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Greenbelt, Maryland

Coordinates:38°59′41″N76°53′07″W/ 38.9946701°N 76.8853989°W/38.9946701; -76.8853989
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Greenbelt
City
Roosevelt Center in March 2011. The city's commercial center typifies the Art Deco style used during the original construction of Greenbelt.
Roosevelt Centerin March 2011. The city's commercial center typifies theArt Decostyle used during the original construction of Greenbelt.
Flag of Greenbelt
Flag
Official seal of Greenbelt
Seal
Location in Prince George's County and Maryland
Location inPrince George's CountyandMaryland
Map
Greenbelt is located in Maryland
Greenbelt
Greenbelt
Location within the state of Maryland
Coordinates:38°59′41″N76°53′07″W/ 38.9946701°N 76.8853989°W/38.9946701; -76.8853989[1][2]
CountryUnited States
StateMaryland
CountyPrince George's
IncorporatedJune 1, 1937(1937-06-01)[3]
Government
•MayorEmmett V. Jordan (D)
Area
[4]
• Total6.29 sq mi (16.29 km2)
• Land6.24 sq mi (16.15 km2)
• Water0.06 sq mi (0.14 km2) 0.99%
Elevation
157 ft (48 m)
Population
(2020)
• Total24,921
• Density3,996.95/sq mi (1,543.35/km2)
Time zoneUTC−05:00(Eastern)
• Summer (DST)UTC−04:00(Eastern)
ZIP Codes
20770, 20771, 20768
Area codes
  • 301
  • 240
FIPS code24-34775
GNISfeature ID2390596
Websitewww.greenbeltmd.gov

Greenbeltis a city inPrince George's County, Maryland,United States, and asuburbofWashington, D.C.[1][2]At the2020 census,the population was 24,921.[5]

Greenbelt is the first and the largest of the three experimental and controversialNew DealGreenbelt Towns, the others beingGreenhills, Ohio,andGreendale, Wisconsin.Greenbelt was planned and built by thefederal governmentas an all-white town.[6][7]Thecooperative communitywas conceived in 1935 by Undersecretary ofAgricultureRexford Guy Tugwell,whose perceivedcollectivistideology attracted opposition to the Greenbelt Towns project throughout its short duration.[8][7]The project came into legal existence on April 8, 1935, whenCongresspassed theEmergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935.[9][8]Under the authority granted to him by this legislation,PresidentFranklin D. Rooseveltissued anexecutive order,on May 1, 1935, establishing theUnited States Resettlement Administration (RA/RRA).[8]

First calledMaryland Special Project No. 1,the project was officially named Greenbelt when the Division of Suburban Resettlement of the Resettlement Administration began construction, on January 13, 1936, about eight miles north of Washington.[7]The complete Greenbelt plans were reviewed at theWhite Houseby President Roosevelt andFirst LadyEleanor Roosevelton April 30, 1936.[7]The first tenants, after selection in a stringent application process, moved in to the town on September 30, 1937.[7]The construction consisted of structures built in theArt Deco,Streamline Moderne,andBauhausarchitectural styles.[7]

Greenbelt is credited as a historic milestone in urban development because it was the initial model for the privately constructed suburban Washington, D.C.,planned citiesofReston, Virginia,andColumbia, Maryland.[7]

The original federally built core of the city, known locally asOld Greenbelt,was recognized as theGreenbelt Historic Districtby theMaryland Historical Trust,and is listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesas aNational Historic Landmark District.

Greenbelt's population, which includes residents ofprivatelybuilt dwellings dating from after the end of the federal government's ownership of the city, was recorded as 23,068 at the2010 U.S. Censusand 24,921 at the2020 census.[5]

Geography[edit]

Winter view of Still Creek inGreenbelt Park

Greenbelt is located at38°59′41″N76°53′07″W/ 38.99467°N 76.885399°W/38.99467; -76.885399.[1][2]According toUnited States Census Bureaudata, as of January 1, 2018, the city has a total area of 6.23square miles(16,146,235square meters), of which 6.18 square miles (16,003,389 square meters) is land and 0.06 square miles (142,846 square meters) is water.[1][2]Greenbelt'sZIP Codesare 20770, 20771, and 20768. The ZIP Code 20770 contains all residential and business addresses that correspond to actual physical locations inside the geographic boundaries of the City of Greenbelt. The 20768 ZIP Code is assigned exclusively topost-office box (P.O. Box)addresses, while 20771 is the designated ZIP Code forGoddard Space Flight Center,situated on federal government owned land that is contiguous with a portion of Greenbelt's eastern border.[10][11]

NASA'sGoddard Space Flight Center,located directly adjacent to Greenbelt's eastern boundary, utilizes a Greenbelt postal address (Greenbelt, MD 20768), as well. It is partially within the formerGoddardcensus-designated place.[12][13]

Greenbelt Park,a unit of theNational Park System,is located within the City of Greenbelt's boundaries, at its southernmost portion.

