Gujarati grammar

Thegrammar of the Gujarati languageis the study of theword order,case marking,verb conjugation,and othermorphologicalandsyntacticstructures of theGujarati language,anIndo-Aryanlanguage native to theIndianstate ofGujaratand spoken by theGujarati people.This page overviews the grammar of standard Gujarati, and is written in aromanization(seeGujarati script#Romanization). Hovering the mouse cursor overunderlinedforms will reveal the appropriateEnglishtranslation.

Nominals

Nouns

Gujarati has threegenders,twonumbers,and threecases(nominative,oblique/vocative,and to a certain extent,locative). Nouns may be divided intodeclensionalsubtypes:markednouns displaying characteristicdeclensionalvowelterminations,andunmarkednouns which do not. These are the paradigms for the termination—

	Nom.		Obl./Voc.		Loc.
	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
Masc.	-ઓo	-આā			-એe
Neut.	-ઉંũ	-આંā̃	-આā	-આંā̃
Fem.	-ઈī

Two things must be noted about the locative case and its limited nature. First, it only exists as a case for masculines and neuters, which is why the corresponding feminine cell has been left blanked out. Rather, for marked feminine and unmarked nouns the locative is apostposition,which are explained on later in the article. Second, there is no distinction of gender.

Furthermore, there also exists in Gujarati apluralmarker -ઓ(o). Unlike theEnglish pluralit is not mandatory, and may be left unexpressed if plurality is already expressed in some other way: by explicit numbering,agreement,or the above declensional system (as is the case with nominative marked masculines and neuters). And yet despite the declensional system,ઓ(o) often gets tacked onto nominative marked masculine and neuter plurals anyway. This redundancy is called thedouble plural.Historically, the origin of this suffix is murky, but it is certainly morphological rather than lexical. It is new (18th century) and it is not attested inOld Gujarati,Middle Gujarati,andOld Western Rajasthaniliterature.It may simply be the case that it spread from an unrepresenteddialect.

Thus combining both the declensional and plural suffixes, the following table outlines all possible Gujarati noun terminations —

		Nom.		Obl./Voc.		Loc.
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
M'd.	Masc.	-ઓo	-આ(ઓ)ā(o)	-આā	-આઓāo	-એe
	Neut.	-ઉંũ	-આં(ઓ)ā̃(o)		-આં(ઓ)ā̃(o)
	Fem.	-ઈī	-ઈઓīo	-ઈī	-ઈઓīo
unM'd.			-ઓo		-ઓo

There are also several forms of feminines derived from masculine nouns that do not end in -ઓ(o).

Masc. (Sg.)	Fem. (Sg.)	Examples
		Masc.	Fem.
-ઇયો iyo	-ઇયેણiyeṇ	ભાગિયો bhāgiyo	ભાગિયેણ bhāgiyeṇ
	-ઇયણ iyaṇ	વાણિયો vāṇiyo	વાણિયણ vāṇiyaṇ
	-ઇયાણી iyāṇī		વાણિયાણી vāniyāṇī
-ઈī	-ણી ṇī	હાથી hāthī	હાથણી hāthaṇī
	-એણ eṇ
	-અણ aṇ	ધોબી dhobī	ધોબણ dhobaṇ
-ઉu	-વ-(Fem. suffix) -v-	સાધુ sādhu હિંદુ hĩdu	સાધ્વી sādhvī હિંદવાણી hĩdvāṇī
unM'd.	-આ -ā	પંડિત pãḍit	પંડિતા pãḍitā
	-ઈ -ī	દેવ dev	દેવી devī
	-ડી -ḍī	ભીલ bhīl	ભીલડી bhīlaḍī
	-ણી -ṇī	પિશાચ piśāc	પિશાચણી piśācaṇī
	-આણી -āṇī	રજપૂત rajpūt	રજપૂતાણી rajpūtāṇī
	-એણ -eṇ	વાઘ vāgh	વાઘેણ vāghēṇ
	-ણ -ṇ	સિંહ sĩh	સિંહણ sĩhaṇ
	-વી -vī	નટ naṭ	નાટવી naṭavī

The next table, of noun declensions, shows the above suffix paradigms in action. Words:છોકરો (chhokro)"boy",ડાઘો (ḍāgho)"stain",મહિનો (mahino)"month",કચરો (kacro)"rubbish",છોકરું (chhokrũ)"child",કારખાનું (kārkhānũ)"factory",બારણું (bārṇũ)"door",અંધારું (andhārũ)"dark",છોકરી (chhokrī)"girl",ટોપી (ṭopī)"hat",બાટલી (bāṭlī)"bottle",વીજળી (vījḷī)"electricity",વિચાર (vichār)"thought",રાજા (rājā)"king",ધોબી (dhobī)"washerman",બરફ (baraf)"ice",ઘર (ghar)"house",બહેન (bahen)"sister",મેદાન (medān)"field",પાણી (pāṇī)"water",બાબત (bābat)"matter",નિશાળ (niśāl)"school",ભાષા (bhāṣā)"language",ભક્તિ (bhakti)"devotion".

