Jump to content

Grammar school

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about a type of school in the United Kingdom and in former British territories. For the first stage of schooling in the United States, seeElementary school (United States).

Henrietta Barnett Schoolis a grammar school for girls withacademy status.

Agrammar schoolis one of several different types of school in the history of education in theUnited Kingdomand other English-speaking countries, originally aschool teaching Latin,but more recently an academically orientedsecondary school.

The original purpose ofmedievalgrammar schools was the teaching ofLatin.Over time thecurriculumwas broadened, first to includeAncient Greek,and later English and otherEuropean languages,natural sciences,mathematics,history,geography,artand other subjects. In the lateVictorian eragrammar schools were reorganised to provide secondary education throughoutEnglandandWales;Scotland had developed a different system. Grammar schools of these types were also established in British territories overseas, where they have evolved in different ways.

Grammar schools became one of the three tiers of theTripartite Systemof state-funded secondary education operating in England and Wales from the mid-1940s to the late 1960s, and continue as such in Northern Ireland. After mostlocal education authoritiesmoved to non-selectivecomprehensive schoolsin the 1960s and 1970s, some grammar schools became fullyindependent schoolsand charged fees, while most others were abolished or became comprehensive (or sometimes merged with asecondary modernto form a new comprehensive school). In both cases, some of these schools kept "grammar school" in their names. More recently, a number of state grammar schools, still retaining their selective intake, gainedacademystatus are thus independent of the local education authority (LEA). Some LEAs retain forms of the Tripartite System and a few grammar schools survive in otherwise comprehensive areas. Some of the remaining grammar schools can trace their histories to before the 15th century.

History[edit]

Medieval grammar schools[edit]

See also:Latin school
Norman staircase atKing's School, Canterbury(founded 597)

Although the termscolae grammaticaleswas not widely used until the 14th century, the earliest such schools appeared from the sixth century, e.g. theKing's School, Canterbury(founded 597), theKing's School, Rochester(604) andSt Peter's School, York(627)[1][2] The schools were attached to cathedrals and monasteries, teaching Latin – the language of the church – to future priests and monks. Other subjects required for religious work were occasionally added, including music and verse (for liturgy), astronomy and mathematics (for the church calendar) and law (for administration).[3] With the foundation of theancient universitiesfrom the late 12th century, grammar schools became the entry point to aliberal artseducation, with Latin seen as the foundation of thetrivium.Pupils were usually educated in grammar schools up to the age of 14, after which they would look to universities and the church for further study. Of the three first schools independent of the church –Winchester College(1382),Oswestry School(1407) andEton College(1440) – Winchester and Eton were feeder schools to Oxford and Cambridge universities respectively. They wereboarding schools,so they could educate pupils from anywhere in the nation.[3][4]

Early modern grammar schools[edit]

See also:Neo-Latin § Latin in school education 1500–1700

An example of an early grammar school, founded by an early modern borough corporation unconnected with church, or university, isBridgnorth Grammar School,founded in 1503 by Bridgnorth Borough Corporation.[5]

During theEnglish Reformationin the 16th century, most cathedral schools were closed and replaced by new foundations funded from thedissolution of the monasteries.[3]For example, the oldest extant schools in Wales –Christ College, Brecon(founded 1541) and theFriars School, Bangor(1557) – were established on the sites of formerDominicanmonasteries. KingEdward VImade an important contribution to grammar schools, founding a series of schools during his reign (seeKing Edward's School). A few grammar schools were also established in the name of Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth I. KingJames Ifounded a series of "Royal Schools" in Ulster, beginning withThe Royal School, Armagh.In theory these schools were open to all and offered free tuition to those who could not pay fees; however, few poor children attended school, because their labour was economically valuable to their families.

In theScottish Reformationschools such as theChoir School of Glasgow Cathedral(founded 1124) and theGrammar School of the Church of Edinburgh(1128) passed from church control toburghcouncils, and the burghs also founded new schools. With the increased emphasis on studying the scriptures after the Reformation, many schools added Greek and, in a few cases, Hebrew. The teaching of these languages was hampered by a shortage of non-Latin type and of teachers fluent in the languages.

Old Grammar School, Market Harborough, Leicestershire (1614)

During the 16th and 17th centuries the establishment of grammar schools became a common act of charity by nobles, wealthy merchants andguilds;for exampleThe Crypt School,Gloucester, founded by John and Joan Cook in 1539,Sir Roger Manwood's School,founded in 1563 bySandwichjuristRoger Manwood,andSpalding Grammar School,founded by John Gamlyn and John Blanche in 1588. Many of these are still commemorated in annual "Founder's Day" services and ceremonies at surviving schools. The usual pattern was to create an endowment to pay the wages of a master to instruct local boys in Latin and sometimes Greek without charge.[6]

The school day typically ran from 6 a.m. to 5 p.m., with a two-hour break for lunch; in winter, school started at 7 a.m. and ended at 4 p.m. Most of the day was spent in therote learningof Latin. To encourage fluency, some schoolmasters recommended punishing any pupil who spoke in English. The younger boys learned theparts of speechand Latin words in the first year, learned to construct Latin sentences in the second year, and began translating English-Latin and Latin-English passages in the third year. By the end of their studies at age 14, they would be quite familiar with the great Latin authors, and with Latin drama and rhetoric.[7]Other skills, such as arithmetic and handwriting, were taught in odd moments or by travelling specialist teachers such asscriveners.

