Gorgan
Gorgan
Persian:گرگان Esterabad | |
|---|---|
City | |
    Gorgan Tower, Gorgan Mosque, Gorgan Palace, Roundabout | |
  Gorgan | |
| Coordinates:36°50′16″N54°26′29″E/ 36.83778°N 54.44139°E[1] | |
| Country | Iran |
| Province | Golestan |
| County | Gorgan |
| District | Central |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Mohammad Reza Seyed Alangi[2] |
| • City Council Chairperson | Isa Mehri[3] |
| Area | |
| • Total | 64 km2(24 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 155 m (509 ft) |
| Population (2016)[4] | |
| • Total | 350,676 |
| • Density | 5,500/km2(15,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+03:30(IRST) |
| Climate | Csa |
| GorganatGEOnet Names Server | |
Gorgan(Persian:گرگان;[ɡoɾˈɡɒːn])[a]is a city in theCentral DistrictofGorgan County,Golestanprovince,Iran,serving as capital of the province, the county,[6]and the district.[7]It lies approximately 400 km (250 mi) to the northeast of the national capitalTehran,and some 30 km (19 mi) away from theCaspian Sea.
History
[edit]There are several archaeological sites near Gorgan, includingTureng TepeandShah Tepe,in which remains dating from theNeolithicandChalcolithiceras. Some other important Neolithic sites in the area areYarim Tepe,andSange Chaxmaq.The nearbyShahroudPlain has many such sites. More than 50 are on theGorgan Plain.[8]
According to the Greek historianArrian,Zadracartawas the largest city ofHyrcaniaand the site of the "royal palace".[9]The term means "the yellow city", and it was given to it from the great number of oranges, lemons, and other fruit trees which grew in the outskirts of that city.[10]
Hyrcania became part of theAchaemenid Empireduring the reign ofCyrus the Great(559–530 BC), its founder, or his successorCambyses(530-522 BC).
TheGreat Wall of Gorgan,the second biggest defensive wall in the world, was built in theParthianandSasanianperiods.
At the time of theSasanians,"Gurgan" appeared as the name of a city, province capital, and province.[11]
Gorgan maintained its independence as aZoroastrianstate even afterPersia was conquered by the Muslim Arabsin the 7th century.
In 1210, the city was invaded and sacked by the army ofKingdom of Georgiaunder command of the brothersMkhargrdzeli.[12][13]
"Old Gorgan" was destroyed during theMongol invasionin the 13th century, and the center of the region was moved to what was called "Astarabad", which is currently called "Gorgan".
Gorgan with its surrounding regions was sometimes considered part of theTabaristanregion.
Astarabad was an important political and religious city during theQajar era.
Demographics
[edit]
Population
[edit]At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 269,226 in 73,702 households.[14]The following census in 2011 counted 329,536 people in 98,019 households.[15]The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 350,676 people in 111,099 households.[4]
Geography
[edit] | This Sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(July 2023) |
Location
[edit]The wideDasht-e Gorgan(Plains of Gorgan) is located north of the city and geographically bounded by 37°00' - 37°30' north latitude and 54°00' - 54°30' east longitude, covering an area of about 170 square kilometres (66 sq mi).
Some 150 km (93 mi) east of Gorgan is theGolestan National Park,home to a large portion of thefauna of Iran.
Gorgān Dam is situated 60 km northeast of Gorgan city and has a capacity of 100 millioncubic meters.[16]
Climate
[edit]Gorgan has a subtropicalmediterranean climate(Köppen:Csa,Trewartha:Cs), with hot, humid summers and cool, wet winters. In general, Golestan has a moderate and humid climate known as "the moderate Caspian climate". The effective factors behind such a climate areAlborzmountain range, the direction of the mountains, the height of the area, the neighborhood to the sea, vegetation surface, local winds, altitude, and weather fronts. As a result of the above factors, three different climates exist in the region: plain moderate, mountainous, and semi-arid. Gorgan valley has a semi-arid climate. The average annual temperature is 17.8 °C (64.0 °F).
