Gustaf V
Gustaf V | |||||
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![]() Gustaf V in 1938 | |||||
King of Sweden | |||||
Reign | 8 December 1907 –29 October 1950 | ||||
Predecessor | Oscar II | ||||
Successor | Gustaf VI Adolf | ||||
Prime ministers | |||||
Born | Drottningholm Palace,Stockholm, Sweden | 16 June 1858||||
Died | 29 October 1950 Drottningholm Palace, Stockholm, Sweden | (aged 92)||||
Burial | 9 November 1950 | ||||
Spouse | |||||
Issue | |||||
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House | Bernadotte | ||||
Father | Oscar II | ||||
Mother | Sophia of Nassau | ||||
Religion | Church of Sweden | ||||
Signature | ![]() |
Gustaf V(Oscar Gustaf Adolf; 16 June 1858 – 29 October 1950) wasKing of Swedenfrom 8 December 1907 until his death in 1950. He was the eldest son of KingOscar II of SwedenandSophia of Nassau,a half-sister ofAdolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg.Reigning from the death of his father Oscar II in 1907 to his own death nearly 43 years later, he holds the record of being the oldest monarch of Sweden with the third-longest reign afterMagnus IV(1319–1364) andCarl XVI Gustaf(1973–present). He was also the last Swedish monarch to exercise his royal prerogatives, which largely died with him, although they were formally abolished only with theremaking of the Swedish constitution in 1974.He was the first Swedish king since theHigh Middle Agesnot to have acoronationand so never wore the king's crown, a practice that has continued ever since.
Gustaf's early reign saw the rise ofparliamentary rulein Sweden although the leadup toWorld War Iinducedhis dismissalof Liberal Prime MinisterKarl Staaffin 1914, replacing him with his own figurehead,Hjalmar Hammarskjöld,the father ofDag Hammarskjöld,for most of the war. However, after theLiberalsandSocial Democratssecured a parliamentary majority under Staaff's successor,Nils Edén,he allowed Edén to form a new government whichde factostripped the monarchy of virtually all powers and enacteduniversal and equal suffrage,including for women, by 1919. Bowing to the principles of parliamentary democracy, he remained a popular figurehead for the remaining 31 years of his rule, although not completely without influence. Gustaf V had pro-German and anti-Communist stances which were outwardly expressed duringWorld War Iand theRussian Civil War.DuringWorld War II,he allegedly urgedPer Albin Hansson's coalition government to accept requests fromNazi Germanyfor logistics support, arguing that refusing might provoke an invasion. His intervention remains controversial.
An avid hunter and sportsman, Gustaf presided over the1912 Olympic Gamesand chaired the Swedish Association of Sports from 1897 to 1907. Most notably, he represented Sweden (under the alias ofMr G.) as a competitive tennis player, keeping up competitive tennis until his 80s, when his eyesight deteriorated rapidly.[1][2]He was succeeded by his son,Gustaf VI Adolf.
Early life[edit]
First years[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Portrett_av_arveprins_Oscar_%28senere_Oscar_II%29_og_prinsesse_Sophie_med_familie_%286961203929%29.jpg/220px-Portrett_av_arveprins_Oscar_%28senere_Oscar_II%29_og_prinsesse_Sophie_med_familie_%286961203929%29.jpg)
Gustaf V was born on 16 June 1858 inDrottningholm PalaceinEkerö,Stockholm County,the son ofPrince Oscar, Duke of ÖstergötlandandPrincess Sofia of Nassau.His father was a younger son of the reigning king,Oscar I,and as the king's eldest son,Crown Prince Charleshad no surviving sons, it could be expected that the new-born prince would one day inherit the Swedish throne. At birth he was createdDuke of Värmland,and on 12 July he was baptisedOscar Gustaf Adolfat theRoyal Chapelof theStockholm Palaceby theArchbishop of Uppsala,Henrik Reuterdahl.
The following year, his brotherPrince Oscarwas born, followed byPrince Carlin 1861, andPrince Eugenin 1865. The family lived in theArvfurstens palats(Palace of the Hereditary Prince), an 18th-century palace located atGustav Adolfs torgincentral Stockholm,and the summers were spent atSofiero CastlenearHelsingborginScania,which the father acquired in 1864. During his early years, the prince was considered to have a weak body constitution, and as a consequence he was treated withelectrotherapyon May 10, 1871.[3]
The three eldest princes began their schooling at the newly founded Beskowska School inÖstermalmin Stockholm in October 1869. Among the prince's classmates at the school was the future party leader of theSwedish Social Democratic Partyand three timesPrime Minister of Sweden,Hjalmar Branting.
