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Guitar tunings

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The range of a guitar with standard tuning
Standard tuning (listen)

Guitar tuningsare the assignment ofpitchesto theopen stringsofguitars,includingclassical guitars,acoustic guitars,andelectric guitars.Tuningsare described by the particular pitches that are made by notes inWestern music.By convention, the notes are ordered and arranged from the lowest-pitched string (i.e., the deepest bass-sounding note) to the highest-pitched string (i.e., the highest sounding note), or the thickest string to thinnest, or the lowest frequency to the highest.[1]This sometimes confuses beginner guitarists, since the highest-pitched string is referred to as the 1st string, and the lowest-pitched is the 6th string.

Standard tuningdefines the string pitches as E, A, D, G, B, and E, from the lowest pitch (low E2) to the highest pitch (high E4). Standard tuning is used by most guitarists, and frequently used tunings can be understood as variations on standard tuning. To aid in memorising these notes,mnemonicsare used, for example,EddieAteDynamiteGoodByeEddie.[2]

The termguitar tuningsmay refer to pitch sets other than standard tuning, also callednonstandard,alternative,oralternate.[3]There are hundreds of these tunings, often with small variants of established tunings. Communities of guitarists who share a common musical tradition often use the same or similar tuning styles.

Standard and alternatives

[edit]
In standard tuning, the C-major chord has multiple shapes because of the irregular major-third between theG- andB-strings. Four such shapes are shown above.

Standard

[edit]

Standard tuningis the tuning most frequently used on a six-stringguitarand musicians assume this tuning by default if a specific alternate (orscordatura) is not mentioned. Inscientific pitch notation,[4]the guitar's standard tuning consists of the followingnotes:E2–A2–D3–G3–B3–E4.

String frequencies
of standard tuning
String Frequency Scientific
pitch
notation
1 (E) 329.63 Hz E4
2 (B) 246.94 Hz B3
3 (G) 196.00 Hz G3
4 (D) 146.83 Hz D3
5 (A) 110.00 Hz A2
6 (E) 082.41 Hz E2

The guitar is atransposing instrument;that is, music for guitars is notated one octave higher than the true pitch. This is to reduce the need forledger linesin music written for the instrument, and thus simplify the reading of notes when playing the guitar.[5]

Standard tuning provides reasonably simple fingering (fret-hand movement) for playing standardscalesand basicchordsin all major and minor keys. Separation of the second (B) through fifth (A) strings being tuned in minor 3rds and second (e) following the low (E) string as the separation being tuned in 5ths, and creating as by a five-semitoneinterval(aperfect fourth) allows the guitarist to play achromatic scalewith each of the four fingers of the fretting hand controlling one of the first four frets (index finger on fret 1, little finger on fret 4, etc.) only when the hand is in the first position.

The open notes of the second (B) and third (G) strings are separated by four semitones (amajor third). This tuning pattern of (low) fourths, one major third, and one fourth was inherited by the guitar from its predecessor instrument, theviol.The irregular major third breaks the fingering patterns of scales and chords, so that guitarists have to memorize multiple chord shapes for each chord. Scales and chords are simplified bymajor thirds tuningandall-fourths tuning,which areregular tuningsmaintaining the same musical interval between consecutive open string notes.[3]

Chromatic note progression
0 I II III IV
String open 1st fret
(index) 		2nd fret
(middle) 		3rd fret
(ring) 		4th fret
(little)
6th E2 F2 F♯
2/G♭
2 		G2 G♯
2/A♭
2
5th A2 A♯
2/B♭
2 		B2 C3 C♯
3/D♭
3
4th D3 D♯
3/E♭
3 		E3 F3 F♯
3/G♭
3
3rd G3 G♯
3/A♭
3 		A3 A♯
3/B♭
3 		B3
2nd B3 C4 C♯
4/D♭
4 		D4 D♯
4/E♭
4
1st E4 F4 F♯
4/G♭
4 		G4 G♯
4/A♭
4

Alternative

[edit]

Alternative ( "alternate" ) tuningrefers to any open string note arrangement other than standard tuning. These offer different kinds of deep or ringing sounds, chord voicings, and fingerings on the guitar. Alternative tunings are common infolk music.Alternative tunings change the fingering of common chords when playing the guitar, and this can ease the playing of certain chords while simultaneously increase the difficulty of playing other chords.

