty acids g 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2

These compositions vary by breed (especially in theNigerian Dwarfbreed), animal, and point in the lactation period.

Fiber

AnAngora goat

The Angora breed of goats produces long, curling, lustrous locks ofmohair.The entire body of the goat is covered with mohair and there are no guard hairs. The locks constantly grow to four inches or more in length. Angora crossbreeds, such as thepygoraand thenigora,have been created to produce mohair and/or cashgora on a smaller, easier-to-manage animal. The wool isshorntwice a year, with an average yield of about 4.5 kg (10 lb).

Most goats have softer insulating hairs nearer the skin, and longerguard hairson the surface. The desirable fiber for thetextile industryis the former, and it goes by several names (down, cashmere and pashmina). The coarse guard hairs are of little value as they are too coarse, difficult to spin and difficult to dye. Thecashmere goatproduces a commercial quantity ofcashmere wool,which is one of the most expensive natural fibers commercially produced; cashmere is very fine and soft. The cashmere goat fiber is harvested once a year, yielding around 260 g (9 oz) of down.

InSouth Asia,cashmere is called "pashmina"(fromPersianpashmina,"fine wool" ). In the 18th and early 19th centuries, Kashmir (then called Cashmere by the British), had a thriving industry producing shawls from goat-hair imported from Tibet and Tartary through Ladakh. The shawls were introduced into Western Europe whenNapoleon Bonaparte,the General in Chief of theFrench campaign in Egypt(1798–1801), sent one to Paris. Since these shawls were produced in the upperKashmirandLadakhregion, the wool came to be known as "cashmere".

Land clearing

Goats managing the landscape alongside German autobahnA59.

Goats have been used by humans to clear unwanted vegetation for centuries. They have been described as "eating machines" and "biological control agents".[78][79]There has been a resurgence of this in North America since 1990, when herds were used to clear dry brush from California hillsides thought to be endangered by potential wildfires. This form of using goats to clear land is sometimes known asconservation grazing.Since then, numerous public and private agencies have hired private herds from companies such asRent A Goatto perform similar tasks.[78][80]This may be expensive and their smell may be a nuisance.[81]This practice has become popular in thePacific Northwest,where they are used to remove invasive species not easily removed by humans, including (thorned) blackberry vines andpoison oak.[78][82][83]Chattanooga, TN and Spartanburg, SC have used goats to controlkudzu,an invasive plant species prevalent in the southeastern United States.[84]

Medical training

As a goat's anatomy and physiology is not too dissimilar from that of humans, some countries' militaries use goats to traincombat medics.In the United States, goats have become the main animal species used for this purpose after the Pentagon phased out using dogs for medical training in the 1980s.[85]While modernmannequinsused in medical training are quite efficient in simulating the behavior of a human body, trainees feel that "the goat exercise provide[s] a sense of urgency that only real life trauma can provide". The practice has elicited outcry fromanimal-rightsgroups.[86]

Pets

Dr Christian Nawroth showing how goats follow humans about.
Goats following humans.

Some people choose goats as a pet because of their ability to form close bonds with their human guardians.[87][88]Goats aresocial animalsand usually prefer the company of other goats, but because of their herd mentality, they will follow their owner and form close bonds with them, hence their continuing popularity.[30]

Goats are similar to deer with regard to nutrition and need a wide range of food, including things likehay,chaffhaye,grainfeed or pelleted grain mix, and loose minerals.[89]Goats generally either inherit certain feeding preferences or learn them after birth.[90]

Showing

ANigerian Dwarfmilker in show clip. This doe is angular and dairy with a capacious and well supported mammary system.

Goatbreeders' clubs frequently holdshows,where goats are judged on traits relating toconformation,udderquality, evidence of high production, longevity, build and muscling (meat goats and pet goats) and fiber production and the fiber itself (fiber goats). People who show their goats usually keep registered stock and the offspring of award-winning animals command a higher price. Registered goats, in general, are usually higher-priced if for no other reason than that records have been kept proving their ancestry and the production and other data of their sires, dams, and other ancestors. A registered doe is usually less of a gamble than buying a doe at random (as at an auction or sale barn) because of these records and the reputation of the breeder.

