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Connecticut

Coordinates:41°36′N72°42′W/ 41.6°N 72.7°W/41.6; -72.7
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Connecticut
Nicknames:
  • The Constitution State (official)
  • The Nutmeg State
  • The Provisions State
  • The Land of Steady Habits
Mottoes:
Anthem:"Yankee Doodle"
Map of the United States with Connecticut highlighted
Map of the United States with Connecticut highlighted
CountryUnited States
Before statehoodConnecticut Colony
Admitted to the UnionJanuary 9, 1788 (5th)
CapitalHartford[2]
Largest cityBridgeport
Largest county or equivalentCapitol
Largest metroandurbanareasNew York(combined)
Greater Hartford(metro and urban)
Government
GovernorNed Lamont(D)
Lieutenant GovernorSusan Bysiewicz(D)
LegislatureConnecticut General Assembly
Upper houseConnecticut Senate
Lower houseConnecticut House of Representatives
JudiciaryConnecticut Supreme Court
U.S. senatorsRichard Blumenthal(D)
Chris Murphy(D)
U.S. House delegation5 Democrats (list)
Area
• Total5,543 sq mi (14,356[3]km2)
• Land4,849 sq mi (12,559 km2)
• Water698 sq mi (1,809 km2) 12.6%
• Rank48th
Dimensions
• Length70 mi (113 km)
• Width110 mi (177 km)
Elevation
500 ft (150 m)
Highest elevation
(Massachusettsborder on south slope ofMount Frissell[4][a])
2,379 ft (725 m)
Lowest elevation0 ft (0 m)
Population
(2020)
• Total3,605,944[5]
• Rank29th
• Density745/sq mi (288/km2)
• Rank4th
Median household income
$79,900[6]
• Income rank
6th
Demonyms(colloquial)
  • Connecticuter[8]
  • Connecticutian[9]
Language
Official languageNone
Time zoneUTC– 05:00(Eastern)
• Summer (DST)UTC– 04:00(EDT)
USPS abbreviation
CT
ISO 3166 codeUS-CT
Traditional abbreviationConn.
Latitude40°58′ N to 42°03′ N
Longitude71°47′ W to 73°44′ W
Websiteportal.ct.gov

Connecticut(kəˈnɛtɪkətkə-NET-ik-ət)[10]is the southernmoststatein theNew Englandregion of theNortheastern United States.It bordersRhode Islandto the east,Massachusettsto the north,New Yorkto the west, andLong Island Soundto the south. Its capital isHartford,and its most populous city isBridgeport.Connecticut lies between the major hubs ofNew York CityandBostonalong theNortheast Corridor,where theNew York metropolitan area,which includes six of Connecticut's seven largest cities, extends well into the southwestern part of the state. Connecticut is thethird-smallest state by areaafter Rhode Island andDelaware,and the29th most populouswith slightly more than 3.6 million residentsas of 2020,[11]ranking it fourth among themost densely populated U.S. states.

The state is named after theConnecticut River,the longest in New England which roughly bisects the state and drains into the Long Island Sound between the towns ofOld SaybrookandOld Lyme.The name of the river is in turn derived from anglicized spellings ofQuinnetuket,aMohegan-Pequotword for "long tidal river".[12]Before the arrival of the first European settlers, the region was inhabited by variousAlgonquiantribes. In 1633, theDutch West India Companyestablished a small, short-lived settlement calledHouse of Hopein Hartford. Half of Connecticut was initially claimed by the Dutch colonyNew Netherland,which included much of the land between the Connecticut andDelawareRivers, although the first major settlements were established by the English around the same time.Thomas Hookerled a band of followers from theMassachusetts Bay Colonyto form theConnecticut Colony,while other settlers from Massachusetts founded theSaybrook Colonyand theNew Haven Colony;both merged into the former by 1664.

Connecticut's official nickname, the "Constitution State", refers to theFundamental Ordersadopted by the Connecticut Colony in 1639, which is considered by some to be the first written constitution in Western history.[13]As one of theThirteen Coloniesthat rejected British rule during theAmerican Revolution,Connecticut was influential in the development of thefederal government of the United States.In 1787,Roger ShermanandOliver Ellsworth,state delegates to theConstitutional Convention,proposeda compromisebetween theVirginiaandNew JerseyPlans;[14]itsbicameralstructure forCongress,with a respectively proportional and equal representation of the states in theHouse of RepresentativesandSenate,was adopted and remains to this day. In January 1788, Connecticut became the fifth state to ratify theConstitution.

Connecticut is a developed and affluent state, performing well on theHuman Development Indexand ondifferent metrics of incomeexcept forequality.It is home to a number of prestigious educational institutions, includingYale UniversityinNew Haven,as well as otherliberal arts collegesand privateboarding schoolsin and around the“Knowledge Corridor”.Due to its geography, Connecticut has maintained a strong maritime tradition; theUnited States Coast Guard Academyis located inNew Londonby theThames River.The state is also associated with the aerospace industry through major companiesPratt & WhitneyandSikorsky Aircraftheadquartered inEast HartfordandStratford,respectively. Historically a manufacturing center for arms, hardware, and timepieces,[15]Connecticut, as with the rest of the region, had transitioned into an economy based on the financial, insurance, and real estate sectors; many multinational firms providing such services can be found concentrated in the state capital ofHartfordand along theGold CoastinFairfield County.

History[edit]

A map of the Connecticut, New Haven, and Saybrook colonies

First people[edit]

The name Connecticut is derived from theMohegan-Pequotword that has been translated as "long tidal river" and "upon the long river",[16]both referring to theConnecticut River.Evidence of human presence in the Connecticut region dates to as far back as 10,000 years ago. Stone tools were used for hunting, fishing, and woodworking.[17][18]Semi-nomadic in lifestyle, these peoples moved seasonally to take advantage of various resources in the area.[19][20]They shared languages based onAlgonquian.[21]The Connecticut region was inhabited by multipleNative Americantribes which can be grouped into theNipmuc,the Sequin or "River Indians" (which included theTunxis,Schaghticoke,Podunk,Wangunk,Hammonasset,andQuinnipiac), theMattabesecor "Wappinger Confederacy" and thePequot-Mohegan.[22]Some of these groups still reside in Connecticut, including theMohegans,thePequots,and thePaugusetts.[23]

Colonial period[edit]

The first European explorer in Connecticut was DutchmanAdriaen Block,[24]who explored the region in 1614.Dutchfur traders then sailed up theConnecticut River,which they called Versche Rivier ( "Fresh River" ), and built a fort at Dutch Point in Hartford that they named "House of Hope" (Dutch:Huis van Hoop).[25]

On April 26, 1935, the U.S. Post Office issued a postage stamp commemorating the 300th anniversary of the initial settlement of the Connecticut colony.

The Connecticut Colony was originally a number of separate, smaller settlements at Windsor, Wethersfield, Saybrook, Hartford, and New Haven. The first English settlers came in 1633 and settled at Windsor, and then at Wethersfield the following year.[26]John Winthrop the Youngerof Massachusetts received a commission to createSaybrook Colonyat the mouth of the Connecticut River in 1635.[27]

The main body of settlers came in one large group in 1636. They werePuritansfromMassachusetts Bay Colonyled byThomas Hooker,who established theConnecticut Colonyat Hartford.[28]TheFundamental Orders of Connecticutwere adopted in January 1639, and have been described as the first constitutional document in America.[29]

The Quinnipiack Colony[30]was established byJohn Davenport,Theophilus Eaton,and others at New Haven in March 1638. The New Haven Colony had its own constitution called "The Fundamental Agreement of the New Haven Colony", signed on June 4, 1639.[31]

The settlements were established without official sanction of the English Crown, and each was an independent political entity.[32]In 1662, Winthrop traveled to England and obtained a charter fromCharlesIIwhich united the settlements of Connecticut.[33]Historically important colonial settlements includedWindsor(1633),Wethersfield(1634),Saybrook(1635),Hartford(1636),New Haven(1638),Fairfield(1639),Guilford(1639),Milford(1639),Stratford(1639),Farmington(1640),Stamford(1641), andNew London(1646).

