Gordias
Gordias/ˈɡɔːrdiəs/(Ancient Greek:Γορδίας,Gordías;also Γόρδιος,Górdios,"Gordius" ) was the name of at least two members of the royal house ofPhrygia.
The best-known Gordias was reputedly the founder of the Phrygian capital cityGordium,the maker of the legendaryGordian Knot,and the father of the legendary KingMidaswho turned whatever he touched to gold. The various legends about this Gordias and Midas imply that they lived sometime in the 2nd millennium BC.
Gordias (father of Midas)
[edit]In thefounding mythofGordium,the first Gordias was a poor farmer from Macedonia who was the last descendant of the royal family ofBryges.[1]When aneaglelanded on the pole of his ox-cart, he interpreted it as a sign that he would one day become a king. The eagle did not stir as he drove the cart to the oracle ofSabazios[2]at the old, more easterly cult center, Telmissus, in the part of Phrygia that later became part ofGalatia.At the gates of the city he encountered a seeress, who counselled him to offer sacrifices to Zeus/Sabazios:
"Let me come with you, peasant," she said, "to make sure that you select the right victims." "By all means," replied Gordius. "You appear to be a wise and considerate young woman. Are you prepared to marry me?" "As soon as the sacrifices have been offered," she answered.[3]
Meanwhile, the Phrygians, suddenly finding themselves without a king, consulted the oracle and were told to acclaim as king the first man to ride up to the temple in a cart. It was the farmer Gordias who appeared, riding in his ox-cart with his patroness.
Gordias founded the city ofGordium,which became the Phrygian capital. His ox-cart was preserved in the acropolis. In this manner the founding myth justified the succession of Gordium toTelmessosas cult center of Phrygia. Its yoke was secured with an intricate knot called theGordian Knot.The legend of Gordium, widely disseminated by the publicists ofAlexander the Great,[4]said that he who could unravel it would be master of Asia (which was equated at the time with Anatolia). Instead, Alexander sliced the knot in half with his sword, in 333 BC.
ArrianhasMidas,Gordias' son, assuming kingship instead of his father.[5]
In some accounts, Gordias and the Phrygian goddessCybeleadopted Midas. In other accounts, Midas was their son.Herodotussays Midas was Gordias' son and does not mention Cybele. Herodotus also says that Gordias' son Midas had a garden in Macedonia, which could imply that Herodotus believed Gordias lived before the legendary Phrygian migration to Anatolia.[6]
Gordias (Herodotus)
[edit]According to Herodotus, another member of the Phrygian royal line named Gordias was a contemporary ofCroesusofLydia.His sonAdrastusaccidentally killed his own brother and fled to Lydia where Croesus gave him asylum. Phrygia was a Lydian subject at this time. This Gordias was the son of another Midas. Herodotus does not mention if this Gordias was still alive when Adrastus fled, or if this Gordias or his father Midas ever reigned as (vassal) kings.[7]This Gordias and Midas pair are otherwise unknown.
Some historians believe Herodotus used the name Gordias for the father of another Midas still, who ruled Phrygia in the late 8th century BC.[8]Herodotus wrote that a "Midas, son of Gordias" donated a throne to theOracle of Delphi.This Midas, of the late 8th century BC, had a Greek wife and strong ties to the Greeks, which suggests it was he who made the offering; but Herodotus also saysGyges of Lydia,a contemporary of this Midas, was "the first foreigner since Midas" to make an offering at Delphi, which suggests Herodotus believed the throne was donated by the more ancient Midas.
Notes
[edit]- ^"Phrygians, as Macedonians say, were called Bryges as long time as they were Europeans residing with Macedonians, but when they moved to Asia changed their name simultaneously with their homeland" Herodotus VII 73
- ^Sabazius is equated withZeusby the Greeks, ininterpretatio graeca.
- ^Robert Graves,The Greek Myths1955, §83d.
- ^Arrian,Anabasis of Alexander,ii.3.
- ^Arrian, Alexandri Anabasis, B.3.4–6
- ^Herodotus VIII.138.
- ^Herodotus I.35.
- ^Encyclopædia Britannica,notes to Penguin edition of Herodotus.