Grammar schools in the 18th and 19th centuries[edit]

Further information:List of English and Welsh endowed schools (19th century)

In 1755Samuel Johnson'sDictionarydefined a grammar school asa school in which the learned languages are grammatically taught;[8] However, by this time demand for these languages had fallen greatly. A new commercial class required modern languages and commercial subjects.[6]Most grammar schools founded in the 18th century also taught arithmetic and English.[9]In Scotland, the burgh councils updated the curricula of their schools so that Scotland no longer has grammar schools in any of the senses discussed here, though some, such asAberdeen Grammar School,retain the name.[10]

In England, urban middle-class pressure for a commercial curriculum was often supported by the school's trustees (who would charge the new students fees), but resisted by the schoolmaster, supported by the terms of the original endowment. Very few schools were able to obtain special acts of Parliament to change their statutes; examples are theMacclesfield Grammar SchoolAct 1774 and theBolton Grammar SchoolAct 1788.[6]Such a dispute between the trustees and master ofLeeds Grammar Schoolled to a celebrated case in theCourt of Chancery.After 10 years,Lord Eldon,thenLord Chancellor,ruled in 1805, "There is no authority for thus changing the nature of the Charity, and filling a School intended for the purpose of teaching Greek and Latin with Scholars learning the German and French languages, mathematics, and anything except Greek and Latin."[11]Although he offered a compromise by which some subjects might be added to a classical core, the ruling set a restrictive precedent for grammar schools across England; they seemed to be in terminal decline.[3][9]However it should be borne in mind that the decline of the grammar schools in England and Wales was not uniform and that until the foundation ofSt Bees Clerical College,in 1817, andSt David's College Lampeter,in 1828, specialist grammar schools in the north-west of England and South Wales were in effect providing tertiary education to men in their late teens and early twenties, which enabled them to be ordained as Anglican clergymen without going to university.[12]

Victorian-era grammar schools[edit]

sepia photograph of a seated woman in conservative Victorian dress
Frances Buss,a pioneer of women's education and founding head ofNorth London Collegiate School(1850)

The 19th century saw a series of reforms to grammar schools, culminating in theEndowed Schools Act 1869.Grammar schools were reinvented as academically oriented secondary schools following literary or scientific curricula, while often retaining classical subjects.

The Grammar Schools Act 1840 made it lawful to apply the income of grammar schools to purposes other than the teaching of classical languages,[13]but change still required the consent of the schoolmaster. At the same time, many schools were reorganising themselves along the lines ofThomas Arnold's reforms atRugby School,and the spread of the railways led to new boarding schools teaching a broader curriculum, such asMarlborough College(1843). The first girls' schools targeted at university entrance wereNorth London Collegiate School(1850) andCheltenham Ladies' College(from the appointment ofDorothea Bealein 1858).[6][9]

Following theClarendon Commission,which led to thePublic Schools Act 1868which restructured the trusts of nine leading schools (includingEton College,Harrow SchoolandShrewsbury School), theTauntonCommission was appointed to examine the remaining 782 endowed grammar schools. The commission reported that the distribution of schools did not match the current population, and that provision varied greatly in quality, with provision for girls being particularly limited.[6][9]The commission proposed the creation of a national system of secondary education by restructuring the endowments of these schools for modern purposes. The result was theEndowed Schools Act 1869,which created the Endowed Schools Commission with extensive powers over endowments of individual schools. It was said that the commission "could turn a boys' school in Northumberland into a girls' school in Cornwall". Across England and Wales schools endowed to offer free classical instruction to boys were remodelled as fee-paying schools (with a few competitive scholarships) teaching broad curricula to boys or girls.[6][9][14]

Laboratory, BreconCounty Schoolfor Girls in 1896

In the lateVictorian erathere was a great emphasis on the importance ofself-improvement,and many schools established at that time emulated the greatpublic schools,copying their curriculum, ethos and ambitions, and some took or maintained the title "grammar school" for historical reasons. A girls' grammar school established in a town with an older boys' grammar school would often be named a "high school".

Under theEducation (Administrative Provisions) Act 1907all grant-aided secondary schools were required to provide at least 25 percent of their places as free scholarships for students from public elementary schools. Grammar schools thus emerged as one part of the highly varied education system of England and Wales before 1944.[3][9]

Tripartite System[edit]

Main article:Tripartite System

The 1944Education Actcreated the first nationwide system of state-funded secondary education in England and Wales, echoed by the Education (Northern Ireland) Act 1947. One of the three types of school forming theTripartite Systemwas called the grammar school, which sought to spread the academic ethos of the existing grammar schools. Grammar schools were intended to teach an academic curriculum to the most intellectually able 25 percent of the school population as selected by the11-plusexamination.