Transportation[edit]

I-95/I-495 southbound in Greenbelt

Roads and highways[edit]

Two major highways pass through and have interchanges in Greenbelt: theCapital Beltway (I-95/I-495)and theNational Park Service's owned and maintained portion of theBaltimore–Washington Parkway(unsignedMD 295). The Greenbelt portion of the Baltimore–Washington Parkway (B–W Parkway) is part of the parkway's 19-mile section which was listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesin 1991.[14]

Additionally, Greenbelt Road is part of state highwayMD 193,which connects severalsuburbancommunities in bothPrince George'sandMontgomerycounties.Kenilworth Avenue (MD 201)traverses Greenbelt in a north–south direction, running parallel to the B–W Parkway, providing an alternate travel route into Washington, D.C., from Greenbelt. The southernmost Maryland portion of Kenilworth Avenue forms a major interchange with both the B–W Parkway andUS 50near the Maryland–D.C. line, and continues into Washington, as theKenilworth Avenue Freeway (DC 295).

Public transportation[edit]

Debut of a next generationWMATA 7000-series rail caratGreenbelt Metro Station

Washington Metro'srapid transit rail systemservesWashington, D.C.,and neighboring communities in Maryland andNorthern Virginia,by operating98 Metro stations,which includes theGreenbelt station,the northern terminus of Metro'sGreen Line.Commuter rail serviceto the station is provided byMARC Train'sCamden Line,which connects theDistrict of Columbia'sWashington Union StationwithCamden StationinBaltimore.The Camden Line provides service by utilizing the original 1835Baltimore and Ohio Railroad(B&O) track route between Washington and Baltimore, now part of theCSX System.

Also available at Greenbelt station was a weekday expressMetrobusservice, theGreenbelt–BWI Thurgood Marshall Airport Express Line(commonly shortened to the Greenbelt–BWI Airport Line), designated route B30, toBaltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport(BWI), a mode of transportation to and from the airport for airline passengers, in addition to allowing for connections to Baltimore's regional transit services. This service ended in 2020.[citation needed]

Metrobus,Prince George's County'sTHE BUS(routes 11 and 15X), and theUniversity of Maryland'sShuttle-UM(route 143; University ID required) each have bus routes which serve the city of Greenbelt.[15][16][17]Through a city–university partnership between 2017 and 2019, Greenbelt residents were permitted to unlimited travel on Shuttle UM, with the purchase of a $10 annual pass.[18]The City operates limited transportation via the Greenbelt Connection, a 12-passenger wheelchair-accessible van.[19]

Bordering areas[edit]

Scenic entry to theNation's Capital:TheBaltimore–Washington Parkway

History[edit]

The Old Greenbelt Theatre in 2020, with a marquee referencing theGeorge Floyd protests.[20]The theatre opened on September 21, 1938, screening the filmLittle Miss BroadwaywithShirley Temple.

Greenbelt was settled on September 30, 1937, as a publiccooperativecommunity in theNew Dealera.[7]The concept was at the same time both eminently practical and idealistically utopian: the federal government would foster an "ideal" self-sufficient cooperative community that would also ease the pressing housing shortage near the nation's capital. Construction of the new town would also create jobs and thus help stimulate the national economic recovery following theGreat Depression.

Greenbelt, which provided affordable housing for federal government workers, was one of three Greenbelt Towns conceived in 1935, byPresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt'sBrain TrustmemberRexford Tugwell,who was serving as the president's Undersecretary ofAgriculture.The project was officially authorized in May 1935. First, on April 8, 1935, theUnited States Congresspassed theEmergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935.Then under the authority granted to him from this legislation, President Roosevelt issued anexecutive order,on May 1, 1935, establishing theUnited States Resettlement Administration (RA / RRA).[9][8]Rexford Tugwell agreed to serve as the Administrator of the Resettlement Administration, in addition to his Undersecretary of Agriculture position, without receiving any additional salary.[8]

Working alongside Tugwell wasCharles W. Yost.The two other Greenbelt Towns areGreendale, Wisconsin(nearMilwaukee) andGreenhills, Ohio(nearCincinnati). A fourth town,Roosevelt, New Jersey(originally called Homestead), was planned but was not fully developed on the same large scale as Greenbelt.[21][22]