		Nom.		Obl./Voc.		Loc.
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
M'd.	Masc.	છોકરો chhokro ડાઘો ḍāgho મહિનો mahino કચરો kacro	છોકરા(ઓ) chhokrā(o) ડાઘા(ઓ) ḍāghā(o) મહિના(ઓ) mahinā(o)	છોકરા chhokrā ડાઘા ḍāghā મહિના mahinā કચરા kacrā	છોકરાઓ chokrāo ડાઘાઓ ḍāghāo મહિનાઓ mahināo	મહિને mahine
	Neut.	chhokrũ kārkhānũ bārṇũ andhārũ	chhokrā̃(o) kārkhānā̃(o) bārṇā̃(o)	chhokrā kārkhānā bārṇā andhārā	chhokrā̃(o) kārkhānā̃(o) bārṇā̃(o)	kārkhāne
	Fem.	chhokrī ṭopī bāṭlī vījḷī	chhokrīo ṭopīo bāṭlīo	chhokrī ṭopī bāṭlī vījḷī	chhokrīo ṭopīo bāṭlīo
unM'd.	Masc.	vichār rājā dhobī[1] baraf	vichāro rājāo dhobīo	vichār rājā dhobī baraf	vichāro rājāo dhobīo
	Neut.	ghar bahen medān pāṇī[2]	gharo baheno medāno	ghar bahen medān pāṇī	gharo baheno medāno
	Fem.	bābat niśāḷ bhāṣā[3] bhakti[4]	bābato niśāḷo bhāṣāo	bābat niśāḷ bhāṣā bhakti	bābato niśāḷo bhāṣāo

• The last entry of each gender category is amass noun.
• Somecount nounsare averse to taking the plural marker:bhāg"portion(s),dā̃t"tooth(/teeth) ",pag"foot(/feet) ",caṇā"chick peas",etc.
• Regarding nouns that terminate inī:
  • ^Rather than marking femininity,īcan sometimes denote vocation or attribute, most often in indicating (male) persons:ādmī"man" (lit. "ofĀdam"),baṅgāḷī"Bengali",śāstrī"scholar" (lit. "scripture-ist "),ṭapālī"postman".
  • Somemalerelations end ināī:bhāī"brother",jamāī"daughter'shusband",vevāī"child'sfather-in-law".
  • ^Some derive from male Sanskrit-in:hāthī"elephant",or neuter Sanskrit-iyam,-ījam,etc.:pāṇī"water",marī"black pepper",bī"seed".
• ^Many feminine Sanskritloanwordsend inā.i.e.bhāṣā"language",āśā"hope",icchā"intention".
• ^Many Sanskrit loanwordsorthographicallyend ini,though in Gujarati there is now no phonetic difference betweeniandī,so those words could just as well be held as marked feminines.
• In the end, unmarked nouns probably outnumber marked ones, though many marked nouns are highly frequent.Marked or not, the bases of the gender of nouns are these —
  1. Biological: animates. Thus achokrī"girl" is feminine, abaḷad"bull" is masculine, etc.
  2. Perceived: animates. Some animals have the propensity to be addressed and cast as being of one gender over the others, across the board, regardless of the biological gender of the specific organism being referred to. Thus spiders are masculine:karoḷiyo,cats feminine:bilāṛī,and rabbits neuter:saslũ.These three can be cast into other genders if such specificity is desired, but as explained that would be deviation from the default rather than a scenario of three equally valid choices.
  3. Size. An object can come in differently gender-marked versions, based on size. Masculine is big, getting smaller down through neuter and then feminine; neuter can sometimes bepejorative.Hence,camco"big spoon" andcamcī"small spoon", andvāṛko"big bowl" andvāṛkī"small bowl". The same can apply to animates (animals) that fall under the second rule just above. One would thinksasloto be "male rabbit", but it's more so "big rabbit".
  4. For the rest there is no logic to gender, which must simply be memorized by the learner.irādo"intention (m)",māthũ"head (n)", andmahenat"effort (f)" are neither animates possessing biological gender nor a part of a set of differently-sized variants; their gender is essentially inexplicable.