Framlingham College,a former direct-grant grammar school

Two types of grammar schools existed under the system: [15] [16]

  • State-maintained grammar schools, which reached a peak in 1964 with 1,298 in England and Wales.[17]Though some were quite old, most were either newly created or built since the Victorian period, seeking to replicate the studious, aspirational atmosphere found in the older grammar schools.
  • Direct-grant grammar schoolsof which there were 179. They took between one quarter and one-half of their pupils from the state system, and the rest from fee-paying parents. They also exercised far greater freedom from local authorities, and some were members of theHeadmasters' Conference.These schools included some very old schools encouraged to participate in the Tripartite System. The most famous example of a direct-grant grammar wasManchester Grammar School,whose headmaster,Lord James of Rusholme,was one of the most outspoken advocates of the Tripartite System.[18]

Grammar school pupils were given the best opportunities of any schoolchildren in the state system.[19]Initially, they studied for theSchool CertificateandHigher School Certificate,replaced in 1951 byGeneral Certificate of Educationexaminations atO-level(Ordinary level) andA-level(Advanced level). In contrast, very few students atsecondary modern schoolstook public examinations until the introduction of the less academic and less prestigiousCertificate of Secondary Education(known as the CSE) in 1965.[20]Until the implementation of theRobbins Reportin the 1960's expandinghigher education,pupils frompublicand grammar schools effectively monopolised access to universities. These schools were also the only ones that offered an extra term of school to prepare pupils for the competitive entrance exams forOxfordandCambridge.

According toAnthony Sampson,in his bookAnatomy of Britain(1965), there were structural problems within the testing process that underpinned the eleven plus which meant it tended to result in secondary modern schools being overwhelmingly dominated by the children of poor and working-class parents, while grammar schools were dominated by the children of wealthier middle-class parents.[21]The Tripartite System was largely abolished in England and Wales between 1965, with the issue ofCircular 10/65,and the Education Act 1976. Most maintained grammar schools were amalgamated with a number of other local schools, to form neighbourhoodcomprehensive schools,though a few were closed. This process proceeded quickly in Wales, with the closure of such schools asCowbridge Grammar School.In England, implementation was less even, with some counties and individual schools successfully resisting conversion or closure.[22][23]

The Direct Grant Grammar Schools (Cessation of Grant) Regulations 1975 required direct grant schools to decide whether to convert into comprehensives under local authority control or becomeprivate schoolsfunded entirely by fees. Of the direct grant schools remaining at that time, 51 became comprehensive, 119 opted for independence, and five were "not accepted for the maintained system and expected to become independent schools or to close".[24]Some of these schools retained the name "grammar" in their title but are no longer free of charge for all but a few pupils. These schools normally select their pupils by an entrance examination and sometimes by interview.

By the end of the 1980s, all of the grammar schools in Wales and most of those in England had closed or converted to comprehensive schools. Selection also disappeared from state-funded schools in Scotland in the same period. Although almost all former grammar schools ceased to be selective, there are comprehensive schools that chose to maintain the descriptor "grammar" in their nomenclature.[a].Most of these schools do however operate some form of selection in their admission process, due to oversubscription. There is also a small group of formallypartially selective schoolswhich select a cohort of pupils based on academic ability. The tripartite system (reduced to grammar and secondary modern schools) does survive in certain areas, such as Kent, where the eleven-plus examination which divides pupils into placement in grammar or secondary modern school is known as theKent Test.

Current British grammar schools[edit]

Today,grammar schoolcommonly refers to one of the 163 remaining fullyselectivestate-funded schoolsin England and the 69 remaining in Northern Ireland. TheNational Grammar Schools Associationcampaigns in favour of such schools,[25]while Comprehensive Future and theCampaign for State Educationcampaign against them.[26][27]AUniversity College Londonstudy has shown that UK grammar school pupils gain no significant social or emotional advantages by the age of 14 over similarly gifted pupils in non-selective schools.[28]

England[edit]

See also:List of grammar schools in England
Reading Schooltraces its history back to the school of Reading Abbey (1125), making it one of the oldest schools in England.

England has a long history of grammar schools. Curricula differ from school to school but generally includes English language, English literature, mathematics, computer science, physics, chemistry, biology, geography, art and design, music, drama, design and technology, history, philosophy,civics/citizenship, classical education, religious education, physical education, and several other foreign languages. Most English grammar schools follow theNational Curriculumand follow the same broad national exams as other state schools.

map of English local authorities (9 filled) with 37 scattered filled circles
Grammar school areas and groups as identified by the Education (Grammar School Ballots) Regulations 1998.[29]LEAs considered grammar areas are shown filled, while circles indicate isolated grammar schools or clusters of neighbouring schools.