Crown Prince[edit]
On 18 September 1872 his uncleKing Charles XVdied, and Gustaf's father ascended the throne as King Oscar II. Upon his father's accession to the throne, Gustaf became crown prince of both Sweden and Norway at the age of 14. The new king and queen and their children now moved into the large Stockholm Palace, and the crown prince's schooling at the Beskowska School was interrupted, as he was now to receive his education as heir to the throne at the palace.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Minnesmedalj_Gustav_V_och_Victoria%2C_25567.jpg/220px-Minnesmedalj_Gustav_V_och_Victoria%2C_25567.jpg)
On 20 September 1881 inKarlsruhe,Germany, he married PrincessVictoria of Baden,the only daughter ofFrederick I, Grand Duke of BadenandPrincess Louise of Prussia.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gustaf_V_of_Sweden_as_Crown_Prince_1893.jpg/220px-Gustaf_V_of_Sweden_as_Crown_Prince_1893.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gustav_the_5th.%2C_Swedish_king%2C_the_son_of_Oscar_the_2nd%2C_king_in1907_No-nb_bldsa_1c050.jpg/220px-Gustav_the_5th.%2C_Swedish_king%2C_the_son_of_Oscar_the_2nd%2C_king_in1907_No-nb_bldsa_1c050.jpg)
On 8 December 1907 King Oscar II died and the 49-year-old Gustaf succeeded his father as King of Sweden as the fifth monarch from theHouse of Bernadotte.
Public life[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Meeting_of_Scandinavian_kings.jpeg/200px-Meeting_of_Scandinavian_kings.jpeg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kaiser_Wilhelm_II._begr%C3%BC%C3%9Ft_K%C3%B6nig_Gustaf_Adolf_V.jpg/200px-Kaiser_Wilhelm_II._begr%C3%BC%C3%9Ft_K%C3%B6nig_Gustaf_Adolf_V.jpg)
When he ascended the throne, Gustaf V was, at least on paper, anear-autocrat.The1809 Instrument of Governmentmade the King both head of state and head of government, and ministers were solely responsible to him. However, his father had been forced to accept a government chosen by the majority in Parliament in 1905. Since then, prime ministers had beende factorequired to have the confidence of the Riksdag to stay in office.
Early in his reign, in 1910, Gustaf V refused to grant clemency to the convicted murdererJohan Alfred Ander,who thus became the last person to be executed in Sweden.
At first Gustaf V seemed to be willing to acceptparliamentary rule.After theLiberalswon a massive landslide victory in 1911, Gustaf appointed Liberal leaderKarl Staaffas Prime Minister. However, during the run-up to World War I, the elites objected to Staaff's defence policy. In February 1914, a large crowd of farmersgathered at the royal palaceand demanded that the country's defences be strengthened. In his reply, the so-calledCourtyard Speech—which was actually written by explorerSven Hedin,an ardent conservative—Gustaf promised to strengthen the country's defences. Staaff was outraged, telling the King that parliamentary rule called for the Crown to stay out of partisan politics. He was also angered that he had not been consulted in advance of the speech. However, Gustaf retorted that he still had the right to "communicate freely with the Swedish people". The Staaff government resigned in protest, and Gustaf appointed a government of civil servants headed byHjalmar Hammarskjöld(father of future UN Secretary-GeneralDag Hammarskjöld) in its place.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lauri_Kristian_Relander_in_Stockholm_1925_%282%29.jpg/220px-Lauri_Kristian_Relander_in_Stockholm_1925_%282%29.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Portr%C3%A4tt%2C_kung_Gustav_V%2C_av_Bernhard_%C3%96sterman%2C_1937-38_-_S%C3%B6rmlands_museum_-_SLM7036.jpg/220px-Portr%C3%A4tt%2C_kung_Gustav_V%2C_av_Bernhard_%C3%96sterman%2C_1937-38_-_S%C3%B6rmlands_museum_-_SLM7036.jpg)
The 1917 elections showed a heavy gain for the Liberals andSocial Democrats,who between them held a decisive majority. Despite this, Gustaf initially tried to appoint a Conservative government headed byJohan Widén.However, Widén was unable to attract enough support for a coalition. It was now apparent that Gustaf could no longer appoint a government entirely of his own choosing, nor could he keep a government in office against the will of Parliament. With no choice but to appoint a Liberal as prime minister, he appointed a Liberal-Social Democratic coalition government headed by Staaff's successor as Liberal leader,Nils Edén.The Edén government promptly arrogated most of the king's political powers to