Adjectives

Adjectivesmay be divided intodeclinableandindeclinablecategories. Declinables are marked, taking the appropriatedeclensional terminationfor the noun they qualify. One difference from nouns however is that adjectivesdo nottake the plural marker-o.Neut. nom. sg. (-ũ) is thecitation form.Indeclinable adjectives are completely invariable. All adjectives can be used eitherattributively, predicatively, or substantively.

• Examples of declinable adjectives:moṭũ"big",nānũ"small",jāṛũ"fat",sārũ"good",kāḷũ"black",ṭhaṇḍũ"cold",gā̃ṛũ"crazy".
• Examples of indeclinable adjectives:kharāb"bad",sāf"clean",bhārī"heavy",sundar"beautiful",kaṭhaṇ"hard",lāl"red".

Declinable adjectivesārũ"good" in attributive use

		Nom.		Obl./Voc.		Loc.
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
M'd.	Masc.	sāro chhokro	sārā chhokrā(o)	sārā chhokrā	sārā chhokrāo	sāre mahine
	Neut.	sārũ chhokrũ	sārā̃ chhokrā̃(o)	sārā chhokrā	sārā̃ chhokrā̃(o)	sāre kārkhāne
	Fem.	sārī chhokrī	sārī chhokrīo	sārī chhokrī	sārī chhokrīo
unM'd.	Masc.	sāro vichār sāro rājā sāro dhobī sāro baraf	sārā vichāro sārā rājāo sārā dhobīo	sārā vichār sārā rājā sārā dhobī sārā baraf	sārā vichāro sārā rājāo sārā dhobīo
	Neut.	sārũ ghar sārũ medān sārũ pāṇī	sārā̃ gharo sārā̃ medāno	sārā ghar sārā medān sārā pāṇī	sārā̃ gharo sārā̃ medāno
	Fem.	sārī bābat sārī niśāḷ sārī bhāṣā sārī bhakti	sārī bābato sārī niśāḷo sārī bhāṣāo	sārī bābat sārī niśāḷ sārī bhāṣā sārī bhakti	sārī bābato sārī niśāḷo sārī bhāṣāo

Indeclinable adjectivekharāb"bad" in attributive use

		Nom.		Obl./Voc.		Loc.
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
M'd.	Masc.	kharāb chhokro kharāb ḍāgho kharāb mahino kharāb kacro	kharāb chhokrā(o) kharāb ḍāghā(o) kharāb mahinā(o)	kharāb chhokrā kharāb ḍāghā kharāb mahinā kharāb kacrā	kharāb chhokrāo kharāb ḍāghāo kharāb mahināo	kharāb mahine
	Neut.	kharāb chhokrũ kharāb kārkhānũ kharāb bārṇũ kharāb andhārũ	kharāb chhokrā̃(o) kharāb kārkhānā̃(o) kharāb bārṇā̃(o)	kharāb chhokrā kharāb kārkhānā kharāb bārṇā kharāb andhārā	kharāb chhokrā̃(o) kharāb kārkhānā̃(o) kharāb bārṇā̃(o)	kharāb kārkhāne
	Fem.	kharāb chhokrī kharāb vījḷī	kharāb chhokrīo	kharāb chhokrī kharāb vījḷī	kharāb chhokrīo
unM'd.	Masc.	kharāb vicār kharāb rājā kharāb dhobī kharāb baraf	kharāb vicāro kharāb rājāo kharāb dhobīo	kharāb vicār kharāb rājā kharāb dhobī kharāb baraf	kharāb vicāro kharāb rājāo kharāb dhobīo
	Neut.	kharāb ghar kharāb bahen kharāb medān kharāb pāṇī	kharāb gharo kharāb baheno kharāb medāno	kharāb ghar kharāb bahen kharāb medān kharāb pāṇī	kharāb gharo kharāb baheno kharāb medāno
	Fem.	kharāb bābat kharāb niśāḷ kharāb bhāṣā kharāb bhakti	kharāb bābato kharāb niśāḷo kharāb bhāṣāo	kharāb bābat kharāb niśāḷ kharāb bhāṣā kharāb bhakti	kharāb bābato kharāb niśāḷo kharāb bhāṣāo

Comparatives and superlatives

Comparisonsare made by using "than" (thepostpositionthī;see below) or "instead of" (nā kartā̃), and "more" (vadhu,vadhāre,etc.) or "less" (ochũ). The word for "more" is optional, while "less" is required, denoting that in the absence of either it's "more" than will be inferred.

