Great Perm
Principality of Great Perm Ыджыт Перем Öксуму, 𐍨𐍓𐍖𐍨𐍢 𐍟𐍔𐍠𐍔𐍜 𐍞𐍚𐍡𐍣𐍜𐍣 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1323–1505 | |||||||||
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| Capital | Cherdyn,Pokcha | ||||||||
| Common languages | Komi Old East Slavic | ||||||||
| Religion | Komi polytheism,Russian Orthodox | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| Prince of Great Perm | |||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• First mention | 1323 | ||||||||
• Annexed byGrand Duchy of Moscow | 1505 | ||||||||
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Great Perm(Permyak:Ыджыт Перем Öксуму,Ydžyt Perem Öksumu;Old Permic,𐍨𐍓𐍖𐍨𐍢 𐍟𐍔𐍠𐍔𐍜 𐍞𐍚𐍡𐍣𐍜𐍣) or simplyPerm,in LatinPermia,[1]was a medieval historical region in what is now thePerm Kraiof theRussian Federation.Cherdynis said to have been its capital.[2]
The origin of the namePermis uncertain. Most common explanation derives the name "Perm" from "parma" ( "forested highlands" in Komi language). While the city ofPermis a modern foundation named for Permia, the town ofCherdynwas reportedly itself known as the capital of "Great Perm" in the past. Cherdyn acted as a central market town, and it is sometimes suggested thatpermwas simply a term for "merchants" or "market" in alocal language,[3]but there have been other suggestions.[4]The same name is likely reflected in the toponymBjarmalandinNorse sagas.[5]The general region of Great Perm was known aswisu(وِيسُوwīsū) in medievalArab ethnography,so referred to in the works ofAhmad ibn Fadlan,Al-Gharnati,Zakariya al-QazwiniandYaqut al-Hamawi(in hisDictionary of Countries). The term is perhaps derived from the name of theVes'people who settled aroundLake Ladogaand the upperSukhona River.[6]
Principality of Great Perm[edit]
The Principality of Great Perm (Russian:Великопермское княжество,Velikopermskoye knyazhestvo;Komi-Permyak:Ыджыт Перем öксуму, Чердін öксуму) emerged as a separateKomi-Permyakfeudal entity in the 14th-15th centuries owing to the easing of theNovgorod Republic.The principality retained a degree of autonomy under theMuscoviterule, but was eventually absorbed into it in 1505.
The principality was located in theUpper Kamaarea and maintained close connections with nearbyPerm of Vychegda(alternatively known as Perm the Minor). Both Perm states had paid tribute to theNovgorod Republicsince the 9th or 10th centuries. Perm ofVychegdawas Christianised byStephen of Permin the fourteenth century and subsequently subdued byMuscovy.In 1451 a House of Princes of Perm gained control of both territories as vassals of Moscow, with the titles of princesVymsky,and princesVelikopermsky.In fact even though having been Christianised soon after Perm ofVychegda,Great Perm enjoyed greater independence, positioned between three powers: Moscow, theNovgorod,andKazan.Finally in 1472 an army of vassals of Moscow with the princes Vymsky among them conquered Great Perm and captured their brother Prince Mikhail Velikopermsky. Nevertheless, the latter soon came back again from Moscow as governor and ruled his domain for life. His son Matthew Velikopermsky was finally deposed by the Grand Prince of Moscow in 1505.[7]
Up to the early 18th century, the name Great Perm was officially used of theUpper Kamaarea, a southern part of which was governed by theStroganovfamily.
The name was borrowed (as the 'Permian' period) by the nineteenth century geologist SirRoderick Murchisonto refer to rocks of a certain age, following extensive studies which he conducted in the region.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Introduction to Latin epigraphy (Введение в латинскую эпиграфику)Archived2021-03-10 at theWayback Machine.
- ^Article on Cherdyn at uraltourism.
- ^Ferdinand Heinrich Müller,Der ugrische Volksstamm, oder Untersuchungen über die Ländergebiete am Ural und am Kaukasus, in historischer, geographischer und ethnographischer Beziehung(1839), 334.
- ^E.g. Allan S. C. Ross, "OWNBjarmar:RussianPerm",Leeds Studies in English and Kindred Languages6(1937), 5-13. Ross (1937) suggests that the name is from an Old Norse term for "edge, shore", thebjarmarbeing the "people from the edge", a name which would then have been taken over by the population and changed topermi.
- ^Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde,vol. 33, p. 425.
- ^Janet Martin, 'Treasure from the Land of Darkness:The Fur Trade and its significance for Medieval Russia',1986,page 7
- ^Article on Great Perm at heritage.perm.ruArchived2006-09-29 at theWayback Machine.
Further reading[edit]
- V. Oborin.The Settlement and Developing of Ural in Late Eleventh – Early Seventeenth Centuries.University of Irkutsk, 1990.
External links[edit]
- Е.Вершинин. Пермь Великая. Как Москва пришла на Урал(in Russian)
- Вычегодско-Вымская летопись(in Russian)
- Энциклопедия Пермского краяArchived2019-08-12 at theWayback Machine(in Russian)
- ПЕРМЬ ВЕЛИКАЯ - Культурное наследие Прикамья(in Russian)