The annual precipitation is roughly 584 millimetres (23.0 in), and usually does not exceed 700 millimetres (28 in) or dip below 350 millimetres (14 in). The driest year on record was 1953 with only 182.7 millimetres (7.19 in) of precipitation, while the wettest year was 1959 with 1,579.9 millimetres (62.20 in).[17]
Highest recorded temperature:46.2 °C (115.2 °F)
Lowest recorded temperature:−11.8 °C (10.8 °F) on 7 January 2008.[18]
| Climate data for Gorgan36°54′18″N54°24′47″E/ 36.905°N 54.413°E(1991-2020, Extremes 1952-2020)[i] | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.0 (84.2) |
32.4 (90.3) |
35.0 (95.0) |
39.8 (103.6) |
46.2 (115.2) |
45.0 (113.0) |
44.0 (111.2) |
44.0 (111.2) |
42.8 (109.0) |
41.2 (106.2) |
36.0 (96.8) |
29.2 (84.6) |
46.2 (115.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 12.8 (55.0) |
13.4 (56.1) |
16.6 (61.9) |
21.4 (70.5) |
28.0 (82.4) |
32.2 (90.0) |
33.5 (92.3) |
33.8 (92.8) |
30.8 (87.4) |
25.8 (78.4) |
18.8 (65.8) |
14.3 (57.7) |
23.5 (74.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.7 (44.1) |
7.5 (45.5) |
10.5 (50.9) |
15.0 (59.0) |
20.9 (69.6) |
25.7 (78.3) |
27.8 (82.0) |
27.8 (82.0) |
24.5 (76.1) |
18.8 (65.8) |
12.6 (54.7) |
8.3 (46.9) |
17.2 (62.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.9 (35.4) |
2.7 (36.9) |
5.5 (41.9) |
9.6 (49.3) |
14.8 (58.6) |
19.8 (67.6) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.7 (72.9) |
19.3 (66.7) |
13.2 (55.8) |
7.5 (45.5) |
3.5 (38.3) |
11.9 (53.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −11.8 (10.8) |
−7.4 (18.7) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
1.4 (34.5) |
10.0 (50.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
13.0 (55.4) |
9.0 (48.2) |
1.8 (35.2) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−11.8 (10.8) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 53.8 (2.12) |
55.2 (2.17) |
66.1 (2.60) |
43.9 (1.73) |
31.7 (1.25) |
24.9 (0.98) |
17.4 (0.69) |
19.3 (0.76) |
38.6 (1.52) |
52.9 (2.08) |
66.3 (2.61) |
46.1 (1.81) |
516.2 (20.32) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 1.6 (0.6) |
2.6 (1.0) |
0.1 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.1) |
4.6 (1.7) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 0.62 (0.24) |
0.88 (0.35) |
0.1 (0.0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0.28 (0.11) |
0.07 (0.03) |
0.88 (0.35) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.4 | 7.4 | 8.5 | 6.9 | 4.7 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4.5 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 63.1 |
| Average rainy days | 9.3 | 10.6 | 13.7 | 12.5 | 9.5 | 6.3 | 5.8 | 5.1 | 6.2 | 7.5 | 9 | 8.9 | 104.4 |
| Average snowy days | 0.8 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 2.9 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 80 | 79 | 79 | 78 | 71 | 65 | 67 | 69 | 71 | 73 | 78 | 81 | 74 |
| Averagedew point°C (°F) | 3.6 (38.5) |
4.2 (39.6) |
7.1 (44.8) |
11.1 (52.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
18.1 (64.6) |
20.8 (69.4) |
21.2 (70.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
13.6 (56.5) |
8.8 (47.8) |
5.4 (41.7) |
12.3 (54.1) |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 147 | 132 | 145 | 166 | 226 | 248 | 243 | 256 | 217 | 206 | 159 | 142 | 2,287 |
| Source 1:NCEI.NOAA[19](Snowfall and Snow/Sleet days 1981-2010)[20] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: IRIMO(snow depth[21])(Extremes 1952-2010)[18][22] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Gorgan | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29 (84) |
32.4 (90.3) |
35 (95) |
39 (102) |
43 (109) |
45 (113) |
44 (111) |
44 (111) |
41.6 (106.9) |
39 (102) |
36 (97) |
29.2 (84.6) |
45 (113) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 12.4 (54.3) |
13.2 (55.8) |
15.5 (59.9) |
21.2 (70.2) |
27.0 (80.6) |
31.1 (88.0) |
32.8 (91.0) |
32.8 (91.0) |
30.0 (86.0) |
24.9 (76.8) |
18.9 (66.0) |
14.4 (57.9) |
22.8 (73.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 7.8 (46.0) |