ThePequot Warmarked the first major clash between colonists and Native Americans in New England. The Pequots reacted with increasing aggression to Colonial settlements in their territory—while simultaneously taking lands from the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes. Settlers responded to a murder in 1636 with a raid on a Pequot village onBlock Island;the Pequots laid siege to Saybrook Colony's garrison that autumn, then raided Wethersfield in the spring of 1637. Colonists declared war on the Pequots, organized a band of militia and allies from the Mohegan and Narragansett tribes, and attacked a Pequot village on theMystic River,with death toll estimates ranging between 300 and 700 Pequots. After suffering another major loss at a battle inFairfield,the Pequots asked for a truce and peace terms.[34]

The western boundaries of Connecticut have been subject to change over time. TheHartford Treatywith the Dutch was signed on September 19, 1650, but it was never ratified by the British. According to it, the western boundary of Connecticut ran north fromGreenwich Bayfor a distance of 20 miles (32 km),[35][36]"provided the said line come not within 10 miles [16 km] of Hudson River".[35][36]This agreement was observed by both sides until war erupted between England and The Netherlands in 1652. Conflict continued concerning colonial limits until theDuke of YorkcapturedNew Netherlandin 1664.[35][36]

On the other hand, Connecticut's original Charter in 1662 granted it all the land to the "South Sea" —that is, to the Pacific Ocean.[37]Most Colonial royal grants were for long east–west strips. Connecticut took its grant seriously and established a ninth county between theSusquehanna RiverandDelaware RivernamedWestmoreland County.This resulted in the briefPennamite-Yankee WarswithPennsylvania.[38]

Yale College was established in 1701, providing Connecticut with an important institution to educate clergy and civil leaders.[39]The Congregational church dominated religious life in the colony and, by extension, town affairs in many parts.[40]

With more than 600 miles (970 km) of coastline including along its navigable rivers,[41]Connecticut developed during its colonial years the antecedents of a maritime tradition that would later produce booms in shipbuilding, marine transport, naval support, seafood production, and leisure boating.

Historical records list theTryallas the first vessel built in Connecticut Colony, in 1649 at a site on the Connecticut River in present-day Wethersfield.[42]In the two decades leading up to 1776 and the American Revolution, Connecticut boatyards launched about 100sloops,schoonersandbrigsaccording to a database of U.S. customs records maintained online by theMystic Seaport Museum,the largest being the 180-tonPatient Marylaunched in New Haven in 1763.[43]Connecticut's firstlighthousewas constructed in 1760 at the mouth of theThames Riverwith theNew London Harbor Lighthouse.[44]

American Revolution[edit]

A 1799 map of Connecticut which showsThe Oblong,fromLow's Encyclopaedia

Connecticut designated four delegates to theSecond Continental Congresswho signed theDeclaration of Independence:Samuel Huntington,Roger Sherman,William Williams,andOliver Wolcott.[45]Connecticut's legislature authorized the outfitting of six new regiments in 1775, in the wake of the clashes between British regulars and Massachusetts militia at Le xing ton and Concord. There were some 1,200 Connecticut troops on hand at theBattle of Bunker Hillin June 1775.[46]In 1775,David Bushnellinvented theTurtlewhich the following year launched the first submarine attack in history, unsuccessfully against a British warship at anchor in New York Harbor.[47]

In 1777, the British got word ofContinental Armysupplies inDanbury,and they landed an expeditionary force of some 2,000 troops inWestport.This force then marched to Danbury and destroyed homes and much of the depot. Continental Army troops and militia led by GeneralDavid Woosterand GeneralBenedict Arnoldengaged them on their return march atRidgefieldin 1777.[48]For the winter of 1778–79, GeneralGeorge Washingtondecided to split the Continental Army into three divisions encirclingNew York City,where British General SirHenry Clintonhad taken up winter quarters.[49]Major GeneralIsrael Putnamchose Redding as the winter encampment quarters for some 3,000 regulars and militia under his command. The Redding encampment allowed Putnam's soldiers to guard the replenished supply depot inDanburyand to support any operations along Long Island Sound and theHudson RiverValley.[50]Some of the men were veterans of the winter encampment atValley Forge,Pennsylvania,the previous winter. Soldiers at the Redding camp endured supply shortages, cold temperatures, and significant snow, with some historians dubbing the encampment "Connecticut's Valley Forge".[51]

The state was also the launching site for a number of raids against Long Island orchestrated bySamuel Holden ParsonsandBenjamin Tallmadge,[52]and provided soldiers and material for the war effort, especially to Washington's army outside New York City. GeneralWilliam Tryonraided the Connecticut coastin July 1779, focusing on New Haven, Norwalk, and Fairfield.[53]New London and Groton Heightswere raidedin September 1781 by Benedict Arnold, who had turned traitor to the British.[54]

At the outset of the American Revolution, the Continental Congress assignedNathaniel Shaw Jr.of New London as its naval agent in charge of recruitingprivateersto seize British vessels as opportunities presented, with nearly 50 operating out of the Thames River which eventually drew the reprisal from the British force led by Arnold.[55]

Early statehood[edit]

Early national period and industrial revolution[edit]

ConnecticutratifiedtheU.S. Constitutionon January 9, 1788, becoming the fifth state.[56]

The state prospered during the era following the American Revolution, as mills and textile factories were built and seaports flourished from trade[57]and fisheries. After Congress established in 1790 the predecessor to theU.S. Revenue Cutter Servicethat would evolve into the U.S. Coast Guard, President Washington assigned Jonathan Maltbie as one of seven masters to enforce customs regulations, with Maltbie monitoring the southern New England coast with a 48-footcuttersloop namedArgus.[58]

In 1786, Connecticut ceded territory to the U.S. government that became part of theNorthwest Territory.The state retained land extending across the northern part of present-day Ohio called theConnecticut Western Reserve.[59]The Western Reserve section was settled largely by people from Connecticut, and they brought Connecticut place names to Ohio.

Connecticut made agreements with Pennsylvania and New York which extinguished the land claims within those states' boundaries and created theConnecticut Panhandle.The state then ceded the Western Reserve in 1800 to the federal government,[59]which brought it to its present boundaries (other than minor adjustments with Massachusetts).

19th century[edit]

For the first time in 1800, Connecticut shipwrights launched more than 100 vessels in a single year. Over the following decade to the doorstep of renewed hostilities with Britain that sparked the War of 1812, Connecticut boatyards constructed close to 1,000 vessels, the most productive stretch of any decade in the 19th century.[43]

During the war, the British launched raids inStoningtonandEssexandblockadedvessels in the Thames River.DerbynativeIsaac Hullbecame Connecticut's best-known naval figure to win renown during the conflict, as captain of theUSSConstitution.

The British blockade during theWar of 1812hurt exports and bolstered the influence of Federalists who opposed the war.[60]The cessation of imports from Britain stimulated the construction of factories to manufacture textiles and machinery. Connecticut came to be recognized as a major center for manufacturing, due in part to the inventions ofEli Whitneyand other early innovators of theIndustrial Revolution.[61]

The war led to the development of fastclippersthat helped extend the reach of New England merchants to the Pacific and Indian oceans. The first half of the 19th century saw as well a rapid rise in whaling, with New London emerging as one of the New England industry's three biggest home ports afterNantucketandNew Bedford.[62]

The state was known for its political conservatism, typified by its Federalist party and the Yale College ofTimothy Dwight.The foremost intellectuals were Dwight andNoah Webster,[63]who compiled his great dictionary in New Haven. Religious tensions polarized the state, as the Congregational Church struggled to maintain traditional viewpoints, in alliance with the Federalists. The failure of theHartford Conventionin 1814 hurt the Federalist cause, with theDemocratic-Republican Partygaining control in 1817.[64]

Connecticut had been governed under the "Fundamental Orders"since 1639, but the state adopted a new constitution in 1818.[65]

Civil War era[edit]

View of New London in 1854

Connecticut manufacturers played a major role in supplying the Union forces with weapons and supplies during theCivil War.The state furnished 55,000 men, formed into thirty full regiments of infantry, including two in theU.S. Colored Troops,with several Connecticut men becoming generals. The Navy attracted 250 officers and 2,100 men, and Glastonbury nativeGideon Welleswas Secretary of the Navy.James H. Wardof Hartford was the first U.S. Naval Officer killed in the Civil War.[66]Connecticut casualties included 2,088 killed in combat, 2,801 dying from disease, and 689 dying in Confederate prison camps.[67][68][69]

A surge of national unity in 1861 brought thousands flocking to the colors from every town and city. However, as the war became a crusade to end slavery, many Democrats (especially Irish Catholics) pulled back. The Democrats took a pro-slavery position and included manyCopperheadswilling to let the South secede. The intensely fought 1863 election for governor was narrowly won by the Republicans.[70][71]

Second industrial revolution[edit]

1895 map fromRand McNally

Connecticut's extensive industry, dense population, flat terrain, and wealth encouraged the construction of railroads starting in 1839. By 1840, 102 miles (164 km) of line were in operation, growing to 402 miles (647 km) in 1850 and 601 miles (967 km) in 1860.[72]

TheNew York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad,called theNew Havenor "The Consolidated", became the dominant Connecticut railroad company after 1872.J. P. Morganbegan financing the major New England railroads in the 1890s, dividing territory so that they would not compete. The New Haven purchased 50 smaller companies, including steamship lines, and built a network of light rails (electrified trolleys) that provided inter-urban transportation for all of southern New England. By 1912, the New Haven operated over 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of track with 120,000 employees.[73]

As steam-powered passenger ships proliferated after the Civil War,Noankwould produce the two largest built in Connecticut during the 19th century, with the 332-foot wooden steampaddle wheelerRhode Islandlaunched in 1882, and the 345-foot paddle wheelerConnecticutseven years later. Connecticut shipyards would launch more than 165 steam-powered vessels in the 19th century.[43]

In 1875, the first telephone exchange in the world was established in New Haven.[74]

20th century[edit]

World War I[edit]

When World War I broke out in 1914, Connecticut became a major supplier of weaponry to the U.S. military; by 1918, 80% of the state's industries were producing goods for the war effort.[75]Remington Armsin Bridgeport produced half the small-arms cartridges used by the U.S. Army,[76]with other major suppliers includingWinchesterin New Haven andColtin Hartford.[77]

Connecticut was also an important U.S. Navy supplier, withElectric Boatreceiving orders for 85 submarines,[78]Lake Torpedo Boatbuilding more than 20 subs,[79]and theGroton Iron Worksbuilding freighters.[80]On June 21, 1916, the Navy made Groton the site for its East Coast submarine base and school.

