Gruoch
| Gruoch | |
|---|---|
 A engraving depicting of Gruoch seeking help fromMacbeth,createdc. the 19th century. | |
| Queen consort of Alba | |
| Tenure | 14 August 1040 –15 August 1057 |
| Born | c. 1015 |
| Died | unknown |
| Spouse | Gille Coemgáin,Mormaer (Earl) of Morayin Scotland Macbeth,King of Scotland |
| Issue | Lulach,King of Scotland |
| House | Alpin |
| Father | Boite mac Cináeda |
Gruoch ingen Boite(fl. c. 1015 – unknown) was aScottish queen,the daughter ofBoite mac Cináeda,son ofCináed II.[1]The dates of her life are uncertain. She is most famous for being the wife and queen ofMacBethad mac Findlaích(Macbeth), as well as through the character ofLady MacbethinShakespeare'sMacbeth.However, Shakespeare's Macbeth is based onHolinshed's Chronicles(published in 1577) and is not historically accurate.
Life[edit]
Gruoch is believed to have been born 1015 or before, the daughter of Boite mac Cináeda; her mother's name is not known. Before 1032, Gruoch was married toGille Coemgáin mac Maíl Brigti,theMormaer (Earl) of Moray,with whom she had at least one son,Lulach mac Gille Coemgáin,laterKing of Scots.Gille Coemgáin was killed in 1032, burned to death in a hall with 50 of his men.[2]After the death of Gille Coemgáin, Gruoch married her husband's cousin, Macbeth. Macbeth may have been responsible for Gille Coemgáin's death, and certainly benefited from it, becoming Mormaer of Moray himself. It is unclear if Macbeth married Gruoch as an ally succoring the widow of a kinsman, or as a conqueror claiming the widow of an enemy. The next year, one of her male relatives, probably her only brother, was murdered byMalcolm II.[3]
Macbeth killed King Duncan I in 1040 and succeeded him to become King of Alba.[4]Gruoch became his queen. In grants made to the church of St Serf they are identified as "Machbet filius Finlach…et Gruoch filia Bodhe, rex et regina Scottorum", king and queen of Scots.[5] Gruoch and Macbeth did not have any children, however, Macbeth did accept her son, Lulach, as his heir. Lulach is sometimes mistakenly identified as Macbeth's son, when in fact he was his step-son. Macbeth died 15 August 1057, and Lulach succeeded him to become king of Scots. It is not known what became of Gruoch or even if she survived Macbeth. Her date of death is not known. Fictional accounts tell of her death by suicide the same year Macbeth died, however, there are no valid sources supporting this.
Gruoch is named withBoiteand also withMacBethadin charters endowing theCuldeemonasteryatLoch Leven.
In fiction[edit]
- Gruoch is the model for the characterLady MacbethinWilliam Shakespeare's playMacbeth.
- She is the heroine of Gordon Bottomley's 1921 verse dramaGruach,in which the King's Envoy (i.e. Macbeth) sees her sleepwalking on the eve of her marriage to another man, falls in love with her and carries her off. The play mentions her claim to the throne.
- She appears, named Groa, as a major character inDorothy Dunnett's 1982 novel of Macbeth,King Hereafter,which topped theNew York Timesbestseller list.
- Gruoch appeared inNigel Tranter'sMacBeth the Kingas Macbeth's co-ruler and a major character.
- Gruoch appears in the 1990s TV seriesGargoyles.She is seen in flashbacks pertaining to Macbeth, who is a recurring antagonist in the series. This version of Gruoch is based on the historical figure and bears little resemblance to the literary Lady Macbeth.
- Susan Fraser KingwroteLady Macbeth,a 1982 historical novel about Gruoch, whose name she spelt asGruadh.King asserts that the book is as deeply rooted in fact as possible. Gruadh also appeared in another Susan Fraser King novel,Queen Hereafter,about Margaret of Wessex and a fictional illegitimate daughter of King Lulach.
- Gruoch also appears as the wife ofMacbeth, King of Scotland,and the mother ofLulachinJackie French's children's novelMacbeth and Son,published in 2006.
- Gloria Carreño's 2009 playA Season Before the Tragedy of Macbethpremiered by British Touring Shakespeare 2010, also sheds new light on Gruach Macduff, the central character. The play considers events up to the opening of the letter from the three witches in Shakespeare's tragedy.
- In David Greig's 2010 playDunsinane,she is known as Gruach and outlives Macbeth.
- Gruoch/Groa appears in the 2023 novelQueen Hereafterby Isabelle Schuler.
- InGruoch and Macbeth: A Screenplay,a 2024 adaptation by Graham J. Howard, the character usually called Lady Macbeth is called Gruoch. Her sonLulachis also presented.
- Gruach is the central character in Val McDermid's 2024 book, Queen Macbeth.
Notes[edit]
- ^It is not entirely certain that the Cináed father of Boite was Cináed mac Duib rather thanKenneth II.Both possibilities are admitted by Duncan, p. 345, table A, although most sources, e.g. Woolf, favour Cináed mac Duib.
- ^Annals of Ulster,s.a. 1032.
- ^Marshall, Rosalind K. (2003).Scottish Queens, 1034–1714.Tuckwell Press. p. 4.
- ^Scottish Kings: A Revised Chronology of Scottish History, 1005-1625 by Sir Archibald Hamilton Dunbar p. 18
- ^Early Scottish Charters V, p. 5.
References[edit]
- Annals of Ulster(translation) atUniversity College Cork's CELT project.
- Duncan, A. A. M.,The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence.Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2002.ISBN0-7486-1626-8
- Woolf, Alex,"Macbeth" in Michael Lynch (ed.),The Oxford Companion to Scottish History.Oxford UP, Oxford, 2001.ISBN0-19-211696-7
- Playwright Gloria Carreño
- Une Saison Avant La Tragédie de Macbeth,by Gloria Carreño. Les Editions Persée, 2010.ISBN978-2-35216-684-9.