Gujarati	Literal	Meaning
Gītā Gautamthī ū̃cī che	Gita is tall than Gautam	Gita is taller than Gautam
Gītā Gautam kartā̃ ū̃cī che	Gita is tall instead of Gautam
Gītā Gautamthī vadhāre ū̃cī che	Gita is more tall than Gautam
Gītā Gautamthī ochī ū̃cī che	Gita is less tall than Gautam

In the absence of an object of comparison ( "more" of course is now no longer optional):

Gujarati	Literal	Meaning
vadhu moṭo kūtro	The more big dog	The bigger dog
kūtro vadhu moṭo che	The dog more big is	The dog is bigger

Superlativesare made through comparisons with "all" (sau).

Gujarati	Literal	Meaning
sauthī sāf orṛo	The clean than all room	The cleanest room
orṛo sauthī sāf che	The room is clean than all	The room is the cleanest

Or by leading withmā̃"in" postpositioned to the same adjective.

Gujarati	Literal	Meaning
nīcāmā̃ nīcī chokrī	The short in the short girl	The shortest girl

Postpositions

The sparse Gujarati case system serves as a springboard for Gujarati's grammatically functionalpostpositions,which parallelEnglish'sprepositions.It is their use with a noun or verb that is what necessitates the noun or verb taking the oblique case. There are six, one-syllableprimary postpositions.Orthographically, they are bound to the words they postposition.

• નું (nũ)–genitivemarker; variably declinable in the manner of an adjective. Xનો(no)/નું(nũ)/ની(nī)/ના(nā)/નાં(nā̃)/ને(ne)Y has the sense "X's Y", withનો(no)/નું(nũ)/ની(nī)/ના(nā)/નાં(nā̃)/ને(ne)agreeing with Y.
• એ (e)–ergativemarker; applied tosubjectsoftransitiveperfectiveverbs.
• ને (ne)– marks the indirectobject(hence named "dativemarker "),or,ifdefinite,the direct object.
• થી (thī)– has a very wide range of uses and meanings:
  • "from";બરોડાથી (Baroṛāthī)"fromBaroda".
  • "from, of";તારાથી ડરવું (tārāthī ḍarvũ)"to fear of you, to fear you".
  • "since";બુધવારથી (budhvārthī)"since Wednesday".
  • "by, with";instrumentalmarker.
  • "by, with, -ly";adverbialmarker.
  • "than"; forcomparatives.
• એ (e)– a generallocative,specifying senses such as "at", "during", etc. It is also usedadverbially.As detailed previously, for the masculine and neuter genders it is acasetermination, however to marked feminine and unmarked nouns it is a postpositional addition.
• પર (par)– "on".
• માં (mā̃)– "in".

Postpositions can postposition other postpositions. For example,થી (thī)(as "from" ) suffi xing the two specific locatives can help to specify what type of "from" is meant (પરથી (parthī)"from off of",માંથી (mā̃thī)"from out of" ).

Beyond this are a slew ofcompound postpositions,composed of the genitive primary postpositionનું (nũ)plus an adverb.

• નાં અંગે (nā aṅge)"with regard to, about";ની અંદર (nī andar)"inside";ની આગળ (nī āgaḷ)"in front (of)";ની ઉપર (nī upar)"on top (of), above";ના કરતાં (nā kartā̃)"rather than";ને કારણે (ne kāraṇe)"because of";ની જોડે (nī joḍe)"with";ની તરફ (nī taraph)"towards";ની તરીકે (nī tarīke)"as, in the character of";ને દરમિયાન (ne darmiyān)"during";ની નજીક (nī najīk)"near, close to"; etc.

The genitive bit is often optionally omissible with nouns, though not with pronouns(specifically, not with first and second person genitive pronouns, because, as will be seen, they have no outward, distinct, separableનું (nũ)).

Pronouns

Personal

Gujarati haspersonal pronounsfor the first and second persons, while its third person system usesdemonstrativebases, categorizeddeicticallyas proximate and distal.

The language has aT–V distinctioninતું (tũ)andતમે (tame).The latter "formal" form is also grammatically plural. A similar distinction also exists when referring to someone in the third person.

Rare among modernIndo-Aryan languages,Gujarati hasinclusive and exclusive we,આપણે (āpṇe)andઅમે (ame).