Eleanor Roosevelt,wife of PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt,helped Tugwell lay out theMarylandtown on a site that had formerly consisted largely of tobacco fields. She was also heavily involved in the first cooperative community designed by the federal government in the New Deal Era,Arthurdale, West Virginia,which sought to improve the lives of impoverished laborers by enabling them to create a self-sufficient, and relatively prosperous, cooperative community. Cooperatives in Greenbelt include theGreenbelt News Review,Greenbelt Consumers Coop grocery store, theNew Deal Cafe,and the cooperative forming the downtown core of original housing,Greenbelt Homes Incorporated(GHI).[21]

Thearchitectural planningof Greenbelt was innovative, as was thesocial engineeringinvolved in this federal government project.[23]Applicants for residency were interviewed and screened based on income and occupation, and willingness to become involved in community activities.[24]African-Americans were initially excluded, but were later included by the Greenbelt Committee forFair Housingfounded in 1963, and came to account for 41% of residents, according to the 2000 census.[25][24][26]The same census data also indicates that African-Americans are isolated in certain parts within the town, and the percentage of African-Americans within the historic area is between 0% and 5% on most blocks.[27]Much of the federal government planned and developed portion of the city is located within the Greenbelt Historic District.

Greenbelt was the subject of the 1939 documentary filmThe City.

In 2021, the city created areparations task forceto study the issue of whether or not to award reparations to African-Americans in Greenbelt.

Demographics[edit]

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
19402,831—
19507,074149.9%
19607,4795.7%
197018,199143.3%
198017,332−4.8%
199021,09621.7%
200021,4561.7%
201023,0687.5%
202024,9218.0%
U.S. Decennial Census[28]
2010[29]2020[30]

2020 census[edit]

Greenbelt city, Maryland – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / ethnicity(NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2010[29] Pop 2020[30] % 2010 % 2020
Whitealone (NH) 5,974 5,176 25.90% 20.77%
Black or African Americanalone (NH) 10,852 11,897 47.04% 47.74%
Native AmericanorAlaska Nativealone (NH) 43 47 0.19% 0.19%
Asianalone (NH) 2,238 2,323 9.70% 9.32%
Pacific Islanderalone (NH) 18 10 0.08% 0.04%
Some Other Racealone (NH) 61 192 0.26% 0.77%
Mixed Race or Multi-Racial(NH) 581 996 2.52% 4.00%
Hispanic or Latino(any race) 3,301 4,280 14.31% 17.17%
Total 23,068 24,921 100.00% 100.00%

2010 census[edit]

During thecensusof 2010, there were 23,068 people, 9,747 households, and 5,367 families residing in the city.[31]Thepopulation densitywas 3,673.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,418.2/km2). There were 10,433 housing units at an average density of 1,661.3 per square mile (641.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 30.1%White,47.8%African American,0.3%Native American,9.7%Asian,0.1%Pacific Islander,8.6% fromother races,and 3.3% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoof any race were 14.3% of the population.

There were 9,747 households, of which 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.7% weremarried couplesliving together, 18.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.9% were non-families. 36.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 3.12.

The median age in the city was 33.7 years. 22.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 34.4% were from 25 to 44; 25.3% were from 45 to 64, and 7.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.7% male and 53.3% female.

2000 census[edit]

For the census of 2000, there were 21,456 people, 9,368 households, and 4,965 families residing in the city.[26]Thepopulation densitywas 3,586.6 people per square mile (1,385.3/km2). There were 10,180 housing units at an average density of 1,701.7 per square mile (657.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 39.7%White,41.4%African American,0.2%Native American,12.1%Asian,0.1%Pacific Islander,3.1% fromother races,and 3.5% from two or more races.HispanicorLatinoof any race were 6.5% of the population.

There were 11,202 households, out of which 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.1% weremarried couplesliving together, 15.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.0% were non-families. 35.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.9% under the age of 18, 12.5% from 18 to 24, 39.1% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 6.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $46,328, and the median income for a family was $55,671. Males had a median income of $39,133 versus $35,885 for females. Theper capita incomefor the city was $25,236. About 6.0% of families and 10.2% of the population were below thepoverty line,including 12.7% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over.