itself and enacted numerous reforms, most notably the institution of complete (male and female) universal suffrage in 1918–1919. While Gustaf still formally appointed the ministers, they now had to have the confidence of Parliament. He was now also bound to act on the ministers' advice. Although the provision in the Instrument of Government stating that "the King alone shall govern the realm" remained unchanged, the king was now bound by convention to exercise his powers through the ministers. Thus, for all intents and purposes, the ministers did the actual governing. While ministers were already legally responsible to the Riksdag under the Instrument of government, it was now understood that they were politically responsible to the Riksdag as well. Gustaf accepted his reduced role, and reigned for the rest of his life as a model limited constitutional monarch. Parliamentarianism had become ade factoreality in Sweden, even if it would not be formalised until 1974, when a new Instrument of Government stripped the monarchy of even nominal political power. Gustaf V was considered to have German sympathies during World War I. His political stance during the war was highly influenced by his wife, who felt a strong connection to her German homeland. On 18 December 1914, he sponsored a meeting inMalmöwith the other two kings of Scandinavia to demonstrate unity. Another of Gustaf V's objectives was to dispel suspicions that he wanted to bring Sweden into the war on Germany's side.[4]
Although effectively stripped of political power, Gustaf was not completely without influence. In 1938, for instance, he personally summoned the German ambassador to Sweden and told him that if Hitler attackedCzechoslovakiaover its refusal to give up theSudetenland,it would trigger a world war that Germany would almost certainly lose.[5]Additionally, his long reign gave him greatmoral authorityas a symbol of the nation's unity.
Alleged Nazi sympathies[edit]
Both the King and his grandsonPrince Gustaf Adolfsocialised withNazileaders before World War II, though arguably for diplomatic purposes. Gustaf V attempted to convinceHitlerduring a visit to Berlin to soften his persecution of the Jews, according to historian Jörgen Weibull. He was also noted for appealing to theleaderofHungaryto save its Jews "in the name of humanity."
When Nazi Germany invaded theSoviet Unionin June 1941, Gustaf V tried to write a private letter to Hitler thanking him for taking care of the "Bolshevik[6]pest "and congratulating him on his" already achieved victories ".[7]He was stopped from doing so by Prime MinisterPer Albin Hansson.[8]
During the war Gustaf V invitedSwedish NazileaderSven Olov LindholmtoStockholm Palace.The King had friends in Lindholm's movement.[9][10][11]
Midsummer crisis 1941[edit]
According to Prime Minister Hansson, during theMidsummer crisis,the King in a private conversation had threatened to abdicate if the government did not approve a German request to transfer a German infantry division, the so-calledEngelbrecht Division,through Swedish territory from southern Norway to northern Finland in June 1941, aroundMidsummer.The accuracy of the claim is debated, and the King's intention, if he really made the threat, is sometimes alleged to be his desire to avoid conflict with Germany. The event has received considerable attention from Swedish historians and is known asmidsommarkrisen,the Midsummer Crisis.[12]
Confirmation of the King's action is contained in German Foreign Policy documents captured at the end of the war. On 25 June 1941, the German Ambassador in Stockholm sent a "Most Urgent-Top Secret" message to Berlin in which he stated that the King had just informed him that thetransit of German troopswould be allowed. He added:
The King's words conveyed the joyful emotion he felt. He had lived through anxious days and had gone far in giving his personal support to the matter. He added confidentially that he had found it necessary to go so far as to mention his abdication.[13]
Personal life[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gustaf_V_of_Sweden_playing_tennis.jpg/220px-Gustaf_V_of_Sweden_playing_tennis.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Tennisskor_-_Livrustkammaren_-_6299.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Tennisskor_-_Livrustkammaren_-_6299.tif.jpg)
Gustaf V was thin, and known for his height. He worepince-nezeyeglasses and sported a pointed mustache for most of his teen years.