Children's clubs such as4-Halso allow goats to be shown. Children's shows often include a showmanship class, where the cleanliness and presentation of both the animal and the exhibitor as well as the handler's ability and skill in handling the goat are scored. In a showmanship class, conformation is irrelevant since this is not what is being judged.

Various "Dairy Goat Scorecards" (milking does) are systems used for judging shows in the US. TheAmerican Dairy Goat Association(ADGA) scorecard for an adult doe includes a point system of a hundred total with major categories that include general appearance, the dairy character of a doe (physical traits that aid and increase milk production), body capacity, and specifically for the mammary system. Young stock and bucks are judged by different scorecards which place more emphasis on the other three categories; general appearance, body capacity, and dairy character.

The American Goat Society (AGS) has a similar, but not identical scorecard that is used in their shows. The miniature dairy goats may be judged by either of the two scorecards. The "Angora Goat scorecard" used by the Colored Angora Goat Breeder's Association (CAGBA), which covers the white and the colored goats, includes evaluation of an animal's fleece color, density, uniformity, fineness, and general body confirmation. Disqualifications include: a deformed mouth, broken downpasterns,deformed feet, crooked legs, abnormalities of testicles, missing testicles, more than 3 inch split in scrotum, and close-set or distorted horns.

Mythology and folklore

An ancient Greekoenochoedepicting wild goats

Archaeologists excavating the ancient city ofEblainSyriadiscovered, among others, the tomb of some king or great noble which included a throne decorated with bronze goat heads. That led to this tomb becoming known as "The Tomb of the Lord of the Goats".[91][92]

According toNorse mythology,the god of thunder,Thor,has achariotthat is pulled by the goatsTanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr.[93]At night when he sets up camp, Thor eats the meat of the goats, but takes care that all bones remain whole. Then he wraps the remains up, and in the morning, the goats always come back to life to pull the chariot. When a farmer's son who is invited to share the meal breaks one of the goats' leg bones to suck the marrow, the animal's leg remains broken in the morning, and the boy is forced to serve Thor as a servant to compensate for the damage.

Glazed brick depicting a wild goat, from Nimrud, Iraq, 9th–7th century BCE. Iraq Museum

Possibly related, theYule Goatis one of the oldestScandinavianand NorthernEuropeanYuleandChristmassymbols and traditions. Yule Goat originally denoted the goat that was slaughtered around Yule, but it may also indicate a goat figure made out of straw. It is also used about the custom of going door-to-door singing carols and getting food and drinks in return, often fruit, cakes and sweets. "Going Yule Goat" is similar to the British customwassailing,both withheathenroots. TheGävle Goatis a giant version of the Yule Goat, erected every year in the Swedish city ofGävle.

The Greek godPanis said to have the upper body of a man and the horns and lower body of a goat.[93]Pan was a very lustful god, nearly all of the myths involving him had to do with him chasing nymphs. He is also credited with creating thepan flute.

The goat is one of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in theChinese zodiacrelated to theChinese calendar.Each animal is associated with certain personality traits; those born in a year of thegoatare predicted to be shy, introverted, creative, and perfectionist.

Amalthée et la chèvre de Jupiter(Amaltheaand Jupiter's goat); commissioned by theQueen of Francein 1787 for the royal dairy atRambouillet

Several mythological hybrid creatures are believed to consist of parts of the goat, including theChimera.TheCapricornsign in the Westernzodiacis usually depicted as a goat with afish's tail.Faunsandsatyrsare mythological creatures that are part goat and part human. The mineralbromineis named from the Greek word "brόmos", which means "stench of he-goats".

PopularChristianfolk tradition inEuropeassociatedSatanwith imagery of goats.[93]A commonsuperstitionin theMiddle Ageswas that goats whispered lewd sentences in the ears of thesaints.The origin of this belief was probably the behavior of the buck inrut,the very epitome of lust. The common medieval depiction of thedevilwas that of a goat-like face with horns and small beard (agoatee). TheBlack Mass,a probably mythological "Satanic mass", involved Satan manifesting as a black goat for worship.

The goat has had a lingering connection withSatanismandpaganreligions.The invertedpentagram,a symbol used in Satanism, is said to be shaped like a goat's head. The "BaphometofMendes"refers to a Satanic goat-like figure from 19th-centuryoccultism.

