Braid

For other uses, seeBraid (disambiguation),Plait (disambiguation),andBraid (hairstyle).

A braid

Abraid(also referred to as aplait) is a complex structure or pattern formed by interlacing three or more strands of flexible material such as textile yarns, wire, or hair. The simplest and most common version is a flat, solid, three-stranded structure. More complex patterns can be constructed from an arbitrary number of strands to create a wider range of structures (such as a fishtail braid, a five-stranded braid, rope braid, aFrench braidand a waterfall braid). The structure is usually long and narrow with each component strand functionally equivalent in zigzagging forward through the overlapping mass of the others. It can be compared with the process ofweaving,which usually involves two separate perpendicular groups of strands (warpandweft).

Historically, the materials used have depended on the indigenous plants and animals available in the local area. During theIndustrial Revolution,mechanized braiding equipment was invented to increase production. The braiding technique was used to makeropeswith both natural and synthetic fibers as well ascoaxial cablesfor radios usingcopper wire.In more recent times it has been used to create a covering for fuel pipes in jet aircraft and ships (first usingglass fibre,then stainless steel andKevlar). Hoses for domestic plumbing are often covered with stainless steel braid.

Hair braiding

Main article:Braid (hairstyle)

The oldest known reproduction of hair braiding may go back about 30,000 years: theVenus of Willendorf,a femalefigurineestimated to have been made between about 28,000 and 25,000 BC in modern-day Austria.TheVenus of Brassempouyfrom the southwest of France is estimated to be about 25,000 years old and shows a braided hairstyle.

Although many cultures want to take sole credit for the braid, they cannot be traced to a single origin. Like how different versions of Cinderella are traceable to nearly every culture, braids, too, arepolygenetic.One early example of hair braiding takes place in 1279-1213 BCE as recorded in the story of Isis: "when some of the queen's maidens came to the well, she greeted them kindly and began to braid their hair."

During theBronze AgeandIron Age,many peoples in theNear East,Asia Minor,Caucasus,East MediterraneanandNorth Africaare depicted in art with braided or plaited hair and beards.Similarly, the practice is recorded inEurope,Africa,India,China,Japan,AustralasiaandCentral Asia.

Braiding is traditionally a social art. Because of the time it takes to braid hair, people have often taken time to socialize while braiding and having their hair braided. It begins with the elders making simple knots and braids for younger children. Older children watch and learn from them, start practicing on younger children, and eventually learn the traditional designs. This carries on a tradition of bonding between elders and the new generation.

Industrial history and use

Early braids had many uses, such as costume decoration, animalregalia(like camel girths),sworddecoration, bowls and hats (frompalm leaves),locks(such as those made in Japan to secure precious tea supplies through the use of elaborate knots), and weapons (e.g. slings).

Materials that are used in braids can vary depending on local materials. For instance, South Americans used the very fine fibers from the wool ofalpacaandllama,while North American people made use ofbisonfibers. Throughout the world, vegetable fibers such asgrass,nettle,andhemphave been used to create braids. In China, Korea, and Japansilkstill remains the main material used. In the Americas, the braiding ofleatheris also common. Plaiting withkangarooleather has been a widely practiced tradition in rural Australia sincepioneeringtimes. It is used in the production of fine leather belts, hatbands, bridles, dog leads, bullwhips,stockwhips,etc. Other leathers are used for the plaiting of heavier products suitable for everyday use.

For nomadic peoples, braiding was a practical means of producing useful and decorative textiles. In other areas, such as thePacific islands(where leaves and grasses are braided), and for many hill tribes, braids are made using minimal equipment. It was only when braiding became a popular occupation in the home or school, as it is in China and Japan, and when the Industrial Revolution came about, that specific tools were developed to increase production and make it easier to produce more complicated patterns of braids.

Braids are also very good for making rope and decorative objects.Complex braids have been used to create hanging fibre artworks.

Gold braidsandsilver braidsare components or trims of many kinds offormal dress,includingmilitary uniform(inepaulettes,aiguillettes,on headgear).

Ropes and cables

A step by step creation of a basic braid using three strings

Braiding creates a composite rope that is thicker than the non-interlaced strands ofyarns.Braided ropes are preferred byarborists,rock climbers,and insport sailingbecause they do not twist under load, as does an ordinary twisted-strand rope. These ropes consist of one or more concentric tubular braided jackets surrounding either several small twisted fibre cords, or a single untwisted yarn of straight fibres, and are known asKernmantle ropes.

In electrical and electronic cables,braidis a tubular sheath made of braided strands of metal placed around a central cable for shielding againstelectromagnetic interference.The braid is grounded while the central conductor(s) carries the signal. The braid may be used in addition to a foil jacket to increase shielding and durability.Litz wireuses braids of thin insulated wires to carry high frequency signals with much lower losses fromskin effector to minimiseproximity effectin transformers. Flat braids made of many copper wires can also be used for flexible electrical connections between large components. The numerous smaller wires comprising the braid are much more resistant to breaking under repeated motion and vibration than is a cable of larger wires. A common example of this may be found connecting acar battery's negative terminal to the metalchassis.

Similar braiding is used on pressurizedhoses,such as in plumbing andhydraulic brakesystems in automobiles. Braiding is also used for fibres for composite reinforcements.

A property of the basic braid is that removing one strand unlinks the other two, as they are not twisted around each other. Mathematically, a braid with that property is called aBrunnian braid.

Onion and garlic

Onion and garlic stalks are often braided for storage after they are partiallydried.

Metaphors

The braided streams of theTanana River

Braids are often used figuratively to represent interweaving or combination, such as in, "He braided many different ideas into a new whole."

In some river and stream systems, small streams join and redivide in many places. Such stream systems are said to bebraided.These are often found inalluvial fansat the outlet ofcanyons.This is a result of heavysedimentdeposition at high flows followed by re-erosion at low flows.

Gallery

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  Acoaxial cablewith braidedcopperwireEMIshielding (B)
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  A gold braid on a police uniform
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  A close up of a red braided USB cable.

See also

• African hair threading
• Braiding machines
• Braid theory
• Ceinture fléchée
• Kumihimo,Japanese braid
• List of hairstyles
• Ply-split braiding
• Sennit

External links

• Media related toBraidsat Wikimedia Commons
• The dictionary definition ofbraidat Wiktionary
• Minnesota Statute Sec.155A.28https:// revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/155A.28