The state enthusiastically supported the American war effort in 1917 and 1918 with large purchases of war bonds, a further expansion of industry, and an emphasis on increasing food production on the farms. Thousands of state, local, and volunteer groups mobilized for the war effort and were coordinated by the Connecticut State Council of Defense.[81]Manufacturers wrestled with manpower shortages; Waterbury's American Brass and Manufacturing Company was running at half capacity, so the federal government agreed to furlough soldiers to work there.[82]

Interwar period[edit]

In 1919, J. Henry Roraback started theConnecticut Light & Power Co.[83]which became the state's dominant electric utility. In 1925,Frederick Rentschlerspurred the creation ofPratt & Whitneyin Hartford to develop engines for aircraft; the company became an important military supplier in World WarII and one of the three major manufacturers of jet engines in the world.[84]

On September 21, 1938, the most destructive storm in New England history struck eastern Connecticut, killing hundreds of people.[85]The eye of the"Long Island Express"passed just west of New Haven and devastated the Connecticut shoreline between Old Saybrook and Stonington from the full force of wind and waves, even though they had partial protection by Long Island. The hurricane caused extensive damage to infrastructure, homes, and businesses. In New London, a 500-foot (150 m) sailing ship was driven into a warehouse complex, causing a major fire. Heavy rainfall caused the Connecticut River to flood downtown Hartford and East Hartford. An estimated 50,000 trees fell onto roadways.[86]

World War II[edit]

The advent oflend-leasein support of Britain helped lift Connecticut from the Great Depression,[87]with the state a major production center for weaponry and supplies used inWorld WarII.Connecticut manufactured 4.1% of total U.S. military armaments produced during the war, ranking ninth among the 48 states,[88]with major factories includingColt[89]for firearms,Pratt & Whitneyfor aircraft engines,Chance Voughtfor fighter planes,Hamilton Standardfor propellers,[90]andElectric Boatfor submarines and PT boats.[91]In Bridgeport, General Electric produced a significant new weapon to combat tanks: thebazooka.[92]

On May 13, 1940,Igor Sikorskymade an untethered flight of the first practicalhelicopter.[93]The helicopter saw limited use in World War II, but future military production madeSikorsky Aircraft'sStratfordplant Connecticut's largest single manufacturing site by the start of the 21st century.[94]

Post-World War II economic expansion[edit]

Connecticut lost some wartime factories following the end of hostilities, but the state shared in a general post-war expansion that included the construction of highways[95]and resulting in middle-class growth in suburban areas.

Prescott Bushrepresented Connecticut in the U.S. Senate from 1952 to 1963; his sonGeorge H. W. Bushand grandsonGeorge W. Bushboth became presidents of the United States.[96]In 1965, Connecticut ratified itscurrent constitution,replacing the document that had served since 1818.[97]

In 1968, commercial operation began for the Connecticut Yankee Nuclear Power Plant inHaddam;in 1970, theMillstone Nuclear Power Stationbegan operations inWaterford.[98]In 1974, Connecticut elected Democratic GovernorElla T. Grasso,who became the first woman in any state to be elected governor without being the wife or widow of a previous governor.[99]

Late 20th century[edit]

Connecticut's dependence on the defense industry posed an economic challenge at the end of theCold War.The resulting budget crisis helped electLowell Weickeras governor on a third-party ticket in 1990. Weicker's remedy was a state income tax which proved effective in balancing the budget, but only for the short-term. He did not run for a second term, in part because of this politically unpopular move.[100]

In 1992, initial construction was completed onFoxwoods Casinoat theMashantucket Pequotsreservation in eastern Connecticut, which became the largest casino in the Western Hemisphere.Mohegan Sunfollowed four years later.[101]

Early 21st century[edit]

In 2000, presidential candidateAl Gorechose SenatorJoe Liebermanas his running mate, marking the first time that a major party presidential ticket included someone of the Jewish faith.[102]Gore and Lieberman fell five votes short ofGeorge W. BushandDick Cheneyin the Electoral College. In the terroristattacks of September 11, 2001,65 state residents were killed, mostlyFairfield Countyresidents who were working in theWorld Trade Center.[103]In 2004, Republican GovernorJohn G. Rowlandresigned during a corruption investigation, later pleading guilty to federal charges.[104][105]

Connecticut was hit by three major storms in just over 14 months in 2011 and 2012, with all three causing extensive property damage and electric outages.Hurricane Irenestruck Connecticut August 28, and damage totaled $235 million.[106]Two months later, the"Halloween nor'easter"dropped extensive snow onto trees, resulting in snapped branches and trunks that damaged power lines; some areas were without electricity for 11 days.[107]Hurricane Sandyhit New Jersey and passed over Connecticut with hurricane-force winds and tides up to 12 feet above normal. Many coastal buildings were damaged or destroyed.[108]Sandy's winds drove storm surges into streets and cut power to 98% of homes and businesses, with more than $360 million in damage.[109]

On December 14, 2012,Adam Lanza shot and killed 26 peopleatSandy Hook Elementary SchoolinNewtown,and then killed himself.[110]The massacre spurredrenewed effortsby activists for tighter laws on gun ownership nationally.[111]

In the summer and fall of 2016, Connecticut experienced a drought in many parts of the state, causing some water-use bans. As of November 15, 2016(2016-11-15),45% of the state was listed at Severe Drought by the U.S. Drought Monitor, including almost all ofHartfordandLitchfieldcounties. All the rest of the state was in Moderate Drought or Severe Drought, includingMiddlesex,Fairfield,New London,New Haven,Windham,andTollandcounties. This affected the agricultural economy in the state.[112][113][114]

Geography[edit]

Connecticut is bordered on the south byLong Island Sound,on the west byNew York,on the north byMassachusetts,and on the east byRhode Island.The state capital and fourth largest city isHartford,and other major cities and towns (by population) includeBridgeport,New Haven,Stamford,Waterbury,Norwalk,Danbury,New Britain,Greenwich,andBristol.There are 169incorporated townsin Connecticut, with cities and villages included within some towns.[115]

Reference Map showing major highways and settlements

The highest peak in Connecticut isBear MountaininSalisburyin the northwest corner of the state. The highest point is just east of where Connecticut,Massachusetts,and New York meet (42°3′ N, 73°29′ W), on the southern slope ofMount Frissell,whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts.[116]At the opposite extreme, many of the coastal towns have areas that are less than 20 feet (6.1 m) above sea level.

Connecticut has a long maritime history and a reputation based on that history—yet the state has no direct oceanfront (technically speaking). The coast of Connecticut sits onLong Island Sound,which is anestuary.The state's access to the open Atlantic Ocean is both to the west (toward New York City) and to the east (toward the "race" near Rhode Island). Due to this unique geography, Long Island Sound and the Connecticut shoreline are relatively protected from high waves from storms.[117]

TheConnecticut Rivercuts through the center of the state, flowing into Long Island Sound. The most populous metropolitan region centered within the state lies in theConnecticut River Valley.Despite Connecticut's relatively small size, it features wide regional variations in its landscape; for example, in the northwesternLitchfield Hills,it features rolling mountains and horse farms, whereas in areas to the east of New Haven along the coast, the landscape features coastalmarshes,beaches,and large scale maritime activities.

Connecticut's rural areas and small towns in the northeast and northwest corners of the state contrast sharply with its industrial cities such as Stamford, Bridgeport, and New Haven, located along the coastal highways from the New York border to New London, then northward up the Connecticut River to Hartford. Many towns in northeastern and northwestern Connecticut center around agreen.Near the green typically stand historical visual symbols ofNew Englandtowns, such as a whitechurch,acolonial meeting house,a colonialtavernorinn,severalcolonial houses,and so on, establishing a scenic historical appearance maintained for bothhistoric preservationand tourism. Many of the areas in southern and coastal Connecticut have been built up and rebuilt over the years, and look less visually like traditional New England.