8.6 (47.5) |
10.9 (51.6) |
15.9 (60.6) |
21.2 (70.2) |
25.5 (77.9) |
27.8 (82.0) |
27.9 (82.2) |
24.8 (76.6) |
19.5 (67.1) |
13.9 (57.0) |
9.8 (49.6) |
17.8 (64.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.2 (37.8) |
3.8 (38.8) |
6.2 (43.2) |
10.6 (51.1) |
15.5 (59.9) |
19.9 (67.8) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.9 (73.2) |
19.6 (67.3) |
14.0 (57.2) |
8.8 (47.8) |
5.1 (41.2) |
12.7 (54.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −11.8 (10.8) |
−6 (21) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
2.8 (37.0) |
10 (50) |
15 (59) |
13 (55) |
9 (48) |
3 (37) |
−2 (28) |
−7 (19) |
−11.8 (10.8) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 54.0 (2.13) |
55.5 (2.19) |
76.7 (3.02) |
51.4 (2.02) |
42.1 (1.66) |
31.4 (1.24) |
20.7 (0.81) |
26.2 (1.03) |
39.5 (1.56) |
62.8 (2.47) |
67.1 (2.64) |
56.4 (2.22) |
583.8 (22.99) |
| Average precipitation days | 9.6 | 10.4 | 13.6 | 11.2 | 8.8 | 6.7 | 5.8 | 6.3 | 7.2 | 7.4 | 8.3 | 8.8 | 104.1 |
| Average snowy days | 1.5 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 4.5 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 74 | 74 | 75 | 73 | 68 | 64 | 65 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 73 | 75 | 71 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 138.7 | 129.3 | 135.3 | 161.7 | 206.4 | 225.6 | 224.1 | 227.9 | 202.5 | 198.2 | 156.2 | 135.1 | 2,141 |
| Source 1:Synoptic Stations Statistics | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: IRIMO(Snow and Sleet days 1952-2010)[23] | |||||||||||||
- ^Rainy days calculated using parameters 46 and 71 from the source
Sports
[edit]Gorgan has a sports venue, Shohada stadium, which is located north of the city limits near the village ofKarimabad.[24]
Shahrdari Gorgancompetes in theIranian Basketball Super LeagueandEtka Gorgan F.C.competes in theAzadegan League.
Education
[edit]
- Golestan University
- Golestan University of Medical Sciences[25]
- Gorgan University
- Islamic Azad University of Gorgan
- Lamei Gorgani institute of Higher Education
Notable people
[edit]Ancient
[edit]
- Fakhroddin Asaad Gorgani,11th-century Persian poet and the composer ofVis and Ramin.
- Abu Sa'id al-Darir al-Jurjani,9th century astronomer and mathematician
- Al-Masihi,10th century physician and teacher ofAvicenna
- Abd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī,11th century grammarian and literary theorist
- Zayn al-Din al-Jurjani,12th century royal physician
- Bahram al-Da'i,12th-century Nizari Ismaili missionary and military leader in Syria
- Fazlallah Astarabadi (Naimi),14th century mystic and founder ofHurufism
- Rustam Gorgani,16th century physician
- Mir Fendereski,philosopher, poet and mysti
- Mir Damad,17th century Islamic scholar and Neoplatonic philosopher
- Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi,18th century chief minister toNader Shah
- Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi,writer, satirist and feminist
- Firishta,historian
- Sardar Rafie Yanehsari,Governor of Astarabad
- Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar,Shah of Iran (1789-1797) noted for the reunification of Iran
Modern
[edit]
- Iraj Etesam,Iranianarchitect,educator and author; born in Gorgan.[26]
- Nader Ebrahimi,author, poet, director and researcher
- Hossein Khanzadi,admiral in theIranian Navy
- Mohammad Reza Lotfi,traditional Persian musician
- Maryam Zandi,photographer
- Parham Maghsoodloo,Chess grandmaster
Sister cities
[edit]
See also
[edit]
Media related toGorganat Wikimedia Commons
Notes
[edit]- ^AlsoromanizedasGorgān,Gurgān,andGurgan;formerlyEsterabad(استرآباد;Persian pronunciation:[ʔæsˌtæɾɒːˈbɒːd]), also Romanized asAstarābād,Asterabad,andEsterābād[5]
References
[edit]- ^OpenStreetMap contributors (13 October 2023)."Gorgan, Gorgan County"(Map).OpenStreetMap(in Persian).Retrieved13 October2023.
- ^"Golestane Javan".Archived fromthe originalon 6 September 2023.Retrieved6 September2023.