	Personal					Demonstrative						Relative			Interrogative
	1st pn.			2nd pn.		3rd pn.
	Sg.	Pl.		Sg. & Inf.	Pl./ Form.	Prox.			Dist.
		Inc.	Exc.			Inf.		Form.	Inf.		Form.	Inf.		Form.	Anim.	Inan.
						Sg.	Pl.		Sg.	Pl.		Sg.	Pl.
Nominative	હું hũ	આપણે āpṇe	અમે ame	તું tũ	તમે tame	આ ā	આઓ āo		તે te	તેઓ teo		જે je	જેઓ jeo		કોણ kɔṇ	શું śũ
Ergative	મેં mɛ̃			તેં tɛ̃		આણે āṇe	આઓએ āoe	આમણે āmṇe	તેણે tɛṇe	તેઓએ teoe	તેમણે tɛmṇe	જેણે jɛṇe	જેઓએ jeoe	જેમણે jɛmṇe	કોણે kɔṇe
Dative	મને mane	આપણને āpaṇne	અમને amne	તને tane	તમને tamne	આને āne	આઓને āone	આમને āmne	તેને tɛne	તેઓને teone	તેમને tɛmne	જેને jɛne	જેઓને jeone	જેમને jɛmne	કોને kɔne	શેને śɛne
Genitive	મારું mārũ	આપણું āpṇũ	અમારું amārũ	તારું tārũ	તમારું tamārũ	આનું ānũ	આઓનું āonũ	આમનું āmnũ	તેનું tɛnũ	તેઓનું teonũ	તેમનું tɛmnũ	જેનું jɛnũ	જેઓનું jeonũ	જેમનું jɛmnũ	કોનું kɔnũ	શેનું śɛnũ

• તેઓ (teo)and its derivatives are quite rarely spoken and only very formally. More so it'sતે લોકો (te loko)(lit. those people). The same goes forઆઓ (āo)andજેઓ (jeo)and their derivatives.
• લોકો (loko)can be used to emphasize plurality elsewhere:આપણે લોકો (āpṇe loko),અમે લોકો (ame loko),તમે લોકો (tame loko).
• The initialત (t)in distal forms is mostly dropped in speech;એ (e),એનું (ɛnũ),એમનું (ɛmnũ),etc.
• Second person formalઆપ (āp)is borrowed fromHindiand might be used in rare, ultra-formal occasions (i.e. addressing a crowd).
• The system is regular for the remaining three postpositions (માં (mā̃),પર (par),થી (thī)), which suffix to anobliqued genitive base(invariably toઆ (ā)):મારા (mārā),આપણા (āpṇā),અમારા (amārā),તારા (tārā),તમારા (tamārā),આના (ānā),આઓના (āonā),આમના (āmnā),તેના (tɛnā),તેઓના (teonā),તેમના (tɛmnā),જેના (jɛnā),જેઓના (jeonā),જેમના (jɛmnā),કોના (kɔnā),શેના (śɛnā).Forinanimateswithમાં (mā̃),the genitive bit gets omitted:આમાં (āmā̃),એમાં (emā̃),જેમાં (jemā̃),શેમાં (śemā̃).
• અમે (ame),અમને (amne),તમે (tame),તમને (tamne),તેણે (tɛṇe),તેમણે (tɛmṇe),તેને (tɛne),તેમને (tɛmne),જેણે (jɛṇe),જેમણે (jɛmṇe),જેને (jɛne)also occur withmurmuredvowels.
• In speechશું(śũ)is most often not variable with regards to gender and number. It does have the obliqueશે (śɛ),and althoughશા (śā)exists, it is rarely heard outside the phraseશા માટે (śā māṭē),meaning why (lit. for what reason).
• In speech, all words beginning with aશ (ś)are often heard as if only with aસ (s).Many speakers consider theશ (ś)to sound pedantic, however in writing,સું (sũ)and all other correspondingly spelled forms appear uneducated or rural.
• In speech, all words containing anએ (ɛ)are also heard as if with ande.There would be no corresponding Gujarati spelling difference.
• In speech,આપણે (āpṇe)and all other forms are often pronounced asāpre,āprũ,etc. There would be no corresponding Gujarati spelling difference.