The northern boundary of the state with Massachusetts is marked by the Southwick Jog or Granby Notch, an approximately 2.5 miles (4.0 km) square detour into Connecticut. The origin of this anomaly is clearly established in a long line of disputes and temporary agreements which were finally concluded in 1804, when southernSouthwick'sresidents sought to leave Massachusetts, and the town was split in half.[118][119]

The southwestern border of Connecticut where it abuts New York State is marked by apanhandleinFairfield Countyand theWestern Connecticut Planning Region,containing the towns ofGreenwich,Stamford,New Canaan,Darien,and parts ofNorwalkandWilton.This irregularity in the boundary is the result ofterritorial disputesin the late 17th century, culminating with New York giving up its claim to the area, whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut, in exchange for an equivalent area extending northwards fromRidgefieldto the Massachusetts border, as well as undisputed claim toRye, New York.[120]

Areas maintained by theNational Park ServiceincludeAppalachian National Scenic Trail,Quinebaug and Shetucket Rivers Valley National Heritage Corridor,andWeir Farm National Historic Site.[121]

Climate[edit]

Köppen climate typesof Connecticut, using 1991–2020climate normals.

Connecticut lies at the rough transition zone between the southern end of thehumid continental climate,and the northern portion of thehumid subtropical climate.Northern Connecticut generally experiences a climate with cold winters with moderate snowfall and hot, humid summers. Far southern and coastal Connecticut has a climate with cool winters with a mix of rain and infrequent snow, and the long hot and humid summers typical of the middle and lowerEast Coast.

Precipitation[edit]

Connecticut sees a fairly even precipitation pattern with rainfall/snowfall spread throughout the 12 months.[122]Connecticut averages 56% of possible sunshine (higher than the U.S. national average), averaging 2,400 hours ofsunshineannually.[123]On average, about one third of days in the state see some amount of precipitation each year.[122]Occasionally, some months may see extremes in precipitation, either much higher or lower than normal, though long term droughts and floods are rare.[122]

Early spring can range from slightly cool (40s to low 50s F) to warm (65 to 70 F), while mid and late spring (late April/May) is warm. By late May, the buildingBermuda Highcreates a southerly flow of warm and humid tropical air, bringing hot weather conditions throughout the state. Average highs are 81 °F (27 °C) in New London and 85 °F (29 °C) in Windsor Locks at the peak of summer in late July. On occasion, heat waves with highs from 90 to 100 °F (38 °C) occur across Connecticut. Connecticut's record high temperature is 106 °F (41 °C) which occurred inDanburyon July 15, 1995.[124]Although summers are sunny in Connecticut, quick moving summer thunderstorms can bring brief downpours with thunder and lightning. Occasionally these thunderstorms can be severe, and the state usually averages one tornado per year.[125]During hurricane season, the remains of tropical cyclones occasionally affect the region, though a direct hit is rare. Some notable hurricanes to impact the state include the1938 New England hurricane,Hurricane Carolin 1954,Hurricane Sandyin 2012, andHurricane Isaiasin 2020.[126][127]

Weather commonly associated with the fall season typically begins in October and lasts to the first days of December. Daily high temperatures in October and November range from the 50s to 60s (Fahrenheit) with nights in the 40s and upper 30s. Colorful foliage begins across northern parts of the state in early October and moves south and east reaching southeast Connecticut by early November. Far southern and coastal areas, however, have more oak and hickory trees (and fewer maples) and are often less colorful than areas to the north. By December daytime highs are in the 40s °F for much of the state, and average overnight lows are below freezing.

Winters (December through mid-March) are generally cold from south to north in Connecticut. The coldest month (January) has average high temperatures ranging from 38 °F (3 °C) in the coastal lowlands to 33 °F (1 °C) in the inland and northern portions on the state. The lowest temperature recorded in Connecticut is −32 °F (−36 °C) which has been observed twice: inFalls Villageon February 16, 1943, and inCoventryon January 22, 1961.[124]The average yearly snowfall ranges from about 60 inches (1,500 mm) in the higher elevations of the northern portion of the state to only 20–25 inches (510–640 mm) along the southeast coast of Connecticut (Branford to Groton). Generally, any locale north or west ofInterstate 84receives the most snow, during a storm, and throughout the season. Most of Connecticut has less than 60 days of snow cover. Snow usually falls from late November to late March in the northern part of the state, and from early December to mid-March in the southern and coastal parts of the state.

During winter every few years, Connecticut can occasionally get heavy snowstorms, callednor'easters,which may produce as much as two feet of snow on rare occasions.[122][128]Ice stormsalso occur on occasion, such as theSouthern New England ice storm of 1973and theDecember 2008 Northeastern United States ice storm.These storms can cause widespread power outages and damage.

Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Connecticut cities (°F)
City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Bridgeport 38/24 40/25 47/32 58/41 68/51 77/61 83/67 81/67 75/59 64/48 53/38 43/30
Hartford 35/18 38/20 47/28 60/38 71/48 79/57 85/63 83/61 75/53 63/42 51/33 40/24
[129][130]

Flora[edit]

Forests consist of a mix ofNortheastern coastal forestsof oak in southern areas of the state, to the uplandNew England-Acadian forestsin the northwestern parts of the state. Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) is the state flower and is native to low ridges in several parts of Connecticut. Rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) is also native to eastern uplands of Connecticut andPachaug State Forestis home to the Rhododendron Sanctuary Trail. Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides), is found in wetlands in the southern parts of the state. Connecticut has one native cactus (Opuntia humifusa), found in sandy coastal areas and low hillsides. Several types of beach grasses and wildflowers are also native to Connecticut.[131]Connecticut spansUSDA Plant Hardiness Zones5b to 7a. Coastal Connecticut is the broad transition zone where more southern and subtropical plants are cultivated. In some coastal communities,Magnolia grandiflora(southern magnolia),crape myrtles,scrub palms (Sabal minor), needle palms (Rhapidophyllum hystrix), and other broadleaved evergreens are cultivated in small numbers.[citation needed]

Fauna[edit]

Largest cities and towns[edit]

Largest cities or towns in Connecticut
Rank Name Region Pop.
Bridgeport
Bridgeport
Stamford
Stamford
1 Bridgeport Greater Bridgeport 148,654 New Haven
New Haven
Hartford
Hartford
2 Stamford Western 135,470
3 New Haven South Central 134,023
4 Hartford Capitol 121,054
5 Waterbury Naugatuck Valley 114,403
6 Norwalk Western 91,184
7 Danbury Western 86,518
8 New Britain Capitol 74,135
9 West Hartford Capitol 64,083
10 Greenwich Western 63,518

Demographics[edit]

Historical population
CensusPop.Note
1790237,946
1800251,0025.5%
1810261,9424.4%
1820275,2485.1%
1830297,6758.1%
1840309,9784.1%
1850370,79219.6%
1860460,14724.1%
1870537,45416.8%
1880622,70015.9%
1890746,25819.8%
1900908,42021.7%
19101,114,75622.7%
19201,380,63123.9%
19301,606,90316.4%
19401,709,2426.4%
19502,007,28017.4%
19602,535,23426.3%
19703,031,70919.6%
19803,107,5762.5%
19903,287,1165.8%
20003,405,5653.6%
20103,574,0974.9%
20203,605,9440.9%
2023 (est.)3,617,1760.3%
Sources:[133][134]

As of the2020 United States census,Connecticut has a population of 3,605,944, an increase of 31,847 people (0.9%) from the2010 United States census.[135]Among the census records, 20.4% of the population was under 18.

