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GEM (desktop environment)

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(Redirected fromGraphics System Extension)

Not to be confused withGraphics Environment for Multimedia.
GEM
Developer(s)Digital Research
Lee Jay Lorenzen
Initial release28 February 1985;39 years ago(1985-02-28)[1]
Stable release
GEM/3 3.11 / 3 November 1988;35 years ago(1988-11-03)
Operating systemMS-DOS,Concurrent DOS,FlexOS,CP/M-68K,GEMDOS,TOS
PlatformIntel 8088,Motorola 68000
TypeWindowing system
LicenseGPL-2.0-only
Websitewww.deltasoft

GEM(forGraphics Environment Manager[2]) is a discontinuedoperating environmentreleased byDigital Researchin 1985. GEM is known primarily as the nativegraphical user interfaceof theAtari STseries of computers, providing aWIMPdesktop. It was also available forIBM PC compatibles[3][4]and shipped with some models fromAmstrad.GEM is used as the core for some commercial MS-DOS programs, the most notable beingVentura Publisher.It was ported to other computers that previously lacked graphical interfaces, but never gained traction. The final retail version of GEM was released in 1988.

Digital Research later produced X/GEM for theirFlexOS[3][5]real-time operating systemwith adaptations forOS/2 Presentation Manager[6][3]and theX Window Systemunder preparation as well.[3]

History

[edit]

GSX

[edit]
GSX and CBASIC workflow diagram
GSX advertisement in 1982

In late 1984, GEM started life at DRI as an outgrowth of a more general-purpose graphics library known as GSX (Graphics System Extension),[7]written by a team led by Don Heiskell since about 1982.[8]Lee Jay Lorenzen (at Graphic Software Systems) who had recently leftXerox PARC(the birthplace of the modern GUI) wrote much of the code. GSX was essentially a DRI-specific implementation of theGKSgraphics standard proposed in the late 1970s. GSX was intended to allow DRI to write graphics programs (charting, etc.) for any of the8-bitand16-bitplatformsCP/M-80,Concurrent CP/M,CP/M-86andMS-DOS(NEC APC-III) would run on,[9]a task that otherwise would have required considerable effort to port due to the large differences in graphics hardware (and concepts) between the various systems of that era.[7]

GSX consisted of two parts: a selection of routines for common drawing operations, and the device drivers that are responsible for handling the actual output. The former was known asGDOS(Graphics Device Operating System) and the latter asGIOS(Graphics Input/Output System),[10]a play on the division of CP/M into the machine-independentBDOS(Basic Disk Operating System) and the machine-specificBIOS(Basic Input/Output System).[7]GDOS was a selection of routines that handled the GKS drawing, while GIOS actually used the underlying hardware to produce the output.[7]

Known 8-bit device drivers

[edit]

Known 16-bit device drivers

[edit]

TheDOSversion of GSX supports loading drivers in theCP/M-86CMDformat. Consequently, the same driver binary may operate under both CP/M-86 and DOS.[14]

GEM

[edit]

Intel versions

[edit]

The 16-bit version of GSX 1.3[7][9]evolved into one part of what would later be known asGEM,which was an effort to build a full GUI system using the earlier GSX work as its basis. Originally known asCrystalas a play on an IBM project calledGlass,the name was later changed toGEM.

Under GEM, GSX becameGEM VDI(Virtual Device Interface), responsible for basic graphics and drawing.[10]VDI also added the ability to work with multiplefontsand added a selection ofrasterdrawing commands to the formerlyvector-only GKS-based drawing commands. VDI also added multipleviewports,a key addition for use with windows.[15]

A new module,GEM AES(Application Environment Services), provided the window management and UI elements, andGEM Desktopused both libraries in combination to provide a GUI.[16]The 8086 version of the entire system was first officially demoed atCOMDEXin November 1984,[4][3]following a demonstration on the 80286-basedAcorn Business Computerin September 1984 where the software had been attributed to Acorn,[17]and the system was shipped as GEM/1 on 28 February 1985.[1]

GEM/1
[edit]
GEM 1.1 Desktop running in 640×350 EGA resolution

GEM Desktop 1.0was released on 28 February 1985.[1] GEM Desktop 1.1was released on 10 April 1985 with support forCGAandEGAdisplays.[18][19] A version for theApricot ComputersF-Series, supporting 640×200 in up to 8 colors, was also available asGEM Desktop 1.2.[20]

Digital Research also positionedConcurrent DOS 4.1with GEM as alternative forIBM'sTopView.[21]

DRI originally designed GEM for DOS so that it would check for and only run on IBM computers, and notPC compatibleslike those fromCompaq,as the company hoped to receive license fees from compatible makers. Developers reacted with whatBYTEdescribed as "a small explosion"; it reported that at a DRI-hosted seminar in February 1985, more than half of the attendees agreed that GEM's incompatibility with Compaq was a serious limitation. Later that month the company removed the restriction.[22]Applications that supported GEM included Lifetree Software'sGEM Write.[23]

At this point,Apple Computersued DRI[24][unreliable source?]in what would turn into a long dispute over the "look and feel" of the GEM/1 system, which was an almost direct copy ofMacintosh(with some elements bearing a closer resemblance to those in the earlierLisa,available since January 1983). This eventually led to DRI being forced to change several basic features of the system.[25][26][27][28][24](See also:Apple v. Digital Research.) Apple would later go on to sue other companies for similar issues, including theircopyright lawsuit against Microsoft and HP.