A goat in the coat of armsGeta,a municipality ofÅland

InFinlandthe tradition ofNuutinpäivä—St. Knut's Day,January 13—involves young men dressed as goats (Finnish:Nuuttipukki) who visit houses. Usually the dress was an inverted fur jacket, a leather orbirch barkmask, and horns. Unlike the analoguesSanta Claus,Nuuttipukki was a scary character (cf.Krampus). The men dressed as Nuuttipukki wandered from house to house, came in, and typically demanded food from the household and especially leftover alcoholic beverages. In Finland the Nuuttipukki tradition is still kept alive in areas ofSatakunta,Southwest FinlandandOstrobothnia.However, nowadays the character is usually played by children and now involves a happy encounter.[94]

The common Russian surnameKozlov(Russian:Козло́в), means "goat".Goateerefers to a style offacial hairincorporating hair on a man'schin,so named because of some similarity to a goat's facial feature.

Religion

Baphomet,a deity commonly portrayed as having the head of a goat and ahuman body.

Goats are mentioned many times in theBible.Their importance in ancient Israel is indicated by the seven different Hebrew and three Greek terms used in the Bible.[95]A goat is considered a "clean" animal byJewish dietary lawsand a kid was slaughtered for an honored guest. It was also acceptable for some kinds of sacrifices. Goat-hair curtains were used in the tent that contained the tabernacle (Exodus25:4). Its horns can be used instead of sheep's horn to make ashofar.[96]OnYom Kippur,the festival of the Day of Atonement, two goats were chosen and lots were drawn for them. One was sacrificed and the other allowed to escape into the wilderness, symbolically carrying with it the sins of the community. From this comes the word "scapegoat".A leader or king was sometimes compared to a male goat leading the flock.[citation needed]

In Matthew 25:31–46, Jesus said that like a shepherd he will separate the nations placing on his right hand the sheep, those who have shown kindness to needy and suffering disciples of Jesus and others. These he will reward, but the goats at his left hand, who failed to show kindness, will be punished. Although both sheep and goats were valued as livestock, this preference for sheep may relate to the importance of wool and the superior meat of adult sheep compared to the poor meat of adult goats.[95]

Satanism

TheSigil of Baphomet,the official insignia of theChurch of SatanandLaVeyan Satanism.

In some depictionsthe devilis depicted, like Baphomet, as a goat, therefore the goat and goat's head is a significant symbol throughoutSatanism.The invertedpentagramis the symbol used for Satanism, sometimes depicted with the goat's head of Baphomet within it, which originated from theChurch of Satan.The goat's head and head of Baphomet is also used in the logo forThe Satanic Temple,which also featured the inverted pentagram.