Some tunings are used for particular songs and may be named after the song's title. There are hundreds of these tunings, although many are slight variations of other alternate tunings.[6]Several alternative tunings are used regularly by communities of guitarists who share a common musical tradition, such as American folk or Celtic folk music.[7]

The various alternative tunings have been grouped into the following categories:[8]

Joni Mitchelldeveloped a shorthand to specify guitar tunings: one letter naming the note of the open lowest string, followed by the relative fret (half-step) offsets between adjacent strings; in this format, the standard tuning is E55545.[16]This scheme highlights pitch relationships and simplifies comparisons among different tuning schemes.

String gauges

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String gauge refers to the thickness and diameter of a guitar string, which influences the overall sound and pitch of the guitar depending on the guitar string used.[17]Some alternative tunings are difficult or even impossible to achieve with conventional guitars due to the sets of guitar strings, which have gauges optimized for standard tuning. With conventional sets of guitar strings, some higher tunings increase the string-tension until playing the guitar requires significantly more finger-strength and stamina, or even until a string snaps or the guitar is warped. However, with lower tunings, the sets of guitar strings may be loose and buzz. The tone of the guitar strings is also negatively affected by using unsuitable string gauges on the guitar.

Generally, alternative tunings benefit from re-stringing of the guitar with string gauges purposefully chosen to optimize particular tunings[18]by using lighter strings for higher-pitched notes (to lower the tension of the strings) and heavier strings for lower-pitched notes (to prevent string buzz and vibration).

Dropped tunings

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Adropped tuningis one of the categories of alternative tunings and the process starts with standard tuning and typically lowers the pitch of ( "drops" ) one or more strings, almost always the lowest-pitched (E) string on the guitar.

The drop D tuning is common inelectric guitarandheavy metal music.[19]The low E string is tuned down one whole step (to D) and the rest of the strings remain in standard tuning. This creates an "openpower chord"(three-notefifth) with the low three strings (DAD).

Although the drop D tuning was introduced and developed bybluesandclassicalguitarists, it is well known from its usage in contemporaryheavy metalandhard rockbands. Early hard rock songs tuned in drop D includethe Beatles' "Dear Prudence"(1968) andLed Zeppelin's "Moby Dick"(1969).[20]Tuning the lowest string onetonedown, from E to D, allowed these musicians to acquire a heavier and darker sound than instandard tuning.Without needing to tune all strings (Standard D tuning), they could tune just one, in order to lower the key. Drop D is also a convenient tuning, because it expands thescaleof an instrument by two semitones: D and D♯.

In the mid-1980s, threealternative rockbands,King's X,SoundgardenandMelvins,influenced byLed ZeppelinandBlack Sabbath,made extensive use of drop D tuning. While playingpower chords(a chord that includes the prime, fifth and octave) in standard tuning requires a player to use two or three fingers, drop D tuning needs just one, similar in technique to playingbarre chords.This allowed them to use different methods of articulating power chords (legatofor example) and more importantly, it allowed guitarists to change chords faster. This new technique of playing power chords introduced by these earlygrungebands was a great influence on many artists, such asRage Against the MachineandTool.The same drop D tuning then became common practice amongalternative metalacts such as the bandHelmet,who used the tuning a great deal throughout their career and would later influence much alternative metal andnu metalbands.[21]

There also existsdouble drop D tuning,in which both E strings are down-tuned a whole step (to D). The rest of the strings keep their original pitch.

Open tunings

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Ry Cooder plays the guitar.
Ry Cooder plays slide guitar with open tunings

An open tuning allows the guitarist to play achordby strumming the open strings (no strings fretted).

Open tunings may bechordalormodal.In chordal open tunings, the open chord consists of at least three different pitch classes. In a givenkey,these are the root note, its 3rd and its 5th, and may include all the strings or a subset. The tuning is named for the base chord when played open, typically a major chord, and all similar chords in the chromatic scale are played bybarringall strings across a single fret.[22]Open tunings are common inbluesandfolk music.[23]These tunings are frequently used in the playing ofslideandlap-slide ( "Hawaiian" )guitars, and Hawaiianslack keymusic.[22][24]A musician who is well known for using open tuning in his music isRy Cooder,who uses open tunings when playing the slide guitar.[23]

Most modern music usesequal temperamentbecause it facilitates the ability to play the guitar in any key—as compared tojust intonation,which favors certain keys, and makes the other keys sound less in tune.[25]

Repetitiveopen tunings are used for two classical non-Spanish guitars. For theEnglish guitar,the open chord is C major (C–E–G–C–E–G);[26]for theRussian guitar,which hasseven strings,it is G major (D–G–B–D–G–B–D).[27][28]

When the open strings constitute a minor chord, the open tuning may sometimes be called across-notetuning.