Gustaf V was a devoted tennis player, appearing under the pseudonymMr G.As a player and promoter of the sport, he was elected to theInternational Tennis Hall of Famein 1980. The King learned to play tennis during a visit in Britain in 1876 and founded Sweden's first tennis club on his return home. In 1936 he founded the King's Club. During his reign, Gustaf was often seen playing on theRiviera.On a visit to Berlin, Gustaf went straight from a meeting with Hitler to a tennis match with the Jewish playerDaniel Prenn.During World War II, he interceded to obtain better treatment for Davis Cup starJean Borotraof France and his personal trainer and friend BaronGottfried von Crammof Germany, who had been imprisoned by the Nazi Government on the charge of a homosexual relationship with a Jew.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/HMS_Gustav_V.jpg/220px-HMS_Gustav_V.jpg)
Haijby affair[edit]
Allegations of a love affair between Gustaf V andKurt Haijbyled to the court paying 170,000kronorunder the threat of blackmail by Haijby. That led to the so-called Haijby Affair and several controversial trials and convictions against Haijby, which spawned considerable controversy about Gustaf V's alleged homosexuality.[14]
In 2021 the alleged events surrounding the Haijby Affair were adapted into a fictional miniseries forSveriges TelevisioncalledEn Kunglig Affär (A Royal Secret),directed byLisa James Larssonand written byBengt Braskered.[15]
Death[edit]
After a reign of nearly 43 years, Gustaf V died inStockholmof acute bronchitis with bronchietasis on 29 October 1950. His 67-year-old son Gustaf succeeded him asGustaf VI Adolf.
Honours[edit]
- National honours[16]
- Knight and Commander of the Seraphim,16 June 1858
- Knight of theOrder of Charles XIII,16 June 1858
- Commander Grand Cross of the Sword,16 June 1858
- Commander Grand Cross of the Polar Star,16 June 1858
- Commander Grand Cross of theOrder of Vasa,12 July 1886[17]
- Honorary Member of theJohanniter Order
- Foreign military ranks[18]
Denmark: Generalà la suitein theRoyal Danish Army,1909
Russian Empire: Admiral à la suite in theImperial Russian Navy,1909
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: Honorary Admiral in theRoyal Navy,3 november 1908.[19]
German Empire: General à la suite in theImperial German Army,1909
German Empire: Admiral à la suite in theImperial German Navy,1909
Restoration (Spain): Admiral à la suite in the Spanish Navy, 1928
German Empire: Honorary commander of the third Life Grenadier Regiment "Königin Elisabeth", 1909
- Foreign honours[20]
Norway:
- Grand Cross of St. Olav,with Collar,16 June 1858[21]
- Knight of the Norwegian Lion,21 January 1904[22]
- King Haakon VII Freedom Cross
Denmark:
- Knight of the Elephant,22 June 1874[23]
- Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog,18 November 1912[23]
- Grand Commander of the Dannebrog,in Diamonds,29 October 1950[24]
- Hungary:
Kingdom of Hungary:Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen,1879[25]
Regency Hungary:Grand Cross of theOrder of Merit,with Holy Crown and Collar
Kingdom of Italy:[26]
- Knight of the Annunciation,24 February 1879
- Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus,24 February 1879
Restoration (Spain):Knight of the Golden Fleece,30 June 1881[27]
Siam:Knight of theOrder of the Royal House of Chakri,13 July 1897[28]
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland:
- Honorary Grand Cross of the Bath(civil),19 February 1901[29]
- Knight of the Garter,13 June 1905[30][31]
- Recipient of theRoyal Victorian Chain,27 April 1908[32]
Austria: Grand Cross of theDecoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
Belgium: Grand Cordon of theOrder of Leopold
Brazil:Grand Cross of the Southern Cross
Chile: Collar of theOrder of Merit
China:Order of Propitious Clouds,1st Class
Czechoslovakia:Collar of the White Lion,1937[33]
Kingdom of Egypt: Collar of theOrder of Muhammad Ali
Estonia:
- Cross of Liberty,Grade III Class I,29 April 1925[34]
- Collar of the White Star,7 June 1938[35]
Ethiopian Empire: Collar of theOrder of Solomon,1945[36]
Finland:Grand Cross of the White Rose,with Collar,1919[37]
German Empire:
- Knight of the Black Eagle,6 February 1873;[38]with Collar
- Grand Cross of the Red Eagle
- Grand Commander's Cross of theRoyal House Order of Hohenzollern,10 March 1881[38]
Baden:[39]
- Knight of theHouse Order of Fidelity,1881
- Knight of theOrder of Berthold the First,1881
Kingdom of Bavaria:Knight of St. Hubert,1879[40]
Ernestine duchies:Grand Cross of theSaxe-Ernestine House Order