Feral goats

Main article:Feral goat
Feral goat inAruba

Goats readily revert to the wild (become feral) if given the opportunity. The only domestic animal known to return to feral life as swiftly is the cat.[11]Feral goats have established themselves in many areas: they occur inAustralia,New Zealand,Great Britain,theGalapagosand in many other places. When feral goats reach large populations in habitats that provide unlimited water supply and do not contain sufficient large predators or are otherwise vulnerable to goats' aggressive grazing habits, they may have serious effects, such as removing nativescrub,trees,and other vegetation required by a wide range of other creatures, not just other grazing or browsing animals. Feral goats are extremely common in Australia, with an estimated 2.6 million in the mid-1990s.[97]However, in other circumstances where predator pressure is maintained, they may be accommodated into some balance in the local food web.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^abHirst, K. Kris."The History of the Domestication of Goats".ArchivedJuly 7, 2008, at theWayback MachineAbout.Accessed August 18, 2008.
  2. ^Zeder, Melinda A.; Hesse, Brian (2000)."The Initial Domestication of Goats (Capra hircus) in the Zagros Mountains 10,000 Years Ago".Science.287(5461): 2254–7.Bibcode:2000Sci...287.2254Z.doi:10.1126/science.287.5461.2254.PMID10731145.Archivedfrom the original on July 7, 2022.RetrievedJune 30,2022.
  3. ^Coffey, Linda; Hale, Margo; Wells, Ann (August 2004)."Goats: Sustainable Production Overview".attra.ncat.org.Archived fromthe originalon February 4, 2007.
  4. ^FAOSTAT,United NationsFood and Agriculture Organization,archived fromthe originalon January 25, 2016,retrievedJanuary 19,2014
  5. ^Calvert Watkins et al.,The American Heritage Dictionary(1975, edited by William Morris).
  6. ^Ullman, B. L. (1943)."Bucca, Bucca".Classical Philology.38(2): 94–102.doi:10.1086/362696.ISSN0009-837X.JSTOR264294.
  7. ^"nanny-goat".OED.July 2023.RetrievedMarch 24,2024.
  8. ^"billy-goat".OED.March 2024.RetrievedMarch 24,2024.
  9. ^"hircine | Etymology of hircine by etymonline".etymonline.RetrievedMarch 26,2024.
  10. ^"Definition of CAPRINE".merriam-webster.RetrievedMarch 26,2024.
  11. ^abcd"Breeds of Livestock; Goats: (Capra hircus)".Oklahoma State University Board of Regents. January 19, 2021.Archivedfrom the original on September 25, 2008.RetrievedMarch 27,2002.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  12. ^abNaderi, Saeid; Rezaei, Hamid-Reza; Pompanon, François; Blum, Michael G. B.; Negrini, Riccardo; Naghash, Hamid-Reza; Balkiz, Özge; Mashkour, Marjan; Gaggiotti, Oscar E.; Ajmone-Marsan, Paolo; Kence, Aykut; Vigne, Jean-Denis; Taberlet, Pierre (November 18, 2008)."The goat domestication process inferred from large-scale mitochondrial DNA analysis of wild and domestic individuals".PNAS.105(46): 17659–17664.Bibcode:2008PNAS..10517659N.doi:10.1073/pnas.0804782105.PMC2584717.PMID19004765.
  13. ^Trinity College Dublin (June 7, 2021)."10,000-year-old DNA pens the first tales of the earliest domesticated goats".Phys.org.Archivedfrom the original on March 30, 2022.RetrievedJune 8,2021.
  14. ^Maisels, C.K.Near East: Archaeology in the 'Cradle of Civilization'ArchivedSeptember 24, 2023, at theWayback MachineThe Near East: Archaeology in the Cradle of CivilizationRoutledge, 1999; p.124
  15. ^Schröder, Oskar; Wagner, Mayke; Wutke, Saskia; Zhang, Yong; Ma, Yingxia; Xu, Dongliang; Goslar, Tomasz; Neef, Reinder; Tarasov, Pavel E; Ludwig, Arne (October 2016)."Ancient DNA identification of domestic animals used for leather objects in Central Asia during the Bronze Age".The Holocene.26(10): 1722–1729.Bibcode:2016Holoc..26.1722S.doi:10.1177/0959683616641741.ISSN0959-6836.
  16. ^Taylor, R.E. and Field, T.G., "Growth and Development" Scientific Farm Animal Production: An Introduction to Animal Science, 6th Ed. Prentice-Hall (1999) Upper Saddle River pg 321–324.