Under the Labour government'sSchool Standards and Framework Act 1998,grammar schools were for the first time to be designated bystatutory instrument.[30][31]The Act also defined a procedure by which local communities could petition for a ballot for an end to selection at schools.[29][32]Petitions were launched in several areas, but only one received the signatures of 20% of eligible parents, the level needed to trigger a ballot.[33]Thus the only ballot held to date was forRipon Grammar Schoolin 2000, when parents rejected change by a ratio of 2 to 1.[34]These arrangements were condemned in 2004 by the Select Committee for Education and Skills as being ineffective and a waste of time and resources.[35]

There remain 163 grammar schools in England (out of some 3,000 state secondaries in total).[36]Only a few areas have kept a formal grammar school system along the lines of the Tripartite System. In these areas, theeleven plus examis used solely to identify a subset of children (around 25%) considered suitable for grammar education. When a grammar school has too many qualified applicants, other criteria are used to allocate places, such as siblings, distance or faith. Such systems still exist in Buckinghamshire, Rugby and Stratford districts of Warwickshire, the Salisbury district of Wiltshire and most of Lincolnshire, Kent, Reading and Medway.[37][38]Of metropolitan areas, Trafford and most of Wirral are selective.[39][40]

In other areas, grammar schools survive mainly as very highly selective schools in an otherwise comprehensive county, for example in several of the outer boroughs of London. These schools are often heavily oversubscribed, and award places in rank order of performance in their entry tests. In someLEAs,as many as 10–15% of 11-year-olds may attend grammar schools (for example in Gloucestershire), but in other LEAs it is as low as 2%. These very highly selective schools also tend to dominate the top positions in performance tables.[41]

Further radical change was opposed by both Conservative and Labour governments until September 2016. Although many on the left argue that the existence of selective schools undermines the comprehensive structure, Labour governments have delegated decisions on grammar schools to local processes, which have not yet resulted in any changes. Moreover, government education policy appears to accept the existence of some kind of hierarchy in secondary education, withspecialist schools,academiesand similar initiatives proposed as ways of raising standards. Many grammar schools have featured in these programmes, and a lower level of selection is permitted at specialist schools.[42][43]

In September 2016, Prime MinisterTheresa Mayreversed the previousConservative Partypolicy against expansion of grammar schools (except to cope with population expansion in wholly selective areas).[44]The government opened a consultation on proposals to allow existing grammar schools to expand and new ones to be set up.[45]TheLabourandLiberal Democratparties remain opposed to any expansion.[44]

Northern Ireland[edit]

See also:List of grammar schools in Northern Ireland

Attempts to move to a comprehensive system (as in the rest of the United Kingdom) have been delayed by shifts in the administration ofNorthern Ireland. As a result, Northern Ireland still maintains the grammar school system, with many pupils being entered for academic selection exams similar to the 11-plus. Since the "open enrolment" reform of 1989, these schools (unlike those in England) have been required to accept pupils up to their capacity, which has also increased.[46]By 2006, the 69 grammar schools took 42% of transferring children, and only 7 of them took all of their intake from the top 30% of the cohort.[47]

Coleraine Academical Institution(1860)

The 11-plus has long been controversial, and Northern Ireland's political parties have taken opposing positions. Unionists tend to lean towards preserving the grammar schools as they are, with academic selection at the age of 11, whereas nationalist politicians lean towards scrapping the 11-plus, despite vehement protestations from the majority of Catholic Grammar Schools, most notably by the board of governors atRathmore Grammar Schoolin Finaghy, (a South Belfast suburb) and Lumen Christi (although co-educational) in Derry.

TheDemocratic Unionist Partyclaimed to have ensured the continuation of the grammar school system in the province as part of theSt Andrews Agreementin October 2006. By contrast,Sinn Féinclaims to have secured the abolition of the 11-plus and a veto over any system which might follow it.

The last government-run 11-plus exam was held in 2008 (for 2009 entry),[48]but theNorthern Ireland Assemblyhas not been able to agree on a replacement system for secondary transfer. The grammar schools have organised groupings to run their own tests, the Post-Primary Transfer Consortium (mostly Catholic schools) and the Association for Quality Education.[49][50][51] The Northern Ireland Commission for Catholic Education did accept continued selection at Catholic grammar schools as a temporary measure, anticipating them to end the practice by 2012.[52][53]As of September 2019, the practice continues.

In other countries or regions[edit]

Grammar schools were established in various British territories, and have developed in different ways since those territories became independent.

Australia[edit]

Sydney Grammar School(1857)

In the mid-19th century, independent schools were established in the Australian colonies to spare the wealthy classes from sending their sons to schools in Britain. These schools took their inspiration from Englishpublic schools,and often called themselves "grammar schools".[54] Early examples includeLaunceston Grammar School(1846),Pulteney Grammar School(1847),Geelong Grammar School(1855),Melbourne Grammar School(1858) andHale School(1858).

With the exception of the non-denominationalSydney Grammar School(1857) andQueenslandgrammar schools, all the grammar schools established in the 19th century were attached to theChurch of England(now theAnglican Church of Australia). In Queensland, theGrammar Schools Act 1860provided for the state-assisted foundation of non-denominational grammar schools. Beginning withIpswich Grammar School(1863), ten schools were founded, of which the following eight still exist:[55]

Rockhampton Girls' Grammar School(c. 1895)

In the 1920s grammar schools of other denominations were established, including members of theAssociated Grammar Schools of Victoria,[57]and the trend has continued to the present day. Today, the term is defined only in Queensland legislation.[55] Throughout the country, "grammar schools" are generally high-cost private schools.

The nearest equivalents of contemporary English grammar schools areselective schools. The New South Wales public education system operates 19 selective public schools which resemble the English grammar-school system insofar as they engage in academic selection by way of centralised examination, they do not charge tuition fees and they are recipients of a greater degree of public funding per pupil than is afforded to non-selective government schools.