In addition to printers the system also contained drivers for some more unusual devices such as thePolaroid Palette.[13]

GEM/2
[edit]
GEM 2.0 displaying its Desktop Info dialog. This version of GEM supports 640×480 16-color VGA.

DRI responded with the "lawsuit-friendly"GEM Desktop 2.0,released on 24 March 1986, which eventually added support forVGA,sometime after its release in 1987.[29]It allowed the display of only two fixed windows on the "desktop" (though other programs could do what they wished), changed the trash can icon, and removed the animations for things like opening and closing windows. It was otherwise similar to GEM/1, but also included a number of bug fixes and cosmetic improvements.

In 1988Stewart Alsop IIsaid that GEM was among several GUIs that "have already been knocked out" of the market by Apple, IBM/Microsoft, and others.[30]

GEM XM
[edit]

GEM XMwith "GEM Desktop 3.0" was an updated version of GEM/2 in 1986/1987 forDOS(includingDOS Plus) which allowed task-switching and the ability to run up to ten GEM and DOS programs at once, swapping out toexpanded memory(XM) throughEMS/EEMSor to disk (includingRAM disks,thereby also allowing the use ofextended memory).[31][32][33][34]Data could be copied and pasted between applications through aclipboardwith filter function (a feature later also found inTaskMAXunderDR DOS 6.0).[32]Digital Research planned to offer GEM XM as an option to GEMDraw Plususers and through OEM channels.[31]

The GEM XMsource codeis now freely available under the terms ofGNU General Public License.

See also:Concurrent DOS XM
GEM/3
[edit]
GEM 3.11 displaying its Desktop Info dialog

The last retail release wasGEM/3 Desktop,released on 3 November 1988,[35]which had speed improvements and shipped with a number of basic applications. Commercial sales of GEM ended with GEM/3; the source code was subsequently made available to a number of DRI's leading customers.

While GEM/2 for the PC still provided a GSX API in addition to the GEM API; GEM/3 no longer did.[10]

GEM/4 for CCP Artline
[edit]

GEM/4,released in 1990, included the ability to work withBézier curves,a feature still not commonly found outside thePostScriptworld.[citation needed]This version was produced specifically forArtline2, a drawing program from the German companyCCP Development GmbH.[36][37][38][39][40][41][42]

The system also included changes to the font management system, which made it incompatible with the likes ofTimeworks Publisher.

Artline 1 still ran on GEM 3.1.[39]

GEM/5 for GST Timeworks Publisher
[edit]

Another version of GEM calledGEM/5[43]was produced byGST Software ProductsforTimeworks'Publisher2.1. It contained an updated look with 3D buttons, along with features such as on-the-fly font scaling. It came complete with all the standard GEM 3.1 tools. This version was produced from GEM 3.13 with only the Bézier handling taken from GEM/4.

ViewMAX for DR DOS
[edit]
Main article:ViewMAX
Screenshot ofViewMAXfile manager with user-defined colors

GEM Desktop itself was spun off in 1990 as a product known asViewMAXwhich was used solely as a file management shell underDR DOS.In this form the system could not run other GEM programs. This led to a situation where a number of applications (including ViewMAX) could exist all with their ownstatically linkedcopy of the GEM system. This scenario was actually rare, as few native GEM programs were published. In 1991,ViewMAX 2was released.

In these forms, GEM survived until DRI was purchased byNovellin June 1991[44][45]and all GEM development was cancelled.

X/GEM
[edit]

Throughout this time DRI had also been working on making the GEM system capable of multitasking. This started withX/GEMbased on GEM/1, but this required use of one of the multitasking CP/M-based operating systems.[clarification needed]DRI also produced X/GEM for theirFlexOS[3][5]real-time operating systemwith adaptations forOS/2 Presentation Manager[6][3]and theX Window Systemunder preparation as well.[3]

Ventura Publisher
[edit]

Lee Lorenzen left soon after the release of GEM/1, when it became clear that DRI had no strong interest in application development. He then joined with two other former DRI employees, Don Heiskell and John Meyer, to startVentura Software.They developedVentura Publisher(which was later marketed byXeroxand eventually byCorel), which would go on to be a very populardesktop publishingprogram for some time.