  17. ^Belanger, J & Bredesen, S. T, "Basic Information about Goats"Storey's Guide to Raising Dairy Goats,2nd ed. Storey Publishing (2010) North Adams, pg 14
  18. ^abAmerican Goat Society:Polled GeneticsArchivedSeptember 1, 2018, at theWayback Machine,americangoatsociety.
  19. ^abcMary C. Smith; David M. Sherman (November 16, 2011).Goat Medicine.John Wiley & Sons.ISBN978-1-119-94952-7.Archivedfrom the original on March 21, 2024.RetrievedOctober 5,2018.
  20. ^Taylor, Charles R. (1966). "The Vascularity and Possible Thermoregulatory Function of the Horns in Goats".Physiological Zoology.39(2): 127–139.doi:10.1086/physzool.39.2.30152426.ISSN0031-935X.S2CID88164340.
  21. ^Frequently Asked Questions – Triple I GoatsArchivedFebruary 25, 2021, at theWayback Machine,Tripleigoats
  22. ^"ANIMALS WITH NO TEAR DUCTS".Pets on Mom.Archivedfrom the original on October 17, 2021.RetrievedOctober 17,2021.
  23. ^Taylor, R.E.,Scientific Farm Animal Production: An Introduction to Animal Science,6th ed, Upper Saddle River (Prentice Hall) 1998
  24. ^Bowman, Gail."What is a Genetic Flaw in a Boer Goat?".Boer Goats Home.Archived fromthe originalon November 12, 2014.RetrievedNovember 12,2014.
  25. ^"Choosing Your Boer Goat- How Do I Know What to Look For?".Rooster Ridge Boer Goats.Archived fromthe originalon November 12, 2014.RetrievedNovember 12,2014.
  26. ^Iannuzzi, Leopoldo; Meo, Giulia Pia; Perucatti, Angela (May 28, 2004)."An Improved Characterization of Goat Chromosomes by Means of G- and R-band Comparison".Hereditas.120(3): 245–251.doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1994.00245.x.PMID7928388.
  27. ^Vacca, G. M.; Pazzola, M.; Pisano, C.; Carcangiu, V.; Diaz, M. L.; Nieddu, M.; Robledo, R.; Mezzanotte, R.; Dettori, M. L. (October 1, 2011)."Chromosomal localisation and genetic variation of the SLC11A1 gene in goats (Capra hircus)".The Veterinary Journal.190(1): 60–65.doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.09.028.ISSN1090-0233.PMID21071245.Archivedfrom the original on January 6, 2012.RetrievedJuly 5,2023.
  28. ^MacDonald, Fiona (June 30, 2018)."Goats Are as Smart And Loving as Dogs, According to Science".ScienceAlert.Archivedfrom the original on March 15, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 8,2019.
  29. ^Fowler, M.E.Restraint and Handling of Wild and Domestic Animals,3rd Ed, Witley-Blackwell, 2008 pg 144
  30. ^abDeamer, Kacey (July 15, 2016),Man's New Best Friend Is a Goat?,Live Science,archivedfrom the original on July 24, 2016,retrievedJuly 21,2016
  31. ^Nawroth, Christian; Brett, Jemma; McElligott, Alan (July 5, 2016), "Goats display audience-dependent human-directed gazing behaviour in a problem-solving task",Biology Letters,12(7): 20160283,doi:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0283,PMC4971169,PMID27381884
  32. ^Douglas, Catherine (July 8, 2016),Goats, sheep and cows could challenge dogs for title of 'man's best friend',The Conversation,archivedfrom the original on August 15, 2016,retrievedAugust 29,2016
  33. ^Payne, William J.A.,An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics,5th ed, Oxford (Blackwell Science) 1999
  34. ^Shackleton, D. M., and C. C. Shank. "A Review of the Social Behavior of Feral and Wild Sheep and Goats 1ArchivedNovember 27, 2018, at theWayback Machine."Journal of Animal Science 58.2 (1984): 500–509.
  35. ^Feichtenberger, Klaus, Jill Clarke, Elyse Eisenberg, and Otmar Penker (Writers and Directors) (2008).Prince of the Alps(Television Production). ORF/Nature. Event occurs at Shortly after birth.Archivedfrom the original on March 10, 2022.RetrievedMay 5,2009.'The mother eats the placenta to prevent predators from getting the scent.'