Derivates

	Interrogative	Relative	Demonstrative
			Dist.	Prox.
Time	ક્યારે kyāre	જ્યારે jyāre	ત્યારે tyāre	અત્યારે atyāre
Place	ક્યાં kyā̃	જ્યાં jyā̃	ત્યાં tyā̃	અહીં ahī̃
Quantity	કેટલું keṭlũ	જેટલું jeṭlũ	તેટલું teṭlũ	આટલું āṭlũ
Size	કેવડું kevṛũ	જેવડું jevṛũ	તેવડું tevṛũ	આવડું āvṛũ
Quality	કેવું kevũ	જેવું jevũ	તેવું tevũ	આવું āvũ
Manner	કેમ kɛm	જેમ jɛm	તેમ tɛm	આમ ām

• There is a formકયું (kayũ)which means "which?".
• કેમ (kɛm)doesn't mean "how" as would be expected; rather it means "why". It does however mean "how" in the greetingકેમ છો (kɛm cho)"how are you?". It may also mean "how" when in reference to a spokenજેમ (jɛm),તેમ (tɛm),orઆમ (ām)by means of parallel structure. "How" is usually expressed in these ways:કેવી રીતે (kevī rīte)(lit. "in what kind of way" ),કયી રીતે (kayī rīte)(lit. "in which way" ), andકેમનું (kɛmnũ).
• There are several other ways to say "now" in Gujarati:હમણાં (hamaṇā̃),અબઘડી (abghaḍī),હવે (have),andઅટાણે (aṭāṇē).
• અત્રે/અત્ર (atre/atra),તત્રે/તત્ર (tatre/tatra),andયત્રે/યત્ર (yatre/yatra)may also be used to mean "here", "there" and "where", although their usage is far less common than the ones above. These are Sanskrit loanwords while the above are Sanskrit descendants.
• Just as in the pronouns whereતે (te)becomesએ (e)colloquially, the wordsતેટલું (teṭlũ),તેવડું (tevṛũ),તેવું (tevũ),andતેમ (tɛm)also often lose their initialત (t)when spoken and even written.
• ક્યારે (kyāre),જ્યારે (jyāre),ત્યારે (tyāre),અત્યારે (atyāre)are composed of theadverbiallocative postpostionએ (e)and the basesક્યાર (kyār),જ્યાર (jyār),ત્યાર (tyār),અત્યાર (atyār).
• People often useકેવું (kevũ)to ask about or ascertain a noun's gender. For example,બિલાડી કેવી (bilāḍī kēvī),would indicate that the nounબિલાડી (bilāḍī),"cat", is feminine.
• When appending postpositions such as (માં (mā̃),થી (thī),નું (nũ),etc.), they are attached to the oblique formsક્યાર (kyār),કેટલા (keṭlā),કેવડા (kevṛā),કેવા (kevā),etc. resulting inક્યારથી (kyārthī),કેટલામાં (keṭlāmā̃),etc.

Verbs

Overview

The Gujarativerbalsystem is largely structured around a combination ofaspectandtense/mood.Like the nominal system, the Gujarati verb involves successive layers of (inflectional) elements after thelexical base.

Gujarati has 2 aspects:perfectiveandimperfective,each having overt morphological correlates. These areparticipleforms, inflecting for gender, number, and case by way of a vowel termination, like adjectives. The perfective forms from theverb stem,followed by-ય(y)-,capped off by the agreement vowel and theimperfectiveforms with-ત(t)-.

Derived fromહોવું (hɔvũ)"to be" are fivecopulaforms:present,subjunctive,past,contrafactual (aka"past conditional" ), and presumptive. Used both in basic predicative/existential sentences and asverbal auxiliariesto aspectual forms, these constitute the basis of tense and mood.

Non-aspectual forms include theinfinitive,theimperative,and theagentive.Mentioned morphological conditions such the subjunctive, contrafactual, etc. are applicable to both copula roots for auxiliary usage with aspectual formsandto non-copula roots directly for often unspecified (non-aspectual)finiteforms.

Finite verbalagreementis with the nominativesubject,except in thetransitiveperfective,where it is with thedirect object,with the erstwhile subject taking theergativeconstruction-એ(e)(seepostpositionsabove). The perfective aspect thus displayssplit ergativity.The infinitive's agreement is also with its direct object, if paired with one.

Tabled just below on the left are the paradigms for the major gender and number agreement termination (GN), nominative case. Oblique paradigms differ from those introduced in#Nouns,being either thoroughly-આ(ā)orઆં(ā̃).Locative-એ(e)is found in attributive adjectival function only in fixed expressions. To the right are the paradigms for the person and number agreement termination (PN), used by the subjunctive and future. Yellow fields: -એ (e)following C,ઉ (u),ઊ (ū);-ઈ (ī)followingઓ (o),ઓ (ɔ);-ય (y)followingઆ (ā).