Major key tunings

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C's first 8 harmonics (C, C, G, C, E, G, B♭,C)Play simultaneouslyⓘ
Open D tuning
Open D tuning (listen)
Open G tuning (listen)

Major open tunings give amajor chordwith the open strings.

Open tunings
Major triad Repetitive Overtones Other

(often most popular)

Open A (A,C♯,E) A–C♯–E–A–C♯–E A–A–E–A–C♯–E E–A–C♯–E–A–E
Open B (B,D♯,F♯) B–D♯–F♯–B–D♯–F♯ B–B–F♯–B–D♯–F♯ B–F♯–B–F♯–B–D♯
Open C (C,E,G) C–E–G–C–E–G C–C–G–C–E–G C–G–C–G–C–E
Open D (D,F♯,A) D–F♯–A–D–F♯–A D–D–A–D–F♯–A D–A–D–F♯–A–D
Open E (E,G♯,B) E–G♯–B–E–G♯–B E–E–B–E–G♯–B E–B–E–G♯–B–E
Open F (F,A,C) F–A–C–F–A–C F–F–C–F–A–C C–F–C–F–A–F
Open G (G,B,D) G–B–D–G–B–D G–G–D–G–B–D D–G–D–G–B-D

Open tunings often tune the lowest open note to C, D, or E and they often tune the highest open note to D or E; tuning down the open string from E to D or C avoids the risk of breaking strings, which is associated with tuning up strings.

Open D

[edit]

Theopen D tuning(D–A–D–F♯–A–D), also called "Vestapol" tuning,[29]is a common open tuning used by European and American/Western guitarists working with alternative tunings.The Allman Brothers Bandinstrumental "Little Martha"used an open D tuning raised one half step, giving an open E♭ tuning with the same intervallic relationships as open D.[30]

Open C

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TheEnglish guitarused arepetitiveopen C tuning(with distinct open notes C–E–G–C–E–G) that approximated amajor-thirds tuning.[26]This tuning is evident inWilliam Ackerman's song "Townsend Shuffle", as well as byJohn Faheyforhis tributetoMississippi John Hurt.[31][32]

The C–C–G–C–E–G tuning uses some of theharmonic sequence(overtones) of the note C.[33][34]This overtone-series tuning was modified byMick Ralphs,who used a high C note rather than the high G note for "Can't Get Enough"onBad Company.Ralphs said, "It needs the open C to have that ring," and "it never really sounds right in standard tuning".[35]

Open G

[edit]

Mick Ralphs' open C tuning was originally anopen G tuning,which listed the initial six overtones of the G note, namely G–G–D–G–B–D; Ralphs used this open G tuning for "Hey Hey" and while writing the demo of "Can't Get Enough".[35]

Open-G tuningusually refers to D–G–D–G–B–D. The open G tuning variant G–G–D–G–B–D was used byJoni Mitchellfor "Electricity", "For the Roses" and "Hunter (The Good Samaritan)".[36]Truncating this tuning to G–D–G–B–D for his five-string guitar,Keith Richardsuses this overtones-tuning onthe Rolling Stones's "Honky Tonk Women","Brown Sugar"and"Start Me Up".[37]

The seven-stringRussian guitaruses the open G tuning D–G–B–D–G–B–D, which contains mostly major and minor thirds.[38][28]

Creating any kind of open tuning

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Any kind of chordal tuning can be achieved, simply by using the notes in the chord and tuning the strings to those notes. For example,Asus4has the notes A, D, E. By tuning the strings to only those notes, it creates a chordal Asus4tuning.

Power chord (fifths) open tunings:[39]
A5 E–A–E–A–A–E
B5 F♯–B–F♯–B–B–F♯
C5 C–G–C–G–G–G
D5 D–A–D–A–D–D
E5 E–B–E–E–B–E
F5 F–C–C–C–C–F
G5 D–G–D–G–D–G

Bass playersmay omit the last two strings.

Minor or "cross-note" tunings

[edit]

Cross-note tunings include a minor third, so giving aminor chordwith open strings. Fretting the minor-third string at the first fret produces a major-third, so allowing a one-finger fretting of a major chord.[40]By contrast, it is more difficult to fret a minor chord using an open major-chord tuning.