Atari versions

[edit]
TOS 4.92 (Atari Falcon) running HomePage Penguin and Desktop
Main article:Atari TOS

Development of the production 68000 version of GEM began in September 1984, when Atari sent a team called "The Monterey Group" toDigital Researchto begin work on porting GEM. Originally, the plan was to run GEM on top ofCP/M-68K,both ostensibly ported toMotorola 68000by DRI prior to the ST design being created. In fact, these ports were unusable and would require considerable development. Digital Research also offered GEMDOS (originally written as GEM DOS), a DOS-like operating system aimed to port GEM to different hardware platforms. It was available for8086and68000processors and had been adapted to theAppleLisa 2/5and theMotorolaVME/10[46]development system.[47]Atari decided in January 1985[48]to give up on the existing CP/M-68K code and instead port GEMDOS to the Atari ST platform, referring to it asTOS.[49]

As Atari had provided most of the development of the 68000 version, they were given full rights to continued developments without needing to reverse-license it back to DRI. As a result, the Apple-DRI lawsuit did not apply to the Atari versions of GEM, and they were allowed to keep a more Mac-like UI.

Over the next seven years, from 1985 to 1992, new versions of TOS were released with each new generation of the ST line. Updates included support for more colors and higher resolutions in the raster-side of the system, but remained generally similar to the original in terms of GKS support. In 1992, Atari released TOS 4, orMultiTOS,along with their final computer system, theFalcon030.In combination withMiNT,TOS 4 allowed full multitasking support in GEM.

Continued development

[edit]
Screenshot ofOpenGEM5

WhenCalderabought the remaining Digital Research assets from Novell on 23 July 1996,[50]initial plans were to revive GEM and ViewMAX technologies for a low-footprint user interface forOpenDOSin mobile applications[51][52]asCaldera View,but these plans were abandoned byCaldera UKin favour ofDR-WebSpyderandGROW.Caldera Thin Clients(later known asLineo) released the source to GEM and GEM XM under the terms ofGNU GPL-2.0-onlyin April 1999.[52]The development of GEM for PC continues asFreeGEMandOpenGEM.

On the Atari ST platform, the original DRI sources were ported again to be used in the free and open sourceTOScloneEmuTOS.New implementations of the AES portions of GEM have been implemented from scratch in the form ofXaAES,and MyAES,[53]both of which are fully re-entrant and support multitasking on top of theFreeMiNTmultitasking extensions toTOS.

Description

[edit]

The "full" GEM system consisted of three main parts:

  1. GEM VDI (Virtual Device Interface)
  2. GEM AES (Application Environment Services)
  3. GEM Desktop (an application providing drag-and-drop file management)

GEMVDIwas the core graphics system of the overall GEM engine. It was responsible for "low level" drawing in the form of "draw line from here to here". VDI included a resolution and coordinate independent set of vector drawing instructions which were called from applications through a fairly simple interface. VDI also included environment information (state, or context), current color, line thickness, output device, etc.

These commands were then examined by GDOS, whose task it was to send the commands to the proper driver for actual rendering. For instance, if a particular GEM VDI environment was connected to the screen, the VDI instructions were then routed to the screen driver for drawing. Simply changing the environment to point to the printer was all that was needed (in theory) to print, dramatically reducing the developer workload (they formerly had to do printing "by hand" in all applications). GDOS was also responsible for loading up the drivers and any requested fonts when GEM was first loaded.

One major advantage VDI provided over the Macintosh was the way multiple devices and contexts were handled. In the Mac such information was stored in memory inside the application. This resulted in serious problems when attempting to make the Mac handle pre-emptive multitasking, as the drawing layer (QuickDraw) needed to have direct memory access into all programs. In GEM VDI however, such information was stored in the device itself, with GDOS creating "virtual devices" for every context – each window for instance.

GEMAESprovided the window system, window manager, UI style and other GUI elements (widgets). For performance reasons, many of the GUI widgets were actually drawn using character graphics. Compared to the Macintosh, AES provided a rather spartan look and the system shipped with a single monospaced font.

AES performs its operations by calling the VDI, but in a more general sense the two parts of GEM were often completely separated in applications. Applications typically called AES commands to set up a new window, with the rest of the application using VDI calls to actually draw into that window.

GEMDesktopwas an application program that used AES to provide a file manager and launcher, the traditional "desktop" environment that users had come to expect from the Macintosh. Unlike the Macintosh, the GEM Desktop ran on top of DOS (MS-DOS,DOS PlusorDR DOSon the PC, GEMDOS on the Atari), and as a result the actual display was cluttered with computer-like items, including path names and wildcards. In general, GEM was much more "geeky" than the Mac, but simply running a usable shell on DOS was a huge achievement on its own. Otherwise, GEM has its own advantages over Mac OS such as proportional sliders.

Native PC GEM applications use the file extension.APP for executables, whereas GEM desktop accessories use the file extension.ACC instead.[54][55]All desktop accessories (and also a few simple applications) can be run under ViewMAX without modification.[54][55]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  9. ^ab"Language bindings available on data base services"(PDF).Micro Notes- Technical information on Digital Research products.Vol. 2, no. 3. Pacific Grove, California, USA:Digital Research, Inc.July 1984. p. 4. NWS-106-003.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2020-02-11.Retrieved2020-02-11.[…] Further documentation in the form of the GSX Language Reference manual is available for 16-bit DRI languages inside the GSX-86 Programmer's Toolkit. The product contains both versions of the newest GSX version 1.3 - one for CP/M-86 (including Concurrent CP/M) and the other for PC-DOS. […][1]
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Further reading

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