  36. ^Roe III, Leonard Lee (2004).The Deer of North America.Globe Pequot. p. 224.ISBN978-1-59228-465-8.Almost all wild animals and most domestic ones eat the afterbirth as soon as they can. The primary reason, I think, is to get rid of it so that it will not attract predators...Canine scavengers throughout the world are attracted to herd animals when they give birth, for the placental sacs provide an easily scavenged feast.[permanent dead link]
  37. ^Mary C. Smith; David M. Sherman (November 16, 2011).Goat Medicine.John Wiley & Sons.ISBN978-1-119-94952-7.Archivedfrom the original on March 21, 2024.RetrievedOctober 5,2018.Udder development and even milk production are relatively common in unbred doelings of dairy breeds.
  38. ^"Dairy Goat Journal. – raising goats – goat business".Dairygoatjournal.Archivedfrom the original on May 2, 2013.RetrievedMay 5,2009.
  39. ^Kumar, Davendra; S. Saha; O.H. Chaturvedi; Sushil Kumar; J.S. Mann; J.P. Mittal; V.K. Singh."Lactation in Males".ISSGPU – Indian Society for Sheep and Goat Production and Utilization Newsletter(2).Archivedfrom the original on September 24, 2023.RetrievedDecember 31,2009.
  40. ^"Learning About Goats"(PDF).Texas Department of Agriculture. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on December 22, 2009.
  41. ^"War on Weeds",Rails to Trails Magazine,Spring 2004, p. 3
  42. ^Wild ChinaA BBC2 programme transmitted on October 31, 2016
  43. ^"Digestive System of Goats"(PDF).Ssl.acesag.auburn.edu.Archived(PDF)from the original on June 2, 2022.RetrievedJune 6,2022.
  44. ^Pugh, D.G. and Rankins, D. L. Jr, "Feeding and Nutrition"Sheep and Goat Medicine, 2nd Ed.ArchivedSeptember 25, 2023, at theWayback MachineElsevier (2012) Maryland Heights, pg 40–42.
  45. ^Taylor, R.E. and Field, T.G., "Growth and Development"Scientific Farm Animal Production: An Introduction to Animal Science,6th Ed. Prentice-Hall (1999) Upper Saddle River pg 324–325.
  46. ^Smith, M.C.Goat Medicine,Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1994 pg 7
  47. ^William S. Spector, ed. (1956).Handbook of Biological Data.Saunders.
  48. ^ab"Teeth, Life Expectancy & How to estimate a goat's age".fiascofarm. March 16, 2009.Archivedfrom the original on May 10, 2019.RetrievedMay 30,2009.
  49. ^Mahmoud, Abdel Aziz (October 2010)."Present status of the world goat populations and their productivity"(PDF).Lohmann Information.45(2).Lohmann Group:43.Archived(PDF)from the original on May 14, 2016.RetrievedFebruary 20,2011.
  50. ^"Arctic Studies Center | Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History".Naturalhistory.si.edu.Archivedfrom the original on April 9, 2022.RetrievedJune 6,2022.
  51. ^"FAOSTAT".Fao.org.Archivedfrom the original on November 12, 2016.RetrievedJune 6,2022.
  52. ^Narayan, Raj; Mendiratta, S. K.; Mane, B. G. (2015)."Effects of citric acid, cucumis powder and pressure cooking on quality attributes of goat meat curry".Journal of Food Science and Technology.52(3): 1772–1777.doi:10.1007/s13197-013-1023-x.PMC4348252.PMID25745255.
  53. ^"FAOSTAT".fao.org.Archivedfrom the original on October 16, 2023.RetrievedOctober 25,2019.
  54. ^Thiruvenkadan, A.K, Characterisation of Salem Black goats in their home tract, Animal Genetic Resources Information, No. 38, 2006ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0540t/a0540t06.pdf[permanent dead link]
  55. ^Gizaw, S.; Tegegne, A.; Gebremedhin, B.; Hoekstra, D. (2010).Sheep and goat production and marketing systems in Ethiopia: Characteristics and strategies for improvement.IPMS (Improving Productivity and Market Success) of Ethiopian Farmers Project, Working Paper No. 23(Report). Nairobi, Kenya:International Livestock Research Institute.hdl:10568/2238.Archivedfrom the original on January 20, 2022.RetrievedFebruary 20,2011.
  56. ^Sumberg, J.E., "Small ruminant feed production in a farming systems context" Proceedings of the Workshop on Small Ruminant Production Systems in the Humid Zone of West Africa, 1984; Sumber, J. E., ed, 1984