Bukka WhiteandSkip James[41]are well known for using cross-note E-minor (E B E G B E) in their music, as in 'Hard Time Killin Floor Blues'.

Other open chordal tunings

[edit]

Some guitarists choose open tunings that use more complex chords, which gives them more available intervals on the open strings. C6,E6,E7,E6/9and other such tunings are common among lap-steel players such as Hawaiian slack-key guitarists and country guitarists, and are also sometimes applied to the regular guitar by bottleneck (a slide repurposed from a glass bottle) players striving to emulate these styles. A common C6tuning, for example, is C–E–G–A–C–E, which provides open major and minor thirds, open major and minor sixths, fifths, and octaves. By contrast, most open major or open minor tunings provide only octaves, fifths, and either a major third/sixth or a minor third/sixth—but not both.Don Helmsof Hank Williams band favored C6tuning;slack-keyartistHenry Kaleialoha Allenuses a modified C6/7(C6tuning with a B♭on the bottom); Harmon Davis favored E7tuning;David Gilmourhas used an open G6tuning.

[edit]

Modal tunings are open tunings in which the open strings of the guitar do not produce atertian(i.e., major or minor, or variants thereof) chord. The strings may be tuned to exclusively present a single interval (all fourths; all fifths; etc.) or they may be tuned to a non-tertian chord (unresolved suspensions such as E–A–B–E–A–E, for example). Modal open tunings may use only one or two pitch classes across all strings (as, for example, somemetalguitarists who tune each string to either E or B, forming "power chords" of ambiguous major/minor tonality).

Popular modal tunings include D Modal (D-G-D-G-B-E) and C Modal (C-G-D-G-B-D).

Lowered (standard)

[edit]

Derived from standard EADGBE, all the strings aretuned lower by the same interval,thus providing the same chord positions transposed to a lower key. Lower tunings are popular among rock and heavy metal bands. The reason for tuning down below the standard pitch is usually either to accommodate a singer's vocal range or to get a deeper/heavier sound or pitch.[42]Common examples include:

E♭ tuning

[edit]

Rock guitarists (such asJimi Hendrixon the songs "Voodoo Child (Slight Return)"and"Little Wing") occasionally tune all their strings down by one semitone to obtainE♭ tuning.This makes the strings easier to bend when playing and with standard fingering results in a lower key. It also facilitates E shape fingerings when playing with horn instruments.[43]Grunge bandNirvanaalso used this tuning extensively throughout their career, most significantly in their albumsBleachandIn Utero.

D tuning

[edit]
D tuning

D Tuning,also calledOne Step Lower,Whole Step Down,Full SteporD Standard,is another alternative. Each string is lowered by a whole tone (two semitones) resulting inD-G-C-F-A-D.It is used mostly byheavy metalbands to achieve a heavier, deeper sound, and bybluesguitarists, who use it to accommodatestring bendingand by 12-string guitar players to reduce the mechanical load on their instrument. Among musicians,Elliott Smithwas known to use D tuning as his main tuning for his music. It was also used for several songs onthe Velvet Underground's albumThe Velvet Underground & Nico.Metal bandMegadethhas also been using this tuning since their albumDystopiato facilitate frontmanDave Mustaine's age and voice after his battle with throat cancer.

Regular tunings

[edit]
Regular tunings
For regular guitar-tunings, the distance between consecutive open strings is a constant musical-interval, measured by semitones on the chromatic circle. The chromatic circle lists the twelve notes of the octave.
Basic information
AliasesUniform tunings
Advanced information
AdvantagesSimplifies learning by beginners and improvisation by advanced guitarists
DisadvantagesReplicating theopen chords( "cowboy chords") of standard tuning is difficult;
intermediate guitarists must relearn the fretboard and chords.
Regular tunings(semitones)
Trivial(0)
Minor thirds(3)
Major thirds(4)
All fourths(5)
Augmented fourths(6)
New standard(7,3)
All fifths(7)
Minor sixths(8)
Guitar tunings
A fretboard with line-segments connecting the successive open string notes of the standard tuning
In the standard guitar tuning, one major-third interval is interjected amid four perfect-fourth intervals. In each regular tuning, all string successions have the same interval.
A C-major chord in four positions.
Chords can be shifted diagonally in major-thirds tuning and other regular tunings. In standard tuning, chords change their shape because of the irregular major-third G-B.
Main article:Regular tunings
See also:Interval (music)

In standard tuning, there is an interval of a major third between the second and third strings, and all the other intervals are fourths. The irregularity has a price. Chords cannot be shifted around the fretboard in the standard tuning E–A–D–G–B–E, which requires four chord-shapes for the major chords. There are separate chord-forms for chords having theirroot noteon the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth strings.[44]These are calledinversions.