In 1790, 97% of the population in Connecticut was classified as "rural". The first census in which less than half the population was classified as rural was 1890. In the 2000 census, only 12.3% was considered rural. Most of western and southern Connecticut (particularly theGold Coast) is strongly associated with New York City; this area is the most affluent and populous region of the state and has high property costs and high incomes. Thecenter of populationof Connecticut is located in the town ofCheshire.[136]

According toHUD's 2022Annual Homeless Assessment Report,there were an estimated 2,930homeless people in Connecticut.[137][138]

Ethnic origins in Connecticut
Connecticut's population density map
Racial and ethnic composition as of the2020 census
Race and ethnicity[139] Alone Total
White (non-Hispanic) 63.2% 63.2
66.6% 66.6
Hispanic or Latino[b] 17.3% 17.3
African American (non-Hispanic) 10.0% 10
11.4% 11.4
Asian 4.7% 4.7
5.5% 5.5
Native American 0.2% 0.2
1.1% 1.1
Pacific Islander 0.03% 0.03
0.1% 0.1
Other 0.8% 0.8
2.1% 2.1
Historical racial composition of Connecticut
Racial composition 1990 [140]2000 [141]2010[142] 2020[143]
White 87.0% 81.6% 77.6% 66.4%
Black 8.3% 9.1% 10.1% 10.8%
Asian 1.5% 2.4% 3.8% 4.8%
Native 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.4%
Native Hawaiianand
other Pacific Islander
-
Other race 2.9% 4.3% 5.6% 8.3%
Two or more races 2.2% 2.6% 9.2%

In common with the majority of the United States, non-Hispanic whites have remained the dominant racial and ethnic group in Connecticut. From being 98% of the population in 1940, however, they have declined to 63% of the population as of the 2020 census.[135][144]These statistics have represented fewer Americans identifying as non-Hispanic white, which has given rise to the Hispanic and Latino American population and Asian American population overall.[145][146]As of 2011,46.1% of Connecticut's population younger than age1 were minorities.[147]As of 2004, 11.4% of the population (400,000) was foreign-born. In 1870, native-born Americans had accounted for 75% of the state's population, but that had dropped to 35% by 1918. Also as of 2000, 81.69% of Connecticut residents age5 and older spoke English at home and 8.42% spoke Spanish, followed by Italian at 1.59%, French at 1.31%, and Polish at 1.20%.[148]

The largest ancestry groups since 2010 were:[149]19.3%Italian,17.9%Irish,10.7%English,10.4%German,8.6%Polish,6.6%French,3.0%French Canadian,2.7%American,2.0%Scottish,and 1.4%Scotch Irish.

The top countries of origin for Connecticut's immigrants in 2018 wereIndia,Jamaica,theDominican Republic,PolandandEcuador.[150]

Birth data[edit]

Note: Births in table do not add up because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother
Race 2013[151] 2014[152] 2015[153] 2016[154] 2017[155] 2018[156] 2019[157] 2020[158] 2021[159] 2022[160]
White: 28,454 (78.8%) 28,543 (78.7%) 28,164 (78.8%) ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
>Non-Hispanic White 20,704 (57.4%) 20,933 (57.7%) 20,395 (57.0%) 19,551 (54.3%) 18,842 (53.5%) 18,488 (53.2%) 18,366 (53.6%) 17,785 (53.2%) 19,136 (53.6%) 18,681 (52.9%)
Black 5,103 (14.1%) 5,154 (14.2%) 4,988 (14.0%) 4,453 (12.4%) 4,301 (12.2%) 4,423 (12.7%) 4,221 (12.3%) 4,056 (12.1%) 4,357 (12.2%) 4,298 (12.2%)
Asian 2,221 (6.1%) 2,280 (6.3%) 2,497 (7.0%) 2,583 (7.2%) 2,475 (7.0%) 2,232 (6.4%) 2,199 (6.4%) 1,992 (6.0%) 1,921 (5.4%) 1,878 (5.3%)
American Indian 307 (0.9%) 308 (0.8%) 97 (0.3%) 26 (0.1%) 28 (0.1%) 38 (0.1%) 24 (0.1%) 35 (0.1%) 33 (0.1%) 33 (0.1%)
Hispanic(of any race) 8,208(22.7%) 8,129(22.4%) 8,275(23.1%) 8,622(23.9%) 8,833(25.1%) 8,762(25.2%) 8,728(25.5%) 8,861(26.5%) 9,482(26.6%) 9,597(27.2%)
Total Connecticut 36,085(100%) 36,285(100%) 35,746(100%) 36,015(100%) 35,221(100%) 34,725(100%) 34,258(100%) 33,460(100%) 35,670(100%) 35,332(100%)
Religion in Connecticut (2014)[161]
Religion Percent
Protestant
35%
Catholic
33%
None
28%
Jewish
3%
Mormon
1%
Eastern Orthodox
1%
OtherChristian
1%
Buddhist
1%
Hindu
1%
Muslim
1%
Other
2%
Do not know
1%
  • Since 2016, data for births ofWhite Hispanicorigin are not collected, but included in oneHispanicgroup; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Religion[edit]

A Pew survey of Connecticut residents' religious self-identification showed the following distribution of affiliations in 2014:[161]Protestant 35%,Mormonism1%, Jewish 3%,Roman Catholic33%, Orthodox 1%,Non-religious28%,Jehovah's Witness1%,Hinduism1%,Buddhism1% andIslam1%.[161][162]Jewish congregationshad 108,280 (3.2%) members in 2000.[163]

The Jewish population is concentrated in the towns near Long Island Sound betweenGreenwichandNew Haven,inGreater New Havenand inGreater Hartford,especially the suburb ofWest Hartford.According to theAssociation of Religion Data Archives,the largest Christian denominations, by number of adherents, in 2010 were: theCatholic Church,with 1,252,936; theUnited Church of Christ,with 96,506; and non-denominational Evangelical Protestants, with 72,863.[163]

Recent immigration has brought other non-Christian religions to the state, but the numbers of adherents of other religions are still low. Connecticut is also home to New England's largest Protestant church:The First CathedralinBloomfield, Connecticut.Hartford is seat to the Roman CatholicArchdiocese of Hartford,which is sovereign over theDiocese of Bridgeportand theDiocese of Norwich.

By thePublic Religion Research Institute's study in 2020, 71% of the population identified as Christian.[164]In contrast to the 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, the irreligious declined from 28% of the population to 21% at the 2020 Public Religion Research Institute's study.

Economy[edit]

A welcome sign on I-91 inEnfield.

Connecticut's economic output in 2019 as measured bygross domestic productwas $289 billion, up from $277.9 billion in 2018.[165]

Connecticut'sper capita personal incomein 2019 was estimated at $79,087, the highest of any state.[166]There is, however, a great disparity in incomes throughout the state; after New York, Connecticut had the second largest gap nationwide between the average incomes of the top 1% and the average incomes of the bottom 99%.[167]According to a 2018 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Connecticut had the third-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 7.75%.[168]New Canaanis the wealthiest town in Connecticut, with a per capita income of $85,459.Hartfordis the poorest municipality in Connecticut, with a per capita income of $13,428 in 2000.[169]

As of December 2019, Connecticut's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 3.8%, with U.S. unemployment at 3.5% that month. Dating back to 1982, Connecticut recorded its lowest unemployment in 2000 between August and October, at 2.2%. The highest unemployment rate during that period occurred in November and December 2010 at 9.3%,[170]but economists expected record new levels of layoffs as a result of business closures in the spring of 2020 due to the coronavirus pandemic.[171]

Taxation[edit]

Tax is collected by the Connecticut Department of Revenue Services[172]and by local municipalities.[173]

As of 2012, Connecticut residents had the second highest rate in the nation of combined state and local taxes after New York, at 12.6% of income compared to the national average of 9.9% as reported by theTax Foundation.[174]

Before 1991, Connecticut had an investment-onlyincome taxsystem. Income from employment was untaxed, but income from investments was taxed at 13%, the highest rate in the U.S., with no deductions allowed for costs of producing the investment income, such as interest on borrowing.

In 1991, under GovernorLowell P. Weicker Jr.,an independent, the system was changed to one in which the taxes on employment income and investment income were equalized at a maximum rate of 4%. The new tax policy drew investment firms to Connecticut; as of 2019,Fairfield Countywas home to the headquarters for 16 of the 200 largesthedge fundsin the world.[175]

As of 2019,the income tax rates on Connecticut individuals were divided into seven tax brackets of 3% (on income up to $10,000); 5% ($10,000–$50,000); 5.5% ($50,000–$100,000); 6% ($100,000–$200,000); 6.5% ($200,000–$250,000); 6.9% ($250,000–$500,000); and 6.99% above $500,000, with additional amounts owed depending on the bracket.[176]

All wages of Connecticut residents are subject to the state's income tax, even if earned outside the state. However, in those cases, Connecticut income tax must be withheld only to the extent the Connecticut tax exceeds the amount withheld by the other jurisdiction.[177]Since New York has higher income tax rates than Connecticut,[178]this effectively means that Connecticut residents who work in New York have no Connecticut income tax withheld. Connecticut permits a credit for taxes paid to other jurisdictions, but since residents who work in other states are still subject to Connecticut income taxation, they may owe taxes if the jurisdictional credit does not fully offset the Connecticut tax amount.[177]

Connecticut levies a 6.35% statesales taxon the retail sale, lease, or rental of most goods.[179]Some items and services in general are not subject to sales and use taxes unless specifically enumerated as taxable bystatute.A provision excluding clothing under $50 from sales tax was repealed as of July 1, 2011.[179]There are no additional sales taxes imposed by local jurisdictions. In 2001, Connecticut instituted what became an annual sales tax "holiday" each August lasting one week, when retailers do not have to remit sales tax on certain items and quantities of clothing that has varied from year to year.[180]