- ^"«عیسی مهری» رئیس شورای شهر گرگان شد".خبرگزاری فارس(in Persian). 17 June 2023.Retrieved16 January2024.
- ^ab"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)".AMAR(in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 27. Archived fromthe original(Excel)on 29 March 2019.Retrieved19 December2022.
- ^Gorgan can be found atGEOnet Names Server,atthis link,by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3064853" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
- ^"Golestan province establishment law".Lamtakam(in Persian). Guardian Council. 17 December 1997. Archived fromthe originalon 14 February 2024.Retrieved14 February2024.
- ^Habibi, Hassan (12 September 1990)."Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the divisions of Mazandaran province, centered in Sari city".Lamtakam(in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council. Archived fromthe originalon 14 January 2024.Retrieved14 January2024.
- ^Kourosh Roustaei (2017),Neolithic developments in the Gorgan Plain, south-east of the Caspian Sea.academia.edu
- ^Arrian(1884)...Vol. 3. Translated by E.J. Chinnock. London: Hodder and Stoughton. p..
- ^electricpulp."GORGAN v. Pre-Islamic history – Encyclopaedia Iranica".
- ^Bivar, A.D.H. "Gorgan"Encyclopædia Iranicaonline
- ^Yar-Shater, Ehsan (2010).Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 2, Parts 5-8.Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 892.ISBN9780710090904.
- ^Brosset, Marie-Felicite (1858).Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle.France: imprimerie de l'Académie Impériale des sciences. pp. 468–472.
- ^"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)".AMAR(in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 27. Archived fromthe original(Excel)on 20 September 2011.Retrieved25 September2022.
- ^"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)".Syracuse University(in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 27. Archived fromthe original(Excel)on 17 January 2023.Retrieved19 December2022.
- ^"GORGAN i. Geography".Iranicaonline.Encyclopedia Iranica.Retrieved14 July2023.
- ^"Form 25: MONTHLY TOTAL OF PRECIPITATION IN MM. Station: Gorgan(40738)".Chaharmahalmet(asp). Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016.Retrieved25 February2024.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ab"Form 6: TEMPERATURE RECORDS LOWEST IN C. Station: Gorgan(40738)".Chaharmahalmet(asp). Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016.Retrieved25 February2024.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Gorgan-40738"(CSV).ncei.noaa.gov(Excel).National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration.Retrieved18 February2024.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981-2010: Gorgan-40738"(XLS).ncei.noaa.gov(Excel).National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration.Retrieved18 February2024.
Parameter code 80: Number of days with Sleet/Snow
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^"Average maximum snow depth for Gorgan (40738)".dara.irimo.ir(in Persian). Iran Meteorological Organization.Retrieved14 May2024.
- ^"Form 7: Temperature records highest in C. Station: Gorgan(40738)".Chaharmahalmet(asp). IRIMO. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^"Archived copy".Archived from the original on 17 February 2016.Retrieved13 July2023.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^OpenStreetMap Contributions"Karimabad, Gorgan county"(Map) (in Persian). OpenStreetMap.Retrieved14 May2024.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^"Golestan University of Medical Sciences- دانشگاه علوم پزشكي گلستان - Golestan University of Medical Sciences - دانشگاه علوم پزشكي گلستان".GOUMS. Archived fromthe originalon 21 March 2021.Retrieved26 January2013.
- ^"بزرگداشت دکتر ایرج اعتصام، پیشکسوت آموزش معماری ایران"[Tribute to Dr. Iraj Etesam, a pioneer in Iranian architecture education].Iran Building Information Network.24 April 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 24 April 2013.Retrieved10 April2021.
- ^KZ-TodayArchived2008-06-04 at theWayback MachineSeptember 11, 2006
- ^"Repeating the memory of Guangzhou with Novorossiysk"تکرار خاطره گوانگ ژو با نووروسیسک.mehrnews(in Persian). Mehr news agency. 11 May 2023. 5777121.Retrieved7 April2024.
fa: شهر گرگان هم از قرارداد خواهرخواندگی عقب نمانده و در سال ۹۷ با شهر گوانگ ژو چین عقد پیمان خواهرخواندگی بست
[The city of Gorgan did not lag behind the sisterhood and in 2018 it signed an agreement with the chinease city of Guangzhou]
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Geographic | |
| Other | |
Golestan Province,Iran | ||
|---|---|---|
| Capital |  | |
| Countiesandcities | ||
| Sights |
| |
| populated places | ||
| Capital | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Districts |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