In contrast,regular tuningshave equal intervals between the strings,[45]and so they have symmetrical scales all along the fretboard. This makes it simpler to translate chords. For the regular tunings, chords may be moved diagonally around the fretboard. The diagonal movement of chords is especially simple for the regular tunings that are repetitive, in which case chords can be moved vertically: Chords can be moved three strings up (or down) in major-thirds tuning, and chords can be moved two strings up (or down) inaugmented-fourths tuning. Regular tunings thus appeal to new guitarists and also to jazz-guitarists, whose improvisation is simplified by regular intervals.

On the other hand, five- and six-stringopen chords( "cowboy chords") are more difficult to play in a regular tuning than in standard tuning. Instructional literature uses standard tuning.[46]Traditionally a course begins with the hand infirst position,[47]that is, with the left-hand covering frets 1–4.[48]Beginning players first learnopen chordsbelonging to themajor keysC,G,andD.Guitarists who play mainly open chords in these three major-keys and theirrelative minor-keys (Am,Em,Bm) may prefer standard tuning over many regular tunings,[49][50]On the other hand, minor-thirds tuning features manybarre chordswith repeated notes,[51]properties that appeal to acoustic-guitarists and beginners.

Major thirds and perfect fourths

[edit]
Main articles:Major thirds tuningandAll fourths tuning

Standard tuning mixes a major third (M3) with its perfect fourths. Regular tunings that are based on either major thirds or perfect fourths are used, for example, in jazz.

All fourths tuningE2–A2–D3–G3–C4–F4keeps the lowest four strings of standard tuning, changing the major third to a perfect fourth.[52][53]Jazz musicianStanley Jordanstated that all-fourths tuning "simplifies the fingerboard, making it logical".[54]

Major-thirds tuning (M3 tuning) is a regular tuning in which themusical intervalsbetween successive strings are eachmajor thirds,for example E2–G♯2–C3–E3–G♯3–C4.[55][56][57][58]Unlike all-fourths and all-fifths tuning, M3 tuningrepeatsits octave after three strings, which simplifies the learning of chords and improvisation.[46]This repetition provides the guitarist with many possibilities for fingering chords.[55][58]With six strings, major-thirds tuning has a smaller range than standard tuning; with seven strings, the major-thirds tuning covers the range of standard tuning on six strings.[56][57][58]

Major-thirds tunings require less hand-stretching than other tunings, because each M3 tuning packs the octave's twelve notes into four consecutive frets.[56][59]The major-third intervals let the guitarist playmajor chordsandminor chordswith two three consecutive fingers on two consecutive frets.[60]

Chord inversionis especially simple in major-thirds tuning. The guitarist can invert chords by raising one or two notes on three strings—playing the raised notes with the same finger as the original notes. In contrast, inverting triads in standard and all-fourths tuning requires three fingers on a span of four frets.[61]In standard tuning, the shape of an inversion depends on the involvement of the major-third between the 2nd and 3rd strings.[62]

All fifths and "new standard tuning"

[edit]
New standard tuning.
New Standard Tuning's open strings
Main articles:All fifths tuningandNew standard tuning
C2–G2–D3–A3–E4–B4

All-fifths tuning is a tuning in intervals ofperfect fifthslike that of amandolinor aviolin;other names include "perfect fifths" and "fifths".[63]It has a wide range. Its implementation has been impossible with nylon strings and has been difficult with conventional steel strings. The high B makes the first string very taut, and consequently, a conventionally gauged string easily breaks.

Jazz guitaristCarl Kressused a variation of all-fifths tuning—with the bottom four strings in fifths, and the top two strings in thirds, resulting in B♭1–F2–C3–G3–B3–D4.This facilitated tenor banjo chord shapes on the bottom four strings and plectrum banjo chord shapes on the top four strings. Contemporary New York jazz-guitarist Marty Grosz uses this tuning.