(GN) Sg. Pl. Masc. -ઓ (o) -આ (ā) Neut. -ઉં (ũ) -આં (ā̃) Fem. -ઈ (ī)

(PN) Subj. Fut. Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl. 1st -ઉં (ũ) -ઈએ (īe) -ઉં (ũ) 2nd -ઓ (o) -ઓ (o) 3rd -એ (e)

Forms

The example verb is intransitivehālvũ"to shake", with various sampleinflections.Much of the below chart information derives fromMasica (1991:300–302, 323–325).

	Non-aspectual	Aspectual
Non-finite	Inflection: neut. nom. sg. (GN =ũ,thecitation form). Root * hāl Infinitive/ Desiderative *-v-GN hālvũ Obl. Infinitive *-v-ā hālvā Conjunctive *-ī(ne) hālī(ne) Agentive *-nār-GN hālnār(ũ) Gerund/ Prospective/ Obligatory *-v-ā-n-GN hālvānũ	Adjectivals. Inflection: neut. nom. sg. (GNC =ũ). Perfective *-el-(GN) hālel(ũ) Imperfective *-t-GN hāltũ Adverbials. Obl. of adjectivals. Perfective *-y-ā̃ hālyā̃ Imperfective *-t-ā̃ hāltā̃
Finite	Inflection: 2nd. pl. (PN =o,Pron. =tame). Contingent Future *-PN hālo Definite Future *-(ī)ś-PN hālśo Inflection: all forms. 2nd pn. 1st pn. Sg. & Inf. Pl./Form. Pl. Imperative hāl hālo hālīe Future Imp. hālje hāljo	Aspectuals plotted against copulas. Inflection: 3rd. masc. sg. (GN =o,PN =e,Pron. =te). Perfective[5] Imperfective[6] *-y-GN[7][8] *-t-GN Present ch-PN hālyo che hāle che[9] Subjunctive hɔ-PN hālyo hɔī hālto hɔī Past ha-t-GN hālyo hato hālto hato Contrafactual hɔ-t hālyo hɔt hālto hɔt Presumptive ha-(ī)ś-PN hālyo haśe hālto haśe Unspecified hālyo hālto Unsp. Contra. *-(a)t hālat

Notes

• The negation particles arenaandnahiwith the former standing before the copula (or if no copula, the aspectual form) and the latter generally after. A negation particlecombineswith presentch-PN however for the invariablenathī.An alternative to the pastna hat-GN isnahot-GN.

Aff	ch-PN	hɔ-PN	ha-t-GN	hɔ-t	ha-(ī)ś-PN
Neg	nathī	na hɔ-PN	na ha-t-GN	na hɔ-t	ha-(ī)ś-PNnahi	na, nahi

• ^Gujarati retains an aspectually unmarked form (*-PN) in the function of the Present Imperfective, although a marked form (hālto nathī^[10]) replaces it in the negative.
• ^Gujarati does not distinguish between habitual andcontinuous.
• ^When GN =īthenyisomitted.hālyo,buthālī.
• Some roots show vowel alternation:
  • ā/a:jā/ja"go",thā/tha"become, occur".
  • e/ɛ/a/ø:le/lɛ/la/l"take",de/dɛ/da/d"give".
  • o/u:jo/ju"see, look, watch",dho/dhu"wash".
  • ɔ/a/ø:hɔ/ha/h"be".
• In northern and central Gujarat, roots in-āregularly have-a-before-īś-of future forms.
• Certain verb forms showsuppletionin their perfective roots:ga-(jā"go" ),kī-(kar"do" [in some dialects]),dī-(jo"see, look, watch" [in some dialects]).
• ^Instead of the general affix-y-in their perfectives a few vowel-terminating roots takedhands-terminating rootsṭh.
  • dh:khā-dh-(khā"eat" ),dī-dh-(de"give" ),pī-dh-(pī"drink" ),lī-dh-(le"take" ),bī-dh-(bī"fear" ),kī-dh-(kahe"say" [in addition tokah-y-]),kī-dh-(kar"do" [in addition tokar-y-]).
  • ṭh:nā-ṭh-(nās"flee" ),pɛ-ṭh-(pɛs"enter" ),bɛ-ṭh-(bɛs"sit" ),dī-ṭh-(jo"see, look, watch" [in addition tojo-y-]).
  • t:sū-t-(sū"sleep" ).
• Thehain the past auxiliaryha-t-GN is omitted in speech after aspectual forms and negativena.
• ^Flexible order:hālto nathī←→nathī hālto.
• The future imperative is politer than the imperative, and using the future tense (questioningly: "will you...?" ) is politer still.