  57. ^Milk Goats.Life. June 18, 1945.Archivedfrom the original on March 21, 2024.RetrievedJuly 6,2010.
  58. ^Cramer, D. A. (1983). "Chemical compounds implicated in lamb flavor".Food Technology(37): 249–257.andWong, E.; Nixon, L. N.; Johnson, B. C. (1975)."The contribution of 4-methyloctanoic (hircinoic) acid to mutton and goat meat flavor".New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research.18(3): 261–266.Bibcode:1975NZJAR..18..261W.doi:10.1080/00288233.1975.10423642.Both articles cited in:Intarapichet, K.; Sihaboot, W.; Chungsiriwat, P. (1995)."Chemical and Sensory Characteristics of Emulsion Goat Meat Sausages Containing Pork Fat or Shortening"(PDF).ASEAN Food Journal.Malaysia.Archived(PDF)from the original on March 31, 2022.RetrievedMarch 27,2021.
  59. ^FAO. 1997. 1996 Production Yearbook. Food Agr. Organ., UN. Rome, Italy.
  60. ^Amrein-Boyes, D. (2009). 200 Easy Homemade Cheese Recipes. Robert Rose Inc.: Toronto
  61. ^American Dairy Goat AssociationArchivedSeptember 13, 2008, at theWayback Machine,adga.org
  62. ^"Chèvre cheese".foodnetwork.2008. Archived fromthe originalon January 10, 2009.
  63. ^"Goat's Milk in Nagercoil".amd integrated farms.Archived fromthe originalon September 4, 2020.RetrievedMarch 1,2020.
  64. ^Basnet, S.; Schneider, M.; Gazit, A.; Mander, G.; Doctor, A. (2010)."Fresh Goat's Milk for Infants: Myths and Realities—A Review".Pediatrics.125(4): e973–e977.doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1906.PMID20231186.S2CID31557323.Archivedfrom the original on March 21, 2024.RetrievedJuly 14,2010.
  65. ^"Infant Formula Feeding"(PDF).USDA.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on May 13, 2015.RetrievedJune 17,2010.
  66. ^Edwardes, Charlotte (June 19, 2005)."Fresh Goat's Milk for Infants: Myths and Realities—A Review".Daily Telegraph.London.Archivedfrom the original on January 11, 2022.RetrievedJuly 14,2010.
  67. ^abProfessor Martin Marshall – Deputy Chief Medical Officer – Department of Health (August 22, 2006)."Withdrawal From Sale of Infants Milks Based on Goats' Milk on 17 September 2006".non-urgent memo.Department of Health. Archived fromthe originalon August 29, 2006.RetrievedAugust 12,2007.
  68. ^"Nutrition for Healthy Term Infants: Other alternate milks (ii) Goat's milk".Health Canada.Archived fromthe originalon August 19, 2012.
  69. ^Small farm today.Vol. 22–24. Missouri Farm Pub. 2005.ISBN978-1-58017-161-8.Archivedfrom the original on March 21, 2024.RetrievedOctober 25,2020.
  70. ^Devendra, C., and M. Burns. 1970. Goat production in the tropics. Commonwealth Bur. Anim. Breeding and Genetics, Tech. Commun. No. 19.
  71. ^ab"The World's Healthiest Foods | Milk, goat".whfoods.org.Archived fromthe originalon May 3, 2008.
  72. ^Woodford, Keith (2010).Devil in the milk – Illness, health and politics A1 and A2 milk(Updated ed.). Craig Potton Publishing. p. 21.ISBN978-1-877333-70-5.
  73. ^Jung, Tae-Hwan; Hwang, Hyo-Jeong; Yun, Sung-Seob; Lee, Won-Jae; Kim, Jin-Wook; Ahn, Ji-Yun; Jeon, Woo-Min; Han, Kyoung-Sik (December 31, 2017)."Hypoallergenic and Physicochemical Properties of the A2 β-Casein Fractionof Goat Milk".Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources.37(6): 940–947.doi:10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.6.940.ISSN1225-8563.PMC5932946.PMID29725217.
  74. ^Pasin, Ph.D., Gonca (February 9, 2017)."A2 Milk Facts - California Dairy Research Foundation".cdrf.org.Archived fromthe originalon May 18, 2021.RetrievedJune 12,2019.
  75. ^"Why the A2 Protein Makes Goat Milk Such a Game Changer".The Good Goat Milk Company.August 15, 2017. Archived fromthe originalon July 1, 2022.RetrievedJune 12,2019.
  76. ^Park, W.Y., G.F.W. Haenlein.ed. 2006. Handbook of Milk of Non-Bovine Mammals. Blackwell Publishing.
  77. ^"Milk analysis".North Wales Buffalo. Archived fromthe originalon September 29, 2007.RetrievedAugust 3,2009.(Citing McCane, Widdowson, Scherz, Kloos, International Laboratory Services.)