All-fifths tuning has been approximated by the so-called "New Standard Tuning"(NST) ofKing Crimson'sRobert Fripp,in which NST replaces all-fifths' high B4with a high G4.To build chords, Fripp uses "perfect intervals in fourths, fifths and octaves", so avoidingminor thirdsand especiallymajor thirds,[64]which are slightly sharp inequal temperamenttuning (in comparison to thirds injust intonation). It is a challenge to adapt conventional guitar-chords to new standard tuning, which is based on all-fifths tuning.[a]Some closely voicedjazz chordsbecome impractical in NST and all-fifths tuning.[66]

Instrumental tunings

[edit]

These are tunings in which some or all strings are retuned to emulate the standard tuning of some other instrument, such as a lute, banjo, cittern, mandolin, etc. Many of these tunings overlap other categories, especially open and modal tunings.

Miscellaneous or "special" tunings

[edit]

This category includes everything that does not fit into any of the other categories, for example (but not limited to): tunings designated only for a particular piece; non-western intervals and modes;micro- or macro-tones(half sharps/flats, etc.); and "hybrid tunings" combining features of major alternate tuning categories – most commonly an open tuning with the lowest string dropped.[67]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Musicologist Eric Tamm wrote that despite "considerable effort and search I just could not find a good set of chords whose sound I liked" forrhythm guitar.[65]