Canada[edit]

Galt Grammar School (1852) (nowGalt Collegiate Institute)

Grammar schools provided secondary education inOntariountil 1871. The first lieutenant-governor ofUpper Canada,John Graves Simcoe,advocated grammar schools for the colony to save the wealthy from sending their sons to the United States to be educated, but he was unable to convince his superiors in London. He, however, made a grant enabling John Stuart to set upKingston Grammar Schoolin 1795.[58][59] After several abortive attempts to raise funding, the District Schools Act of 1807 provided support for one grammar school teacher in each district, of which there were then eight, but they were then left to their own devices.

Finding the grammar schools unsuitable as preparation for university, Lieutenant-GovernorSir John ColbornefoundedUpper Canada Collegeas a superior grammar school.[60] Legislation in 1839 allowed for more than one grammar school in a district, triggering a rapid but unstructured growth in numbers over the following two decades to 86 in 1861. The schools became more independent of theChurch of Englandand began to admit girls However, the schools were unsupervised, often underfunded and of varying standards. Some, likeTassie's School,inGalt,provided a traditional classical education, but many provided a basic education of poor quality.[61]

Chief Superintendent of EducationEgerton Ryersonattempted to reform the schools in the 1850s and the 1860s by moving control of the schools from counties (the former districts) to city authorities, securing their funding and introducing inspectors. However, his efforts to convert the schools into classical schools for only boys were unsuccessful.[62] In recognition of the broad curricula offered, grammar schools were redesignated assecondary schoolby the Act to Improve the Common and Grammar Schools of the Province of Ontario of 1871.[63]Schools that offered classical studies were given additional funding and operated ascollegiate institutes.[64]The secondary–school collegiate–institute system was also emulated in several other provinces inWestern Canada.

Hong Kong[edit]

See also:Education in Hong Kong

Mainstream schools inHong Kongreflect the post-war British grammar system, focusing on a traditional curriculum rather thanvocationalsubjects.[65]

Ireland[edit]

Drogheda Grammar School(1669)

Education in theRepublic of Irelandhas traditionally been organised ondenominationallines. Grammar schools along the lines of those in Great Britain were set up for members of theChurch of Irelandprior to itsdisestablishmentin 1871. Some schools remain, as private schools catering largely for Protestant students. These are often fee-paying and accommodate boarders, given the scattered nature of the Protestant population in much of Ireland. Such schools includeBandon Grammar School,[66]Drogheda Grammar School,Dundalk Grammar SchoolandSligo Grammar School.[67]Others are among the many former fee-paying schools absorbed into larger state-fundedcommunity schoolsfounded since the introduction of universal secondary education in the Republic by ministerDonogh O'Malleyin September 1967. Examples includeCork Grammar School,replaced byAshton School,a co-educational comprehensive, in 1972.[68]

Malaysia[edit]

St. George's Institution(1914)

Malaysiahas a number of grammar schools, a majority of which were established when the country was under British rule. They are generally not known as "grammar schools" but are similarly selective in their intake. Among the best known being thePenang Free School,theVictoria Institution(Kuala Lumpur),Malay College Kuala Kangsar,theEnglish College (Johor Bahru),King George V School(Seremban) andSt George's Institution(Taiping). Mission schools set up by various Christian denominations paralleled the selective state school albeit not with the same degree of selectivity. Notable mission schools include theLa Sallian family of schoolsand those set up by theMarist BrothersandMethodistmissionaries. Before the 1970s when Malay was made the medium of instruction, many such selective schools became known for providing excellent English-medium education and have produced many notable alumni, including formerPrime Minister of MalaysiaNajib Tun Razak(St. John's Institution) and all five of his predecessors.


New Zealand[edit]

See also:Secondary education in New Zealand
Auckland Grammar School(1868)

InNew Zealand,a small number of schools are named "grammar schools" and follow the academic and cultural traditions established in the United Kingdom. Grammar schools were established only inAucklandand originally came under the authority of the Auckland Grammar Schools' Board. Auckland's grammar schools share a common line of descent from the British grammar school system, with a strong focus on academics and traditional British sports. Originally, the schools used entry assessments and selected academic students from across New Zealand. The schools mentioned below all share the school motto: "Per Angusta Ad Augusta" (Through difficulties to honours). They also share the same icon/logo, the "Auckland Grammar Lion". Today, all grammar schools in New Zealand are non-selective state schools, but they use school donations to supplement their government funding. Within theMinistry of Education,they are regarded as any other secondary institutions.

New Zealand did not establish a state education system until 1877. The absence of a national education system meant that the first sizable secondary-education providers were grammar schools and other private institutions. The first grammar school in New Zealand,Auckland Grammar School,was established in 1850 and formally recognised as an educational establishment in 1868 by the Auckland Grammar School Appropriation Act. In 1888,Auckland Girls' Grammar Schoolwas established. In 1917 Auckland Grammar School'ssister schoolwas established,Epsom Girls' Grammar School.In 1922,Mount Albert Grammar Schoolwas established as part of Auckland Grammar School. Both schools have since become separate institutions.Takapuna Grammar Schoolwas established in 1927 and was the first co-educational grammar school to be established in New Zealand.

