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Gora dialect

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Gora language" redirects here. For the language spoken in Nigeria, seeGora language (Nigeria).
"Našinski" redirects here. For dialects spoken in Greece, seeSlavic dialects of Greece.
Not to be confused with theGorani languageof Kurdistan.
Gorani
našinski
Native toKosovo,AlbaniaandNorth Macedonia
EthnicityGorani
Native speakers
60,000 (2011 census[citation needed])
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone
Area where Torlakian dialects are spoken. Number 4 (in southern Kosovo) indicates the Gora dialect area.
This article containsIPAphonetic symbols.Without properrendering support,you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbolsinstead ofUnicodecharacters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.
South Slavic languagesand dialects
Western South Slavic
Eastern South Slavic
Transitional dialects
Alphabets
aIncludesBanat Bulgarian Alpha bet.

TheGoraniorGoranski,alsoNašinski( "Our language" ) language, is the variety ofSouth Slavicspoken by theGorani peoplein the border area betweenKosovo,North Macedonia,andAlbania.It is part of theTorlakian dialectgroup,[1]which is transitional between Eastern and Western South Slavic languages.[2][3][4][5]

Distribution and classification

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Spoken across theGora regionin 19 villages inKosovo,11 inAlbania,and 2 inNorth Macedonia.In Kosovo and North Macedonia, it is sometimes written in either theSerbianorMacedonian Cyrillic Alphabets,whereas in Albania, the LatinAlbanian Alpha betis used. In the 1991Yugoslavcensus, 54.8% of the inhabitants of theGora Municipalitysaid that they spoke the Gorani language, roughly in proportion to the number who considered themselves ethnic Gorani. In the same census, a little less than half of the inhabitants of Gora considered their languageSerbian.[6]

Related to the neighbouringTorlakian dialectvarieties spoken in thePrizren–South Moravaarea to the northeast, also spoken in the southern half of Kosovo and in southeasternSerbia,as well as to the northernmost dialects of North Macedonia. In relation to Macedonian dialectology, it is described as having particular close links to theTetovo dialectof thePologandTetovoregions,[7]which are situated just opposite the Gora area on the other side of theŠar Mountains.

Gorani has also been classified as a part of theBulgarian dialectarea, byBulgarian[8]as well as some foreignanthropologists.[9]In 2007, theBulgarian Academy of Sciencessponsored and printed the first Gorani–Albaniandictionary (with 43,000 words and phrases) by Goranian researcher Nazif Dokle, who considers the language a Bulgarian dialect.[10]

On the other hand, former Yugoslav linguists Vidoeski,BrozovićandIvićidentify the Slavic dialect of the Gora region asMacedonian.[11]According to some sources, in 2003, the Kosovo government acquired Macedonian language and grammar books to be taught in Gorani schools.[citation needed]

Phonological characteristics

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Gorani shares with standardSerbian,the northernmostdialects of Macedonian,and westerndialects of Bulgarian,the vocalisation of earlier syllabic /l/ in words likevuk('wolf') (cf. Macedonianvolk,standard Bulgarianvǎlk). With Serbian it also shares the reflex of */tj, dj/ as /tɕ, dʑ/, as opposed tostandard Macedonian/c, ɟ/ (⟨ќ⟩,⟨ѓ⟩).[12]With the westernmost Macedonian varieties, as well as most of the Bulgarian varieties, it shares the reflex of "big Yus"(*/ɔ̃/) as /ə/ (ǎ) in words likepǎt('road') (cf. Macedonianpat,Serbianput). With standard Macedonian and some Bulgarian dialects it shares the reflexes of */ĭ, ŭ/ as /e, o/ in words likeden('day') andson('dream'). With standard Macedonian, standard Serbian and some Bulgarian dialects it shares the retention of syllabic /r/ in words likekrv('blood').[13]

Grammar

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Morphology

The dialect makes a distinction between three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), seven cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, locative, instrumental) and two numbers (singular and plural).

Grammar

Nouns have threegrammatical genders(masculine, feminine and neuter) that correspond, to a certain extent, with the word ending so most nouns with -a are feminine, -o and -e neuter, and the rest mostly masculine but with some feminine. The grammatical gender of a noun affects the morphology of other parts of speech (adjectives, pronouns, and verbs) attached to it. Nouns are declined into seven cases:nominative,genitive,dative,accusative,vocative,locative,andinstrumental.