Citation references

[edit]
  1. ^Denyer (1992,pp. 68–69)
  2. ^Phillips, Mark; Chappell, Jon (2 October 2012).Guitar For Dummies, with DVD.John Wiley & Sons. p. 17.ISBN978-1-118-11554-1.Retrieved29 January2024.
  3. ^abBrown, J. (2020)."11 alternate tunings every guitarist should know".
  4. ^"Online guitar tuner".TheGuitarLesson.Archivedfrom the original on 24 August 2013.Retrieved27 August2013.
  5. ^"Transposing Instruments – Music Theory Academy".18 January 2013.Retrieved24 September2019.
  6. ^Weissman (2006,'Off-the-wall tunings: A brief inventory' (Appendix A), pp. 95–96)
  7. ^Caluda, Glenn (5 May 2014)."Open Tunings for Folk Guitar".The American Music Teacher.63(5): 54.Retrieved1 November2020.
  8. ^Roche (2004,'Categories of tunings', p. 153)
  9. ^Roche (2004,pp. 153–156)
  10. ^abcdDenyer (1992,pp. 158–159)
  11. ^Roche (2004,'Open tunings', pp. 156–159)
  12. ^Roche (2004,'Cross-note tunings', p. 166)
  13. ^abSethares (2011)
  14. ^Roche (2004,'Modal tunings', pp. 160–165)
  15. ^Roche (2004,'More radical tunings', p. 166)
  16. ^"Notation".Joni Mitchell.Archivedfrom the original on 15 March 2016.Retrieved20 March2016.
  17. ^Faherty, Michael; Aaronson, Neil L. (1 October 2010)."Acoustical differences between treble guitar strings of different tension (i.e., gauge)".The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.128(4): 2449.Bibcode:2010ASAJ..128.2449F.doi:10.1121/1.3508761.ISSN0001-4966.
  18. ^Roche (2004,'String gauges and altered tunings', p. 169–170)
  19. ^Bowcott, Nick (10 September 2008)."The Doom Generation: The Art of Playing Heavy".Guitar World.Retrieved28 March2019.
  20. ^Long, Ben."Drop D Tuning".Archived fromthe originalon 10 November 2017.
  21. ^Tolinski, Brad (September 1994)."Heavy Mental – Interview".Blue Cricket Media.
  22. ^abSethares (2009,p. 16)
  23. ^abDenyer (1992,p. 158)
  24. ^Denyer (1992,p. 160)
  25. ^Gold, Jude (December 2005)."Just desserts: Steve Kimock shares the sweet sounds of justly tuned thirds and sevenths".Master class.Guitar Player.[dead link]
  26. ^abAnnala & Mätlik (2007,p. 30)
  27. ^Ophee, Matanya (ed.).19th Century etudes for the Russian 7-string guitar in G Op.The Russian Collection. Vol. 9. Editions Orphee. PR.494028230.Archivedfrom the original on 4 July 2013.
    –Ophee, Matanya (ed.).Selected Concert Works for the Russian 7-String Guitar in G open tuning.The Russian Collection. Vol. 10. Editions Orphee. PR.494028240.Archivedfrom the original on 4 July 2013.
  28. ^abTimofeyev, Oleg V.(1999).The golden age of the Russian guitar: Repertoire, performance practice, and social function of the Russian seven-string guitar music, 1800–1850.Duke University, Department of Music. pp. 1–584. University Microfilms (UMI), Ann Arbor, Michigan, number 9928880.
  29. ^Grossman (1972,p. 29)
  30. ^Sethares (2009,pp. 20–21)
  31. ^Sethares (2009,pp. 18–19)
  32. ^Baughman, Steve (2004)."Open C".Mel Bay Beginning Open Tunings.Pacific, Missouri:Mel Bay Publications.pp. 8–14.ISBN978-0-7866-7093-2.
  33. ^Guitar Tunings Database (2013)."CCGCEG Guitar Tuner".CCGCEG: Open C via harmonic overtones.Archived fromthe originalon 10 March 2013.Retrieved20 February2013.
  34. ^Persichetti (1961,pp. 23–24)
  35. ^abSharken, Lisa (15 May 2001)."Mick Ralphs: The rock 'N' roll fantasy continues".Vintage Guitar.Archivedfrom the original on 8 February 2013.Retrieved21 February2013.
  36. ^"List of all Guitar and Piano Transcriptions".GGDGBD.JoniMitchell.Archivedfrom the original on 18 May 2015.Retrieved22 February2013.
  37. ^Ellis, Andy (2005)."How to play like... Keith Richards".Guitar Player.Retrieved24 March2013.[dead link]
  38. ^Bellow (1970,p.164)
  39. ^"Piano Chord Chart".8notes.Archivedfrom the original on 14 June 2017.Retrieved6 May2018.
  40. ^Sethares (2001,p. 16)
  41. ^Cohen, Andy (22 March 2005). "Stefan Grossman- Country Blues Guitar in Open Tunings".Sing Out!.49(1): 152.
  42. ^Starlin, Mark (5 May 2007)."Better Guitar - Article on Tuning Down A Half Step".Archived fromthe originalon 5 May 2007.Retrieved9 September2023.
  43. ^Serna, Desi (2015).Guitar Rhythm and Technique For Dummies.For Dummies. p. 80.ISBN978-1-119-02287-9.Retrieved25 January2019.it's fairly common in rock music for guitarists to tune all of their strings down by a half-step
  44. ^Denyer (1992,p. 119)
  45. ^Sethares (2001,p. 52)
  46. ^abKirkeby, Ole (1 March 2012)."Major thirds tuning".m3guitar. cited bySethares (2011).Archived fromthe originalon 11 April 2015.Retrieved10 June2012.
  47. ^White, Mark (Fall 2005)."Reading skills: The guitarist's nemesis?".Berklee Today.Vol. 17, no. 2. Boston, MA:Berklee College of Music.ISSN1052-3839.
  48. ^Denyer (1992,p. 72)
  49. ^Peterson (2002,p. 37)
  50. ^Griewank (2010,p. 5)
  51. ^Sethares (2001,pp. 54–55)
  52. ^Sethares (2001,pp. 58–59)
  53. ^Bianco, Bob (1987).Guitar in Fourths.New York City:Calliope Music.ISBN0-9605912-2-2.OCLC16526869.
  54. ^Ferguson (1986,p. 76)
  55. ^abSethares (2001,pp. 56)
  56. ^abcPeterson (2002,pp. 36–37)
  57. ^abGriewank (2010)
  58. ^abcPatt, Ralph(14 April 2008)."The major 3rd tuning".Ralph Patt's jazz web page.ralphpatt. cited bySethares (2011).Retrieved10 June2012.
  59. ^Griewank (2010,p. 9)
  60. ^Griewank (2010,p. 2)
  61. ^Griewank (2010,p. 10)
  62. ^Denyer (1992,p. 121)
  63. ^Sethares (2001,'The mandoguitar tuning' 62–63)
  64. ^Mulhern, Tom (January 1986)."On the discipline of craft and art: An interview with Robert Fripp".Guitar Player.20:88–103. Archived fromthe originalon 16 February 2015.Retrieved8 January2013.
  65. ^Tamm (2003)
  66. ^Sethares (2001,'The mandoguitar tuning', pp. 62–63)
  67. ^Whitehill, Dave;Alternate Tunings for Guitar;p. 5ISBN0793582199

References

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Further reading

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The WikibookGuitarhas a page on the topic of:Tuning the Guitar (to standard tuning)
The WikibookGuitarhas a page on the topic of:Alternative tunings
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guitar_tunings&oldid=1242476977"