Singapore[edit]

Raffles Institution(1823)

Singapore was established as a Crown Colony, and the term "grammar school" was used since 1819 among the English community. The English, and later, the Scottish, set up cathedrals, churches, and elite grammar schools for the upper class. Initially, this was a racially segregated colonial system.

The British then opened up their schools to children from English mixed marriages, or to those with English descent. During the late colonial period, these schools expanded and also schooled descendants of the very few mixed English and Straits-Chinese families, and descendants of some rich Straits-born Chinese merchant class families, who were educated in Oxbridge or had London trade ties. Initially these schools were run exactly like their counterparts in England, and taught by the English.

The oldest of these,Raffles Institution,was founded in 1823 bySir Stamford Rafflesto educate sons born and living in the Crown Colony, often to fathers in Crown colonial service. Single-sex classes were set up for daughters of the British ruling class in 1844, and later becameRaffles Girls' School,officially founded in 1879. After independence it became the Raffles Girls' School (Primary School), distinct from the branch school established by the local government after independence, the Raffles Girls' School (Secondary School).

The French Roman Catholic Orders later opened up their ministries and boarding schools to children of mixed marriages, and racial segregation was also relaxed to some extent in the English schools. The French Catholic missions and schools, but not the English schools, also accepted orphans, foundlings, and illegitimate children abandoned by mothers ostracized for breaching racial purity laws.

The CHIJMES building has commemorative plaques for these abandoned babies. The children were termed "children of God" and raised as Catholics. When laws banning polygamy became strictly enforced in Singapore after 1965, these schools extended their English-speaking classes to girls from families of any socio-economic background. The British grammar schools in Singapore imitated much of this education system, with Catholicism replaced by Anglicanism. Later theAnglican High Schoolof Singapore was set up. Australian Methodist missionaries started UK-style grammar schools with American and British Methodist church funds. They founded theAnglo-Chinese School(1886) andMethodist Girls' School(1887).

When Singapore became independent from theUnited Kingdom,the Singapore government established publicly funded bilingual schools based on the existing grammar school system. Since the 1960s their mission was to provide a high-quality elite education to the top 10% in national annual IQ tests, regardless of socio-economic background. These bilingual schools were influenced by the US educational system, and termed "high schools" rather than "grammar schools". Other, less elitist, state schools were called simply "secondary schools", similar to the UK equivalent of "comprehensive schools". High schools includeDunman High School(co-educational),Nanyang Girls' High School,Maris Stella High School(for boys only) andCatholic High School(all-boys). Within these schools there are academically top classes, the very competitive Scholars' class or "A" class. Graduates tend to become part of the upper class. These schools recruit pupils worldwide, particularly from large emerging Asian economies. Recruitment is carried out under the auspices of the Special Assistant Plan Scholars programme, the ASEAN Scholars programme, and the India and China Scholars programmes. Gifted pupils, such as winners of Mathematical Olympiads, international violin and piano competitions, Physics Olympiads and child inventors are particularly sought after.

In addition to religious missions and the new high schools, the less selectiveSingapore Chinese Girls' Schoolwas set up by severalPeranakanbusiness and community leaders. The Ministry of Education published annual rankings, but discontinued them after criticism of excessive academic stress placed on schoolchildren, some of whom committed suicide in response to perceived failure. After the 1990s all schools were integrated into a unified national school system, but the elite schools distinguished themselves by descriptions such as "independent" or "autonomous".

United States[edit]

Boston Latin School(1635)

Grammar schools on the English and later British models were founded during thecolonial period,the first being theBoston Latin School,founded as the Latin Grammar School in 1635.[69][70] In 1647 theMassachusetts Bay Colonyenacted theOld Deluder Satan Law,requiring any township of at least 100 households to establish a grammar school, and similar laws followed in the otherNew Englandcolonies. These schools initially taught young men the classical languages as a preparation for university, but by the mid-18th century many had broadened their curricula to include practical subjects. Nevertheless, they declined in popularity owing to competition from the more practical academies.[71]

The name "grammar school" was adopted bypublic schoolsfor children from 10 to 14 years of age, following a primary stage from 5 to 9 years of age. These types were gradually combined around 1900 to formelementary schools,which were also known as "grammar schools".[71][72]

An analogous concept to the contemporary English grammar school is themagnet school,a state-funded secondary institution that may select students from a given school district according to academic criteria.[73]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Appleby Grammar School
    Batley Grammar School
    Beverley Grammar School
    Enfield Grammar School
    Hutton Grammar School
    Ilkley Grammar School
    Kirkby Stephen Grammar School
    Penistone Grammar School
    Prince Henry's Grammar School, Otley,
    Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Blackburn
    Steyning Grammar School
    Tadcaster Grammar School
    Watford Grammar School for Boys
    Watford Grammar School for Girls
    William Hulme's Grammar School