  78. ^abc"Rent-a-goats gain foothold".Seattle Post-Intelligencer.June 14, 2007.Archivedfrom the original on January 20, 2022.RetrievedApril 24,2011.
  79. ^"NCSU: Animal Science – Meat Goats in Land and Forage Management".ncsu.edu.Archivedfrom the original on January 26, 2021.RetrievedApril 24,2011.
  80. ^McGuire, Virginia C. (September 17, 2013)."How to Get a Goat to Weed Your Garden".Modernfarmer.Archivedfrom the original on June 4, 2022.RetrievedJune 27,2019.
  81. ^"Oregon scraps goat landscaping scheme due to cost and smell".BBC News.February 27, 2016.Archivedfrom the original on November 18, 2021.RetrievedJune 27,2019.
  82. ^"Options for Clearing Land: Pasture Establishment for Horses – Publications and Educational Resources – Virginia Tech".vt.edu.May 1, 2009. Archived fromthe originalon December 13, 2014.RetrievedApril 24,2011.
  83. ^Jolly, Joanna (January 13, 2015)."The goats fighting America's plant invasion".BBC News.Washington.Archivedfrom the original on September 10, 2022.RetrievedJune 20,2018.
  84. ^Emery, Theo (June 5, 2007)."In Tennessee, Goats Eat the 'Vine That Ate the South'".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on April 24, 2022.RetrievedJune 27,2019.
  85. ^Kelly, Jon (March 8, 2013)."Who, What, Why: Does shooting goats save soldiers' lives?".BBC News Magazine.Washington DC.Archivedfrom the original on November 9, 2020.RetrievedJune 20,2018.
  86. ^Londoño, Ernesto (February 24, 2013)."Military is required to justify using animals in medic training after pressure from activists".The Washington Post.Archived fromthe originalon February 28, 2013.
  87. ^MacDonald, Fiona (June 30, 2018)."Goats Are as Smart And Loving as Dogs, According to Science".ScienceAlert.Archivedfrom the original on March 15, 2022.RetrievedApril 18,2021.
  88. ^Nawroth, Christian; Brett, Jemma; McElligott, Alan (July 5, 2016), "Goats display audience-dependent human-directed gazing behaviour in a problem-solving task",Biology Letters,12(7): 20160283,doi:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0283,PMC4971169,PMID27381884
  89. ^"Learn How to Feed and Tend Goats on the Small Farm".The Spruce.Archivedfrom the original on August 4, 2020.RetrievedApril 19,2020.
  90. ^Morand-Fehr, P. (September 1, 2003)."Dietary choices of goats at the trough".Small Ruminant Research.Advanced research on nutrition of sheep and goats, with special reference to pasture and rangeland use.49(3): 231–239.doi:10.1016/S0921-4488(03)00141-X.ISSN0921-4488.Archivedfrom the original on May 31, 2022.RetrievedMay 31,2022.
  91. ^"The Eighteenth Century BC Princes of Byblos and Ebla and the Chronology of the Middle Bronze Age", p. 161 (161ArchivedOctober 24, 2020, at theWayback Machine)
  92. ^Matthiae, Paolo(2020).Ebla: Archaeology and History.Translated by Bates, R.; Bilardello, M.; Weston, A. (1st ed.). Routledge.ISBN978-1-13885065-1.Archivedfrom the original on March 21, 2024.RetrievedMay 3,2021.
  93. ^abcCooper, J.C. (1979).An illustrated encyclopaedia of traditional symbols.New York, N.Y.: Thames and Hudson. p.74.ISBN978-0-500-27125-4.
  94. ^"Satakunnan Kansa".Satakunnankansa.fi. January 13, 2011. Archived fromthe originalon January 13, 2014.RetrievedJanuary 13,2014.
  95. ^abYounker, Randall W. (2000).Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible.W.B. Eerdmans. p. 510.ISBN0802824005.
  96. ^Chusid, Michael T.Hearing Shofar: The Still Small Voice of the Ram's HornArchivedDecember 27, 2011, at theWayback Machine,2009. Hearingshofar
  97. ^"The feral goat (Capra hircus) – Invasive species fact sheet "(PDF).environment.gov.au.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on September 11, 2008.

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related toGoats.
Wikimedia Commons has media related toGoats.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goat&oldid=1234381207"