State law authorizes municipalities to tax property, including real estate, vehicles and other personal property, with state statute providing varying exemptions, credits and abatements. All assessments are at 70% offair market value.[173]The maximum property tax credit is $200 per return[181]and any excess may not be refunded or carried forward.[182]According to the Tax Foundation, on a per capita basis in the 2017 fiscal year Connecticut residents paid the 3rd highest average property taxes in the nation afterNew Hampshireand New Jersey.[183]

As of January 1, 2020,gasoline taxes and fees in Connecticut were 40.13 cents per gallon, 11th highest in the United States which had a nationwide average of 36.13 cents a gallon excluding federal taxes. Diesel taxes and fees as of January 2020 in Connecticut were 46.50 cents per gallon, ninth highest nationally with the U.S. average at 37.91 cents.[184]

Real estate[edit]

In 2019, sales of single-family homes in Connecticut totaled 33,146 units, a 2.1 percent decline from the 2018 transaction total. The median home sold in 2019 recorded a transaction amount of $260,000, up 0.4 percent from 2018.[185]

Connecticut had the seventh highest rate of home foreclosure activity in the country in 2019 at 0.53 percent of the total housing stock.[186]

Industries[edit]

Finance, insurance and real estate was Connecticut's largest industry in 2018 as ranked by gross domestic product, generating $75.7 billion in GDP that year.[187]Major employers includeThe Hartford,Travelers,Harman International,Cigna,theAetnasubsidiary of CVS Health,Mass Mutual,People's United Financial,Bank of America,Realogy,[188]Bridgewater Associates,[189]GE Capital,[190]William Raveis Real Estate,[191]andBerkshire Hathawaythrough reinsurance and residential real estate subsidiaries.

The combined educational, health and social services sector was the largest single industry as ranked by employment, with a combined workforce of 342,600 people at the end of 2019,[192]ranking fourth the year before in GDP at $28.3 billion.

The broad business and professional services sector had the second highest GDP total in Connecticut in 2018 at an estimated $33.7 billion.[187]

Manufacturing was the third biggest industry in 2018 with GDP of $30.8 billion,[187]dominated byRaytheon Technologiesformed in the March 2020 merger of Hartford-basedUnited Technologiesand Waltham, Mass.-based Raytheon Co. As of the merger, Raytheon Technologies employed about 19,000 people in Connecticut through subsidiariesPratt & WhitneyandCollins Aerospace.[193]Lockheed MartinsubsidiarySikorsky Aircraftoperates Connecticut's single largest manufacturing plant inStratford,[191]where it makes helicopters.

The world's largest audio equipment manufacturing companyHarman Internationalis headquartered in Stamford, Connecticut.[citation needed]It owns many brands likeJBL,AkgandHarman kardon.[194]

Other major manufacturers include theElectric Boatdivision ofGeneral Dynamics,which makes submarines inGroton,[195]Boehringer Ingelheim,a pharmaceuticals manufacturer with its U.S. headquarters inRidgefield,[191]andASML,which inWiltonmakes precision lithography machines used to create circuitry on semiconductors and flat-screen displays.[196]

Connecticut historically was a center of gun manufacturing, and four gun-manufacturing firms continued to operate in the state as of December 2012,employing 2,000 people:Colt,Stag,Ruger,andMossberg.[197]Marlin,owned byRemington,closed in April 2011.[198]

Other large components of the Connecticut economy in 2018 included wholesale trade ($18.1 billion in GDP); information services ($13.8 billion); retail ($13.7 billion); arts, entertainment and food services ($9.1 billion); and construction ($8.3 billion).[187]

Tourists spent $9.3 billion in Connecticut in 2017 according to estimates as part of a series of studies commissioned by the state of Connecticut.[199]Foxwoods Resort CasinoandMohegan Sunare the two biggest tourist draws and number among the state's largest employers;[200]both are located on Native American reservations in the southeastern Connecticut.

Connecticut's agricultural production totaled $580 million in 2017, with just over half of that revenue the result ofnursery stockproduction. Milk production totaled $81 million that year, with other major product categories includingeggs,vegetablesandfruit,tobaccoandshellfish.[201]

Energy[edit]

Connecticut's economy uses less energy to produce each dollar of GDP than all other states except California, Massachusetts, and New York. It uses less energy on a per-capita basis than all but six other states. It has no fossil-fuel resources, but does have renewable resources. Average retail electricity prices are the highest among the 48 contiguous states. While most of the state's energy consumption is generated using fossil fuels,nuclear powerdelivered over 40% of state's electricity generation in 2019.Refuse-derived fuelsand otherbiomassprovided the largest share of renewable electricity at about a 3% share. Solar and wind generation have grown in recent years. More than three-quarters of solar generation came from distributed small-scale installations such as rooftop solar in 2019, and there is planning underway to significantly increase renewable generation with the state's offshore wind resource.[202]

Transport[edit]

Roads[edit]

ThePearl Harbor Memorial Bridge,locally known as theQBridge,carries ten lanes over theQuinnipiac RiverinNew Haven,along theConnecticut Turnpike.

TheInterstate highwaysin the state areInterstate 95(I-95) traveling southwest to northeast along the coast,I-84traveling southwest to northeast in the center of the state,I-91traveling north to south in the center of the state, andI-395traveling north to south near the eastern border of the state. The other major highways in Connecticut are theMerritt ParkwayandWilbur Cross Parkway,which together formConnecticut Route 15(Route 15), traveling from theHutchinson River ParkwayinNew Yorkparallel to I-95 before turning north ofNew Havenand traveling parallel to I-91, finally becoming a surface road inBerlin.I-95 and Route 15 were originallytoll roads;they relied on a system oftoll plazasat which all traffic stopped and paid fixed tolls. A series of major crashes at these plazas eventually contributed to the decision to remove the tolls in 1988.[203]Other major arteries in the state includeU.S. Route7(US7) in the west traveling parallel to the New York state line,Route8farther east near the industrial city of Waterbury and traveling north–south along the Naugatuck River Valley nearly parallel with US7, andRoute9in the east.

Between New Haven and New York City, I-95 is one of the most congested highways in the United States. Although I-95 has been widened in several spots, some areas are only three lanes and this strains traffic capacity, resulting in frequent and lengthyrush hourdelays. Frequently, the congestion spills over to clog the parallel Merritt Parkway and even US1. The state has encouraged traffic reduction schemes, including rail use andride-sharing.[204]

Connecticut also has a very active bicycling community, with one of the highest rates of bicycle ownership and use in the United States, particularly in New Haven. According to the U.S. Census 2006 American Community Survey, New Haven has the highest percentage of commuters who bicycle to work of any major metropolitan center on the East Coast.[205]

Rail[edit]

A Metro-North Railroad New Haven Line train leavingStamford Station

Rail is a popular travel mode between New Haven and New York City'sGrand Central Terminal.Southwestern Connecticut is served by theMetro-North Railroad'sNew Haven Line,operated by theMetropolitan Transportation Authority.Metro-North provides commuter service between New York City and New Haven, with branches toNew Canaan,Danbury,andWaterbury.Connecticut lies alongAmtrak'sNortheast Corridor,which features frequentNortheast RegionalandAcela Expressservice from New Haven south to New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, DC, and Norfolk, VA, as well as north toNew London,Providenceand Boston. Since 1990, coastal cities and towns between New Haven and New London are also served by theShore Line Eastcommuter line.[206]

In June 2018, a commuter rail service called theHartford Linebegan operating between New Haven and Springfield on Amtrak'sNew Haven-Springfield Line.[207]Hartford Line service is provided by both Amtrak and the Connecticut Department of Transportation'sCT Rail,and in addition to its termini servesNew Haven State Street,Wallingford, Meriden, Berlin,Hartford,Windsor, and Windsor Locks. Several infill stations are planned to be added in the near future as of 2021. Amtrak'sVermonterruns from Washington to St. Albans, Vermont via the same line. In July 2019, Amtrak launched theValley Flyer,which runs between New Haven andGreenfield, Massachusetts.[208]

A proposed commuter rail service, theCentral Corridor Rail Line,would connect New London withNorwich,Willimantic,Storrs,andStafford Springs,with service continuing intoMassachusettsandBrattleboro, Vermont.[209]

Bus[edit]

Statewidebusservice is supplied byConnecticut Transit,owned by theConnecticut Department of Transportation,with smaller municipal authorities providing local service. Bus networks are an important part of the transportation system in Connecticut, especially in urban areas like Hartford, Stamford, Norwalk, Bridgeport and New Haven. Connecticut Transit also operatesCTfastrak,abus rapid transitservice betweenNew BritainandHartford,which opened to the public on March 28, 2015.[210][211][212]

Air[edit]

Bradley International Airport,the state's largest

Connecticut's largest airport isBradley International AirportinWindsor Locks,15 miles (24 km) north ofHartford.[citation needed]Many residents of central and southern Connecticut also make heavy use ofJFK International AirportandNewark International Airports,especially for international travel. Smaller regional air service is provided atTweed New Haven Regional Airport.Larger civil airports includeDanbury Municipal AirportandWaterbury-Oxford Airportin western Connecticut,Hartford–Brainard Airportin central Connecticut, andGroton-New London Airportin eastern Connecticut.Sikorsky Memorial Airportis located in Stratford and mostly services cargo, helicopter and private aviation.