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^W.H. Hadow,ed. (1926).The Education of the Adolescent.London: HM Stationery Office. Archived fromthe originalon 6 April 2010.Retrieved15 April2010.
  2. ^Peter Gordon; Denis Lawton (2003).Dictionary of British Education.London: Woburn Press.
  3. ^abcdeWill Spens,ed. (1938).Secondary education with special reference to grammar schools and technical high schools.London: HM Stationery Office. Archived fromthe originalon 6 April 2010.Retrieved15 April2010.
  4. ^Rev. T.A. Walker (1907–1921)."Chapter XV. English and Scottish Education. Universities and Public Schools to the Time of Colet".In A. W. Ward; A. R. Waller (eds.).Volume II: English. The End of the Middle Ages.The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes.Retrieved15 April2010.
  5. ^J. F. A. Mason, The Borough of Bridgnorth 1157–1957 (Bridgnorth, 1957), 12, 36
  6. ^abcdefGeoffrey Walford (1993). "Girls' Private Schooling: Past and Present". In Geoffrey Walford (ed.).The Private Schooling of Girls: Past and Present.London: The Woburn Press. pp. 9–32.
  7. ^"Educating Shakespeare: School Life in Elizabethan England".The Guild School Association, Stratford-upon-Avon. 2003. Archived fromthe originalon 2 March 2001.Retrieved1 October2008.
  8. ^Samuel Johnson(1755).A Dictionary of the English Language.
  9. ^abcdefGillian Sutherland (1990). "Education". InF. M. L. Thompson(ed.).Social Agencies and Institutions.The Cambridge Social History of Britain 1750–1950. Vol. 3. pp. 119–169.
  10. ^Robert Anderson (2003). "The History of Scottish Education, pre-1980". In T. G. K. Bryce; Walter M. Humes (eds.).Scottish Education: Post-Devolution.Edinburgh University Press. pp. 219–228.ISBN978-0-7486-0980-2.
  11. ^J.H.D. Matthews; Vincent Thompson Jr (1897)."A Short Account of the Free Grammar School at Leeds".The Register of Leeds Grammar School 1820–1896.Leeds: Laycock and Sons. p. xvi.
  12. ^Slinn, Sara (2017).The Education of the Anglican Clergy, 1780–1839.Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer. pp. 129–169.ISBN978-1-78327-175-7.
  13. ^Gillard, Derek."Grammar Schools Act 1840".educationengland.org.Archived fromthe originalon 14 November 2013.
  14. ^J.W. Adamson (1907–1921)."Chapter XIV. Education".In A. W. Ward; A. R. Waller (eds.).Volume XIV. The Victorian Age, Part Two.The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes.
  15. ^Shadi Danechi (3 January 2020),Grammar school statistics(PDF),House of Commons Library,retrieved13 June2023
  16. ^Anthony Sampson(1971).The New Anatomy of Britain.London:Hodder & Stoughton.pp. 139–145.a few direct-grant schools have acquired a special reputation. The most famous of them is Manchester Grammar School
  17. ^Danechi, Shadi (3 January 2020)."Grammar School Statistics"(PDF).House of Commons Library Briefing Paper(1398): 4–5.Retrieved13 June2023.
  18. ^Sampson (1971), p. 143.
  19. ^Hitchens, Peter (21 September 2021)."The golden age of the grammar schools".The Spectator.
  20. ^The story of the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE)Archived11 September 2009 at theWayback Machine,Qualifications and Curriculum Authority.
  21. ^Sampson, A.Anatomy of Britain Today,London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1965, p.195
  22. ^Pischke, Jörn-Steffen; Manning, Alan (April 2006)."Comprehensive versus Selective Schooling in England in Wales: What Do We Know?".NBER Working Paper No. 12176.doi:10.3386/w12176.
  23. ^Ian Schagen; Sandy Schagen (November 2001).The impact of the structure of secondary education in Slough(PDF)(Report).National Foundation for Educational Research.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 4 January 2012.Retrieved19 October2009.
  24. ^"Direct Grant Schools".Parliamentary Debates (Hansard).House of Commons. 22 March 1978. col. 582W–586W.
  25. ^Welcome to the National Grammar Schools Association
  26. ^Comprehensive Future
  27. ^Campaign for State Education
  28. ^Grammar school pupils 'gain no social or emotional advantages' by age 14The Guardian
  29. ^abStatutory Instrument 1998 No. 2876The Education (Grammar School Ballots) Regulations 1998(Coming into force 3 December 1998).
  30. ^Statutory Instrument 1998 No. 2219The Education (Grammar School Designation) Order 1998(Coming into force 1 October 1998)
  31. ^Statutory Instrument 1999 No. 2456The Education (Grammar School Designation) (Amendment) Order 1999(Coming into force 1 September 1999).
  32. ^"A guide to petitions and ballots about grammar school admissions".Department for Education and Schools. 2000. Archived fromthe originalon 26 February 2005.
  33. ^Judith Judd (28 March 2000)."Campaign against 11-plus is faltering".The Independent.Archived fromthe originalon 3 June 2008.
  34. ^"Grammar school ballots".teachernet. Archived fromthe originalon 12 April 2011.Retrieved15 April2010.
  35. ^"Select Committee on Education and Skills Fourth Report".UK Parliament. 14 July 2004.
  36. ^BBC: Family and education: 8 September 2016
  37. ^"Admissions to secondary school 2009 booklet"(PDF).Kent County Council. 2009. p. 4. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 5 March 2012.Retrieved31 May2009.