Causatives

Gujaraticausativesare morphologically contrastive. Verbs can be causativized up to two times, to a double causative.

Single

Causatives are made by two main schemes involving alteration of the root.

• Lengthening of final vowel; shortening of a preceding vowel (ifūis the only vowel, then →o).
• Finalṭ→ḍ.

or

• Suffixvif ending in vowel orh.
• Shortening of vowel(s).
• Suffix:āv,āḍ,v,vḍāv,oreḍ.
• Sometimes nasalisation (anusvāra).

If the causativization is of a transitive, then the secondary agent, whom the subject "causes to" or "gets to" do whatever, is marked by the postpositionnī pāse.

Double

Furthermore, that causative can be causativized again, for a double causative ( "to cause to cause..." ), with a possible tertiary agent.

• ḍāvsuffixed to 1st causative suffix ofāv.
• āvsuffixed to 1st causative suffixes ofāḍandeḍ.
• Beyond this are irregular forms that must be memorized.

Passives

The passive has bothperiphrasticand morphological means of expression. The former has-mā̃ āvvũpostpositioned to infinitive; the latter hasāadded to root, with certain phonological processes as work as well: if the root vowel isāthen it becomesa(SeeGujarati phonology#ɑ-reduction) and if the root ends in a vowel thenhorvis suffixed.Thuslakhvũ"to write" →lakhvāmā āvvũ,lakhāvũ"to be written". The post-positionthīmarks the agent, As in other New Indo-Aryan languages, formation of passives is not restricted to transitive verbs and has a restricted domain of usage except in specialregisters.Both intransitive and transitive may be grammatically passivized to show capacity, in place of compounding with themodalśakvũ"to be able". Lastly, intransitives often have a passive sense, or convey unintentional action.

Sample text

એક

Ēka

માણસને

māṇasanē

બે

bē

દીકરા

dīkarā

હતા.

hatā.

અને

Anē

તેઓમાંના

tēōmāṁnā

નાનાએ

nānāē

બાપને

bāpanē

કહ્યું

kahyuṁ

કે,

kē,

બાપ,

bāpa,

સંપતનો

saṁpatanō

પહોંચતો

pahōṁcatō

ભાગ

bhāga

મને

mane

આપ,

āpa,

ને

nē

તેણે

tēṇē

તેઓને

tēōnē

પુંજી

puṁjī

વહેંચી

vahēṁcī

આપી.

āpī.

એક માણસને બે દીકરા હતા. અને તેઓમાંના નાનાએ બાપને કહ્યું કે, બાપ, સંપતનો પહોંચતો ભાગ મને આપ, ને તેણે તેઓને પુંજી વહેંચી આપી.

Ēka māṇasanē bē dīkarā hatā. Anē tēōmāṁnā nānāē bāpanē kahyuṁ kē, bāpa, saṁpatanō pahōṁcatō bhāga mane āpa, nē tēṇē tēōnē puṁjī vahēṁcī āpī.

A to-man two sons were. And them-in-of by-the-younger to-the-father it-was-said that, "father, of-the-property the-arriving share to-me give," and by-him to-them the-stock having-divided was-given.

Bibliography

• Cardona, George(1965),A Gujarati Reference Grammar,University of Pennsylvania Press.
• Cardona, George;Suthar, Babu(2003),"Gujarati",in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.),The Indo-Aryan Languages,Routledge,ISBN978-0-415-77294-5.
• Dave, Jadish (1995),Colloquial Gujarati(2004 ed.), Routledge,ISBN0-415-09196-9.
• Dwyer, Rachel (1995),Teach Yourself Gujarati,London: Hodder and Stoughton, archived fromthe originalon 2008-01-02.
• Lambert, H.M. (1971),Gujarati Language Course,Cambridge University Press.
• Masica, Colin(1991),The Indo-Aryan Languages,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,ISBN978-0-521-29944-2.
• Mistry, P.J. (2001), "Gujarati", in Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl (eds.),An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present,New England Publishing Associates.
• Taylor, G.P. (1908),The Student's Gujarati Grammar(2nd ed.), Bombay: Thacker & Co..
• Tisdall, W.S. (1892),A Simplified Grammar of the Gujarati Language,Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co..