Ferry[edit]

Several ferry services cross Long Island Sound and connect the state toLong Island.TheBridgeport & Port Jefferson Ferrytravels betweenBridgeport, Connecticut,andPort Jefferson, New York.[213]Ferry service also operates out ofNew LondontoOrient, New York;Fishers Island, New York;andBlock Island, Rhode Island,which are popular tourist destinations.[213]Two ferries cross the Connecticut River: theRocky Hill–Glastonbury ferryand theChester–Hadlyme ferry,the former of which is the oldest continuously operating ferry in the United States, operating since 1655.[213]

Law and government[edit]

TheConnecticut State Capitolin downtown Hartford

Hartfordhas been the sole capital of Connecticut since 1875. Before then,New Havenand Hartford alternated as dual capitals.[56]

Constitutional history[edit]

Connecticut is known as the "Constitution State". The origin of this nickname is uncertain, but it likely comes from Connecticut's pivotal role in the federal constitutional convention of 1787, during whichRoger ShermanandOliver Ellsworthhelped to orchestrate what became known as theConnecticut Compromise,or the Great Compromise. This plan combined theVirginia Planand theNew Jersey Planto form a bicameral legislature, a form copied by almost every state constitution since the adoption of the federal constitution. Variations of the bicameral legislature had been proposed by Virginia and New Jersey, but Connecticut's plan was the one that was in effect until the early 20th century, when Senators ceased to be selected by their state legislatures and were instead directly elected. Otherwise, it is still the design of Congress.

The nickname also might refer to theFundamental Ordersof 1638–39. These Fundamental Orders represent the framework for the first formal Connecticut state government written by a representative body in Connecticut. The State of Connecticut government has operated under the direction of four separate documents in the course of the state'sconstitutional history.After the Fundamental Orders, Connecticut was granted governmental authority by KingCharles II of Englandthrough the Connecticut Charter of 1662.

Separate branches of government did not exist during this period, and the General Assembly acted as the supreme authority. A constitution similar to the modernU.S. Constitutionwas not adopted in Connecticut until 1818. Finally, the current state constitution was implemented in 1965. The 1965 constitution absorbed a majority of its 1818 predecessor, but incorporated a handful of important modifications.

Executive[edit]

The governor heads the executive branch. As of 2020,Ned Lamontis theGovernor[214]andSusan Bysiewiczis theLieutenant Governor;[215]both are Democrats. From 1639 until the adoption of the 1818 constitution, the governor presided over the General Assembly. In 1974,Ella Grassowas elected as the governor of Connecticut. This was the first time in United States history when a woman was a governor without her husband being governor first.[99]

There are several executive departments: Administrative Services, Agriculture, Banking, Children and Families, Consumer Protection, Correction, Economic and Community Development,Developmental Services,Construction Services, Education, Emergency Management and Public Protection, Energy & Environmental Protection, Higher Education, Insurance, Labor, Mental Health and Addiction Services, Military, Motor Vehicles, Public Health, Public Utility Regulatory Authority, Public Works, Revenue Services, Social Services,Transportation,and Veterans Affairs. In addition to these departments, there are other independent bureaus, offices and commissions.[216]

In addition to the governor and lieutenant governor, there are four other executive officers named in the state constitution that are elected directly by voters: secretary of the state, treasurer, comptroller, and attorney general. All executive officers are elected to four-year terms.[56]

Legislative[edit]

Connecticut's legislative branch is known as theGeneral Assembly.It is abicamerallegislature consisting of an upper body, theState Senate(36 senators); and a lower body, theHouse of Representatives(151 representatives).[56]Bills must pass each house in order to become law. The governor can veto bills, but this veto can be overridden by a two-thirds majority in both houses. Per Article XV of the state constitution, Senators and Representatives must be at least 18 years of age and are elected to two-year terms in November on even-numbered years. There also must always be between 30 and 50 senators and 125 to 225 representatives. The Lieutenant Governor presides over the Senate, except when absent from the chamber, when thePresident pro temporepresides. TheSpeaker of the Housepresides over the House.[217]As of 2021,Matthew Ritteris the Speaker of the House of Connecticut.

As of 2021,Connecticut'sUnited States SenatorsareRichard Blumenthal(Democrat) andChris Murphy(Democrat).[218]Connecticut has fiverepresentatives in the U.S. House,all of whom are Democrats.[219]

Locally elected representatives also developlocal ordinancesto govern cities and towns.[220]The town ordinances often includenoise controlandzoningguidelines.[221]However, the State of Connecticut also provides statewide ordinances for noise control as well.[222]

Judicial[edit]

The highestcourtof Connecticut's judicial branch is theConnecticut Supreme Court,headed by the Chief Justice of Connecticut. The Supreme Court is responsible for deciding on the constitutionality of laws, or cases as they relate to the law. Its proceedings are similar to those of the United States Supreme Court: no testimony is given by witnesses, and the lawyers of the two sides each present oral arguments no longer than thirty minutes. Following a court proceeding, the court may take several months to arrive at a judgment. As of 2020,theChief JusticeisRichard A. Robinson.

In 1818, the court became a separate entity, independent of the legislative and executive branches.[223]TheConnecticut Appellate Courtis a lesser statewide court, and the Superior Courts are lower courts that resemble county courts of other states.

Local government[edit]

Planning Regions of Connecticut

Connecticut does not havecountygovernment, unlike all other states except Rhode Island. Connecticut county governments were mostly eliminated in 1960, with the exception ofsheriffselected in each county.[224]In 2000, the county sheriff was abolished and replaced with thestate marshalsystem, which has districts that follow the old county territories. The judicial system is divided into judicial districts at the trial-court level which largely follow the old county lines.[225]Theeight countiesare still widely used for purely geographical and statistical purposes, such asweather reportsand census reporting, although the latter of which will cease in 2024.

The state is divided into nine regionalcouncils of governmentdefined by the state Office of Planning and Management, which facilitate regional planning and coordination of services between member towns.[226]The Intragovernmental Policy Division of this Office coordinates regional planning with the administrative bodies of these regions. Each region has an administrative body made up chief executive officers of the member towns. The regions are established for the purpose of planning "coordination of regional and state planning activities; redesignation of logical planning regions and promotion of the continuation of regional planning organizations within the state; and provision for technical aid and the administration of financial assistance to regional planning organizations".[226]By 2015, the State of Connecticut recognized COGs ascounty equivalents,allowing them to apply for funding and grants made available to county governments in other states. In 2019 the state recommended to theUnited States Census Bureauthat the nine Councils of Governments replace its counties for statistical purposes.[227]This proposal was approved by the Census Bureau in 2022, and will be fully implemented by 2024.[228]

Connecticut shares with the rest ofNew Englanda governmental institution called theNew England town.The state is divided into 169 towns which serve as the fundamental political jurisdictions.[56]There are also 21 cities,[56]most of which simply follow the boundaries of their namesake towns and have a merged city-town government. There are two exceptions: theCity of Groton,which is a subsection of theTown of Groton,and the City ofWinstedin the Town ofWinchester.There are also nine incorporatedboroughswhich may provide additional services to a section of town.[56][229]Naugatuckis a consolidated town and borough.

Politics[edit]

Connecticut is generally considered to be ablue state.The last Republican presidential candidate to win Connecticut's votes in the Electoral College wasGeorge H. W. Bushin 1988.[230]

Connecticut political party registration 1958–2012, marked with presidential influence

Registered voters[edit]

Connecticut residents who register to vote may declare an affiliation to a political party, may become unaffiliated at will, and may change affiliations subject to certain waiting periods. As of 2022,around 58% of registered voters are enrolled in a political party. TheDemocratic Party of Connecticutis the largest party in the state by voter registration, with 36% of voters, followed by theConnecticut Republican Partywith approximately 20%. An additional 1.6% are registered tothird parties.As of 2022, 4 third parties have statewide enrollment privileges (meaning any state resident may register as a member), including theLibertarian Party of Connecticut,theIndependent Party of Connecticut,theConnecticut Green Party,and theConnecticut Working Families Party.[231]Connecticut allowselectoral fusion,where the same candidate can run on the ballot of more than one political party; this is often used by the Connecticut Working Families Party to cross-endorse Democratic candidates.[232]

Party registration as of October 31, 2023[233]
Party Total voters Percentage
Unaffiliated 1,035,711 42.0%
Democratic 888,707 36.1%
Republican 500,485 20.3%
Minor parties 39,656 1.6%
Total 2,464,919 100%

Voting[edit]

In July 2009, the Connecticut legislature overrode a veto by GovernorM. Jodi Rellto passSustiNet,the first significant public-option health care reform legislation in the nation.[234]

In April 2012, both houses of the Connecticut state legislature passed a bill (20 to 16 and 86 to 62) that abolishedcapital punishmentfor all future crimes, while 11 inmates who were waiting on thedeath rowat the time could still be executed.[235]

Education[edit]

Yale'smotto means "light and truth".