  38. ^"Secondary admissions".Medway Council. 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 29 December 2010.Retrieved2 November2010.
  39. ^David Jesson (2000)."The Comparative Evaluation of GCSE Value-Added Performance by Type of School and LEA"(PDF).Discussion Papers in Economics 2000/52, Centre for Performance Evaluation and Resource Management, University of York.Retrieved11 October2010.
  40. ^Ian Schagen and Sandie Schagen (19 October 2001)."The impact of selection on pupil performance"(PDF).Council of Members Meeting.National Foundation for Educational Research.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 4 January 2012.
  41. ^Sian Griffiths (18 November 2007)."Grammars show they can compete with best".The Sunday Times.London.
  42. ^Richard Garner (1 December 2001)."Anger over Labour's grammar school deal".The Independent.[dead link]
  43. ^Clyde Chitty (16 November 2002)."The Right to a Comprehensive Education".SEA.Second Caroline Benn Memorial Lecture.
  44. ^abHeather Stewart; Peter Walker (9 September 2016)."Theresa May to end ban on new grammar schools".Guardian.
  45. ^Roberts, Nerys; Long, Robert; Foster, David (3 October 2018)."Recent policy developments: Grammar schools in England".House of Commons Library.
  46. ^Eric Maurin; Sandra McNally (August 2007)."Educational Effects of Widening Access to the Academic Track: A Natural Experiment"(PDF).London School of Economics.Centre for the Economics of Education,London School of Economics,Discussion Paper 85. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 3 October 2008.Retrieved4 April2008.
  47. ^Caitríona Ruane (31 January 2008)."Education Minister's Statement for the Stormont Education Committee"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 3 October 2008.Retrieved4 April2008.
  48. ^"Minister Ruane outlines education reforms"(Press release). Department of Education, Northern Ireland. 4 December 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 1 December 2008.
  49. ^Smith, Lisa (17 December 2007)."'Test' schools accept D grade pupils ".Belfast Telegraph.Archived fromthe originalon 19 April 2013.
  50. ^Taggart, Maggie (28 April 2009)."Schools guard against test cheats".BBC.
  51. ^Torney, Kathryn (22 August 2009)."Parents put their faith in new entrance tests".Belfast Telegraph.Archived fromthe originalon 19 April 2013.
  52. ^Torney, Kathryn (3 March 2009)."The Minister is losing control of the schools transfer system".Belfast Telegraph.
  53. ^"Professor Tony Gallagher, head of the School of Education at Queen's, answers readers' queries..."Belfast Telegraph.10 August 2009.
  54. ^David McCallum (1990).The Social Production of Merit: Education, Psychology, and Politics in Australia, 1900–1950.Routledge. pp. 41–42, 46.ISBN978-1-85000-859-0.
  55. ^abGrammar Schools Act 2016,Queensland Government.
  56. ^Marjorie R. Theobald (1996).Knowing Women: Origins of Women's Education in Nineteenth-century Australia.Cambridge University Press. pp. 95–97.ISBN978-0-521-42004-4.
  57. ^McCallum (1990), p. 45.
  58. ^Gidney, Robert Douglas; Millar, Winnifred Phoebe Joyce (1990).Inventing secondary education: the rise of the high school in nineteenth-century Ontario.McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 80–81.ISBN978-0-7735-0746-3.
  59. ^"Stuart, John".Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online.University of Toronto/Université Laval. 2000.Retrieved15 April2010.
  60. ^Gidney and Millar, pp. 82–84.
  61. ^Gidney and Millar, pp. 86–114.
  62. ^Gidney and Millar, pp. 150–174.
  63. ^"Public School Boards: Reorganization, Division, Consolidation and Growth".Archives of Ontario. Archived fromthe originalon 10 May 2010.Retrieved25 May2010.
  64. ^Gidney and Millar, pp. 196–198.
  65. ^Morris, Paul (1991). "Preparing pupils as citizens of the special administrative region of Hong Kong: an analysis of curriculum change and control during the transition period". In Postiglione, Gerard A. (ed.).Education and society in Hong Kong: toward one country and two systems.M.E. Sharpe. pp. 117–145.ISBN978-0-87332-743-5.
  66. ^"Bandon Grammar School".Retrieved15 April2010.
  67. ^"About the school".Sligo Grammar School.Retrieved13 February2007.The school is one of a small number of schools in the Republic of Ireland under Church of Ireland management
  68. ^"Ashton School: history".Archived fromthe originalon 2 February 2007.Retrieved13 February2007.Ashton School, as a comprehensive school, was founded in September 1972 when Rochelle School and Cork Grammar School merged on the Grammar School site.
  69. ^"BLS History".Boston Latin School.Retrieved6 June2017.
  70. ^"Boston Latin School".Britannica Online Encyclopaedia.Retrieved13 September2008.
  71. ^abCharles Dorn (2003)."Grammar School".In Paula S. Fass (ed.).Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society.New York: Macmillan Reference Books.Retrieved26 March2015.
  72. ^Seedefinitions of grammar schoolin most U.S. dictionaries.
  73. ^Cyril Taylor; Conor Ryan (2013).Excellence in Education: The Making of Great Schools.Routledge. p. 229.ISBN978-1-136-61021-9.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grammar_school&oldid=1235035087"