Government[edit]

The City of Greenbelt operates under acouncil-manager governmentas established by the city charter, the first such arrangement in Maryland.[23]The Council consists of seven members elected byplurality-at-large voting.From their members, the Council selects the Mayor and the Mayor Pro Tem (who assumes the duties of the Mayor when the Mayor is unavailable). The Council has traditionally chosen the member with the highest vote count to be Mayor and the member with the second-highest vote count as Mayor Pro Tem. Elections are held every two years, in odd-numbered years, in part to diminish the influence of political parties. Political party affiliations are not an official part of the city election process and are seldom part of candidate campaigns. Regular council meetings are held on Mondays, twice per month except during July, August, and December, when meetings are held once per month.[32]

The City Council is supported by 14 advisory boards and committees of citizen volunteers. The council appoints a professional city manager responsible for supervising government operations and implementing the policies adopted by the council.

The 2021 election selected the current city council:

  • Mayor:Emmett V. Jordan
  • Mayor Pro Tem:Kristen L. K. Weaver
  • Council Members:Danielle McKinney, Jennifer Pompi, Amy Knessel, Silke Pope, and Rodney Roberts[33]

The council selects the City Manager:

  • City Manager:Josué Salmerón[34]

2009 election reform[edit]

Of theten incorporated cities in Prince George's County,Greenbelt is one of three with at-large elections for council and mayor (the others areDistrict HeightsandNew Carrollton). The remaining seven use combinations of districts and at-large voting. On February 28, 2008, the MarylandAmerican Civil Liberties Unionand Prince George's CountyNAACPsent a letter to the Greenbelt City Council claiming that Greenbelt's at-large system may violateSection 2of theVoting Rights Act of 1965.[35]According to the letter, the 2000 Census indicated that African-Americans constituted 38% of Greenbelt's voting-age population, Asians 13%, and Latinos 6%. At the time, however, all members of the city council were white. The letter proposed that the city switch tosingle-winner district-based voting,cumulative voting,orchoice voting,and indicated a lawsuit would follow if no reform were implemented.[36]While the city population is racially diverse, only two African Americans had run for Council in the 30 years preceding the 2009 election, one of whom had withdrawn before the election.[37][38]In June 2008, theUnited States Department of Justiceopened an investigation into the city's election system.[39]

In 2008, the city government hosted three public community meetings regarding election reform, in concert with the ACLU, NAACP, andFairVote.[40]Over 100 residents attended the forums, including one of the unsuccessful African American candidates, Jeanette Gordy, who said, "My concern is that people don't get off their royal behinds. By going to meetings I got what I wanted and found out I had power as a citizen."[41]

In 2009, the city implemented several election reforms with the goal of increasing diversity: increasing the city council from five to seven members, adding another precinct in Greenbelt East to shorten voter lines, and amending the city charter to allow early voting.[42]

In the election held November 3, 2009, Emmett Jordan, an African American, was chosen by 75% of voters, electing him to the Council as Mayor Pro Tem, the second-highest city official.[43] [44]Voter turnout increased from 1,898 to 2,399 voters (a 26% increase in ballots cast) from 2007 to 2009.[45]

In the election held November 5, 2013, Emmett Jordan was chosen by 77% of voters, and receiving highest vote count was then elected Mayor by the council.[46][47]

County government[edit]

Prince George's County Police DepartmentDistrict 1 Station inHyattsville;[48]District 2 Station inBrock Hall CDP,with a Bowie postal address;[49]and District 6 Station inBeltsville CDPserve the community.[50]

Federal government[edit]

Greenbelt Historic District[edit]

Main article:Greenbelt Historic District

The federally planned and constructed inner core of the city was designated as theGreenbelt Historic Districtby theMaryland Historical Trust,and subsequently placed on theNational Park Service's maintainedNational Register of Historic Placeson November 25, 1980. The historic district was elevated toNational Historic Landmark Districtstatus on February 18, 1997. The district containsRoosevelt Center(originally named simplyThe Center,and later renamed in honor of President Roosevelt) and many buildings in theArt Decostyle.[7]Roosevelt Center contains the Greenbelt Co-op Supermarket and Pharmacy (the Co-op), which opened in 1984, and the original, historicOld Greenbelt Theatre,while also adding theGreenbelt Arts Center(located underneath the Co-op, in what was previously the city'sbowling alley), and additional new businesses such as theNew Deal Cafe,with its name honoring the origins of its location.[7][52][53]Both the Co-op and the New Deal Cafe carry on a tradition from the city's inception, as they operate asnon-profitcooperative membership corporations.[53][54][52][55]

Education[edit]

Greenbelt Middle School

Greenbelt is served byPrince George's County Public Schools(PGCPS).[56][57]

There are three public elementary schools serving sections of Greenbelt:[58]

  • Greenbelt Elementary School (Greenbelt)
  • Magnolia Elementary School (unincorporated Prince George's County,Lanhamaddress)
  • Springhill Lake Elementary School (Greenbelt)

All of Greenbelt is served by Greenbelt Middle School (Greenbelt),[59]which includes aTalented and Giftedmagnet program.