Connecticut ranked third in the nation foreducational performance,according toEducation Week's Quality Counts 2018 report. It earned an overall score of 83.5 out of 100 points. On average, the country received a score of 75.2.[236]Connecticut posted a B-plus in the Chance-for-Success category, ranking fourth on factors that contribute to a person's success both within and outside the K-12 education system. Connecticut received a mark of B-plus and finished fourth for School Finance. It ranked 12th with a grade of C on the K-12 Achievement Index.[236]

K–12[edit]

Public schools[edit]

Hartford Public High School(1638) is the third-oldest secondary school in the nation after theCollegiate School(1628) inManhattanand theBoston Latin School(1635). Today, theConnecticut State Board of Educationmanages the public school system for children in grades K–12. Board of Education members areappointedby theGovernor of Connecticut.

Private schools[edit]

University of Connecticut,the state's main public university

Connecticut has a number ofprivate schools.Private schools may file for approval by the state Department of Education, but are not required to. Per state law, private schools must file yearly attendance reports with the state.[237]

Notable private schools includeChoate Rosemary Hall,The Hotchkiss School,Loomis Chaffee School,andTaft School.

Colleges and universities[edit]

Connecticut was home to the nation's first law school,Litchfield Law School,which operated from 1773 to 1833 inLitchfield.Well known universities in the state includeYale University,Wesleyan University,Trinity College,Sacred Heart University,Fairfield University,Quinnipiac University,and theUniversity of Connecticut.TheConnecticut State University Systemincludes 4 state universities, and the state also has 12 community colleges. TheUnited States Coast Guard Academyis located in New London.

Sports[edit]

There are two Connecticut teams in theAmerican Hockey League.TheBridgeport Islandersis a farm team for theNew York Islanderswhich competes at theTotal Mortgage ArenainBridgeport.TheHartford Wolf Packis an affiliate of theNew York Rangers;they play in theXL Centerin Hartford.

TheHartford Yard Goatsof theDouble-A Northeastare a AA affiliate of theColorado Rockies.Also, theNorwich Sea Unicornsplay in theFutures Collegiate Baseball League.TheNew Britain Beesplay in theAtlantic League of Professional Baseball.TheConnecticut Sunof theW NBAcurrently play at theMohegan Sun ArenainUncasville.In soccer,Hartford Athleticbegan play in theUSL Championshipin 2019.

The state hosts several major sporting events. Since 1952, aPGA Tourgolf tournament has been played in the Hartford area. It was originally called the "Insurance City Open" and later the "Greater Hartford Open" and is now known as theTravelers Championship.

Lime Rock,a home of theAmerican Le Mans Series

Lime Rock Parkin Salisbury is a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) road racing course, home to theInternational Motor Sports Association,SCCA,United States Auto Club,andK&N Pro Series Eastraces.Thompson International Speedway,Stafford Motor Speedway,andWaterford Speedbowlare oval tracks holding weekly races for NASCAR Modifieds and other classes, including the NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour. The state also hosts several majormixed martial artsevents forBellator MMAand theUltimate Fighting Championship.

Professional sports teams[edit]

TheHartford Whalersof theNational Hockey Leagueplayed in Hartford from 1975 to 1997 at theHartford Civic Center.They departed toRaleigh, North Carolina,after disputes with the state over the construction of a new arena, and they are now known as theCarolina Hurricanes.A baseball team known as the Hartfords (orHartford Dark Blues) played in theNational Associationfrom 1874 to 1875, before becoming charter members of theNational Leaguein 1876. The team moved toBrooklyn, New York,and then disbanded one season later. In 1926, Hartford also had a franchise in theNational Football Leagueknown as theHartford Blues.[238]From 2000 until 2006 the city was home to theHartford FoxForceofWorld TeamTennis.[239]

Team Sport League
Bridgeport Islanders Ice hockey American Hockey League
Hartford Wolf Pack Ice hockey American Hockey League
Hartford Yard Goats Baseball Double-A Northeast
Norwich Sea Unicorns Baseball Futures Collegiate Baseball League
New Britain Bees Baseball Futures Collegiate Baseball League
Connecticut Sun Basketball Women's National Basketball Association
Hartford Athletic Soccer USL Championship
AC Connecticut Soccer USL League Two

College sports[edit]

Yale Bowl during "The Game"between Yale and Harvard. The Bowl was also the home of theNFL'sNew York Giantsin 1973–74.

TheConnecticut Huskiesare the team of the University of Connecticut (UConn); they playNCAA Division Isports. Both themen's basketballandwomen's basketballteams have won multiple national championships. In 2004, UConn became the first school in NCAA DivisionI history to have its men's and women's basketball programs win the national title in the same year; they repeated the feat in 2014 and are still the only DivisionI school to win both titles in the same year.[240][241]The UConn women's basketball team holds the record for the longest consecutive winning streak in NCAA college basketball at 111 games, a streak that ended in 2017.[242]TheUConn Huskies football teamhas played in theFootball Bowl Subdivisionsince 2002, and has played in four bowl games.

New Haven biennially hosts "The Game"between theYale Bulldogsand theHarvard Crimson,the country's second-oldest college football rivalry. Yale alumnusWalter Campis deemed the "Father of American Football", and he helped develop modern football while living in New Haven.[243]Other Connecticut universities which feature DivisionI sports teams areQuinnipiac University,Fairfield University,Central Connecticut State UniversityandSacred Heart University.

Etymology and symbols[edit]

State symbols of Connecticut
List of state symbols
Motto
SloganFull of Surprises
Song
Living insignia
BirdAmerican robin
FishAmerican shad
FlowerMountain laurel
InsectEuropean mantis
MammalSperm whale
TreeCharter Oak,awhite oak
Inanimate insignia
DanceSquare dance
FossilDinosaur tracks
MineralGarnet
ShellEastern oyster
ShipUSSNautilus(SSN-571),Freedom Schooner Amistad
TartanConnecticut State Tartan
State route marker
Route marker
State quarter
Connecticut quarter dollar coin
Released in 1999
Lists of United States state symbols

The name "Connecticut" originated with theMoheganwordquonehtacut,meaning "place of long tidal river".[56]Connecticut's official nickname is "The Constitution State", adopted in 1959 and based on its colonial constitution of 1638–1639 which was the first in America and, arguably, the world.[1]Connecticut is also unofficially known as "TheNutmegState ",[1]whose origin is unknown. It may have come from its sailors returning from voyages with nutmeg, which was a very valuable spice in the 18th and 19th centuries. It may have originated in the early machined sheet tin nutmeg grinders sold by early Connecticut peddlers. It is also facetiously said to come fromYankeepeddlers from Connecticut who would sell small carved knobs of wood shaped to look like nutmeg to unsuspecting customers.[244]George Washingtongave Connecticut the title of "The Provisions State"[1]because of the material aid that the state rendered to theAmerican Revolutionary Wareffort. Connecticut is also known as "The Land of Steady Habits".[1]

According toWebster's New International Dictionary(1993), a person who is a native or resident of Connecticut is a "Connecticuter". There are numerous other terms coined in print but not in use, such as "Connecticotian" (Cotton Matherin 1702) and "Connecticutensian" (Samuel Petersin 1781). LinguistAllen Walker Readsuggests the more playful term "Connecticutie".[245]"Nutmegger"is sometimes used,[244]as is "Yankee".

The official state song is "Yankee Doodle".The traditional abbreviation of the state's name is" Conn. "; the officialpostal abbreviationis CT.

Commemorative stampsissued by theUnited States Postal Servicewith Connecticut themes includeNathan Hale,Eugene O'Neill,Josiah Willard Gibbs,Noah Webster,Eli Whitney,thewhalingship theCharles W. Morgan,which is docked atMystic Seaport,and adecoyof a broadbillduck.

Connecticut state insignia and historical figures
SourceSites, Seals & Symbolsexcept where noted.
State aircraft Vought F4U Corsair
State hero Nathan Hale
State heroine Prudence Crandall
State composer Charles Edward Ives
State statuesinStatuary Hall Roger ShermanandJonathan Trumbull
State poet laureate Margaret Gibson[246]
Connecticut State Troubadour Nekita Waller[247]
State composer laureate Jacob Druckman

Notable people[edit]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^abElevation adjusted toNorth American Vertical Datum of 1988
  2. ^Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.

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External links[edit]

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RatifiedConstitutionon January 9, 1788 (5th)
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