Nominative: Dōmà ni je ubava. Our house is good. Šo?

Genitive: Dǒmà ni je ubava. Our house is good. Koj?

Dative: Dǒmī´je ubavo. The house is fine. Komu?

Accusative: Nacrtau negua Dōmā. He drew his house. Kogo?

Vocative: Dómā, ni trebe! We need a house!

Instrumental: Ja živuem so dǒmā. I live with a house. So šo?

Locative: Ja som (vo) Dōmá. I am at the house. Če de?

Singular Plural
Nominative dōmà,mask.(home, house) sēlò,neutr.(village) rānā,fem.(wound) dōmē sēlá rāně
Genitive dǒmà sélō ránā dōmě sélā ránē
Dative dǒmī sēlū rānī dōmévém sélātàm rānǐj
Accusative dōmā sēló rǎnā dōmēvé sělā rāném
Vocative dómā sělō, sélōū ránō, ráná dómēvē sélātá rāné
Instrumental dǒmā sēlǒ rǎnǎ dōmēvē sēlà rǎnē
Locative dōmá sēlò rānà dǒmēvē sēlā rāně

References

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  1. ^Browne, Wayles (2002): Serbo-Croat. In: Bernard Comrie, Greville G. Corbett (eds.),The Slavonic Languages.London: Taylor & Francis.[1].p. 383
  2. ^Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (2008).Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world.Elsevier. p. 120.ISBN978-0-08-087774-7.Retrieved2013-03-24.
  3. ^Fisiak, Jacek (1985)."Henrik Birnbaum: Divergence and convergence in linguistic evolution".Papers from the 6-th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Current issues in linguistic theory.Benjamins Publishing. p. 17.ISBN9027235287.Retrieved2013-03-24.
  4. ^Hickey, Raymond (2010).The handbook of language contact, Blackwell handbooks in Linguistics.John Wiley & Sons. p. 620.ISBN978-1405175807.Retrieved2013-03-24.
  5. ^Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (2009).Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World.Elsevier. pp. 119–120.ISBN978-0080877747.Retrieved2013-03-24.
  6. ^Goran speech by dr. Radivoje Mladenovic(in Serbian)Archived2014-02-22 at theWayback Machine
  7. ^B. Koneski (1983),A Historical Phonology of the Macedonian Language by Blaže Koneski
  8. ^Младенов, Стефан. Пътешествие из Македония и Поморавия, в: Научна експедиция в Македония и Поморавието 1916, София 1993, с. 184. (Mladenov, Stefan. Journey through Macedonia and Pomoraviya, in: Scientific expeditions in Macedonia and Pomoraviya 1916, Sofia 1993, p. 184)Асенова, Петя. Архаизми и балканизми в един изолиран български говор (Кукъска Гора, Албания), Балканистични четения, посветени на десетата годишнина на специалност "Балканистика" в СУ "Св. Климент Охридски", ФСлФ, София, 17-19 май 2004(Assenova, Petya. Archaisms and Balkanisms in an isolated Bulgarian dialect (Kukas Gora, Albania), Balkan studies readings on the tenth anniversary of the major Balkan studies in Sofia University, May 17–19, 2004)
  9. ^Vickers, Miranda; Pettifer, James (1997).Albania: from anarchy to a Balkan identity.C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 205.ISBN1-85065-279-1.
  10. ^Dokle, Nazif. Reçnik Goransko (Nashinski) - Albanski, Sofia 2007, Peçatnica Naukini akademiji "Prof. Marin Drinov", s. 5, 11, 19 (Nazif Dokle. Goranian (Nashinski) - Albanian Dictionary, Sofia 2007, Published by Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, p. 5, 11, 19)
  11. ^http:// seelrc.org:8080/grammar/mainframe.jsp?nLanguageID=3Macedonian by Victor Friedman, pg 4 (footnote)
  12. ^B. Videoski (1999), Dijalektite na Makedonskiot jazik, MANU.
  13. ^Friedman, Victor (2001), "Macedonian"SEELRC,p.7
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