All of Greenbelt is served byEleanor Roosevelt High School(Greenbelt),[60]a school which includes a Science and Technologymagnetprogram and anAP Capstoneprogram.[61]

There is a public magnet school within the City:

  • Dora Kennedy French Immersion School (Greenbelt), which serves K through 8th grade students. The school useslanguage immersionwith instruction in theFrench language.

There are no private schools within the City of Greenbelt. There is a Catholic school in nearbyLanham CDP,Academy of Saint Matthias the Apostle.[62][63]

History of schools[edit]

TheLanham Actwas used to build North End Elementary School.[64]The original Greenbelt High School building (later used for Greenbelt Junior High, Greenbelt Middle, and currently Dora Kennedy French Immersion School) opened inc. 1937.[65]Originally, theFederal Works Agencycontrolled North End Elementary School, Greenbelt High School, and the Center School.High Point High School,inBeltsville,opened in fall 1954, and began serving students from Greenbelt. The former Greenbelt High School then became Greenbelt Junior High School. Thecountybought Center School for $260,000, after thefederal governmentrenovated it in July 1958. The county also bought Greenbelt Junior High and North End Elementary.[64]Roosevelt High was scheduled to open in fall 1976.[66]The new Greenbelt Middle School opened on August 20, 2012.[65]

Public libraries[edit]

Greenbelt is served by the Greenbelt Branch of thePrince George's County Memorial Library System.[67]

Notable people[edit]

Economy[edit]

Top employers[edit]

According to Greenbelt's 2018 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[68]the top employers in the city were:

Number Employer Employees
1 City of Greenbelt 463
2 Bozzuto Group 460
3 Eleanor Roosevelt High School 350
4 Burlington Stores, Inc. 229
5 Springhill Lake Hotel Partners, LLC 148
6 Paradyme Management Inc. 134
7 Martin's 130
8 Giant Food of Maryland, LLC 126
9 Greenbelt Middle School 123
10 ATA Aerospace, LLC 116

Note that data was taken from only employers who made information available, and the list does not include the US Federal Government (including NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center adjacent to Greenbelt).

In late 2023, theGeneral Services Administration(GSA) announced thatFBIwas consolidating offices in Greenbelt. It is a huge project, next to the Metro station, to serve 7,500 staff. Besides the FBI complex, substantial development around the Metro station is planned. It is 13 miles (20 kilometers) northeast of the District. Site selection has been a 10 year project. The state of Virginia has challenged the choice, putting the Inspector General to work reviewing the selection,[69]with no change to the GSA decision as of March 2024.[70]

Gallery[edit]

A panel created by the sculptor Lenore Thomas Straus is installed at the Greenbelt Community Center
Lenore Thomas Strauspanel, Community Center
The Greenbelt Museum is in a former home built between 1936 and 1937 and is located at number 15 Crescent Road
Greenbelt Museum
The lake and parkland of Albert S Attick Lake Park
Albert S. "Buddy" Attick Lake Park
One of multiple pedestrian pathways which travel underneath a road
Grade-separated pedestrian path
Extensive pedestrian paths connect residences, in this case feeding into a tunnel beneath the primary collector roadway
Extensive pedestrian pathway system connects residences
An apartment building in the Art Deco style
Art Decoapartments

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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  2. ^abcd"State of Maryland Incorporated Places - Current/ACS18 - Data as of January 1, 2018".tigerweb.geo.census.gov.RetrievedOctober 2,2018.
  3. ^Larsen, Christian L.; Andrews, Richard D. (1951). "I: Origin and Growth".The Government of Greenbelt.Studies in Public Administration. College Park: Bureau of Public Administration, College of Business and Public Administration, University of Maryland. pp. 1–8.hdl:2027/uc1.b3526707.OCLC551390464.
  4. ^"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files".United States Census Bureau.RetrievedApril 26,2022.
  5. ^ab"Greenbelt city, Maryland".United States Census Bureau.RetrievedApril 15,2022.
  6. ^Loewen, James W. (2018).Sundown towns: a hidden dimension of American racism(2018 ed.). New York. pp. 112–113.ISBN978-1-62097-434-6.OCLC1029803624.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^abcdefghijWilliamson, Mary Lou (1987). Phillips, Nancy O. (ed.).Greenbelt: History of a New Town, 1937-1987.Norfolk, VA: Donning Co. pp. 1–43.hdl:2027/mdp.39015061000652.ISBN978-0-8986-5612-1.OCLC607530163.
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Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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