Hesse and by Rhine:Grand Cross of theLudwig Order,20 September 1881[41]
Mecklenburg:Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown,with Crown in Ore and Collar
Nassau Ducal Family:Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau
Oldenburg:Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig,with Golden Crown and Collar
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach:Grand Cross of the White Falcon,1881[42]
Kingdom of Saxony:Knight of the Rue Crown,1888[43]
Württemberg:Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown,1879[44]
Greece:Grand Cross of the Redeemer
- Iran:
Qajar dynasty:House Order of the Imperial Effigy, 1st Class
Pahlavi dynasty:Collar of theOrder of Pahlavi
Kingdom of Iraq: Grand Collar of the Order of the Hashimites
Empire of Japan: Grand Cordon of theOrder of the Chrysanthemum,29 July 1881[45]
Latvia: Commander Grand Cross of theOrder of the Three Stars,with Collar
Monaco:Grand Cross of St. Charles,6 April 1875[46]
Netherlands:Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion
Ottoman Empire:
- Order of Distinction
- Order of Osmanieh,1st Class
Peru:Grand Cross of the Sun of Peru,in Diamonds,1923
Poland:Knight of the White Eagle,15 June 1928[47]
Kingdom of Portugal:
- Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword
- Grand Cross of theSash of the Three Orders[48]
Kingdom of Romania:
Russian Empire:
Venezuela: Collar of theOrder of the Liberator
Kingdom of Yugoslavia:Grand Cross of the Star of Karađorđe
Arms[edit]
Upon his creation as Duke of Värmland, Gustaf V was granted a coat of arms with the Arms of Värmland in base. Upon his accession to the throne, he assumed the Arms of Dominion of Sweden.
-
Arms as crown prince from 1872 to 1905
-
Arms as crown prince from 1905 to 1907
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Greater Coat of Arms of Sweden
-
Royal Monogram of King Gustaf V of Sweden
Issue[edit]
Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden | 11 November 1882 | 15 September 1973 | Married 1)Princess Margaret of Connaught(1882–1920), had issue (includingIngrid, Queen of Denmark);
Married 2)Lady Louise Mountbatten(1889–1965), had issue (a stillborn daughter) |
Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland | 17 June 1884 | 5 June 1965 | MarriedGrand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia(1890–1958), had issue |
Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland | 20 April 1889 | 20 September 1918 | Died unmarried of theSpanish flu,no issue |
Swedish author Anders Lundebeck (1900–1976) allegedly was an extramarital son of King Gustaf V,[49]an allegation purported by Lundebeck himself[50]and to some extent supported by existing facts.[51]
Ancestry[edit]
References[edit]
- ^"Gustaf V".NE Nationalencyklopedin AB(in Swedish).Retrieved26 April2021.
- ^"Haijbyaffären".NE Nationalencyklopedin AB(in Swedish).Retrieved26 April2021.
- ^von Dardel, Fritz (1913).Minnen, Fjärde delen 1871–1872(in Swedish). Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt & Söners förlag. p. 37.
- ^"Kin Gustav V's No Nazi Sympathizer".Real Clear History.7 December 2020.Retrieved26 April2021.
- ^William Shirer,The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich(Touchstone Edition) (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990)
- ^Hadenius, Stig (2005).Gustaf V: en biografi(in Swedish). Lund: Historiska Media. p. 244.ISBN978-91-85057-20-7.
- ^Dagens Nyheter070729"Churchill fick vredesutbrott över svenske kungens svek".Debatt(in Swedish). 29 July 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 30 September 2007.Retrieved29 July2007.
- ^"King Gustav V of Sweden: Nazi Sympathiser?".RoyaltyRobert Blogger and writer.15 June 2020.Retrieved26 April2021.
- ^"Karaktärsmord på döda svenskar".Svenska Dagbladet(in Swedish). 18 September 2002.Retrieved26 April2021.
- ^Gustaf V och andra Världskriget. Carlsson, Erik. 2007.ISBN9789185057887
- ^Operation Norrsken: Om Stasi och Sverige under kalla kriget, av Christoph Andersson
- ^Hansson (Wahlbäck,Regeringen och kriget. Ur statsrådens dagböcker 1939–41)
- ^Documents of German Foreign Policy 1918–1945 Series D Volume XIII The War Years 23 June 1941 – 11 December 1941, Published in UK by HMSO and in US By Government Printing Office.
- ^Heumann, Maths (1978).Rättsaffärerna Kejne och Haijby(in Swedish). Stockholm: Norstedt.ISBN91-1-787202-2.
- ^"A Royal Secret: The intriguing true story of King Gustaf V, Sweden's first gay king".voguescandinavia.2 December 2021.Retrieved8 January2022.
- ^Sveriges statskalender(in Swedish), 1905, p. 438,retrieved6 January2018– via runeberg.org
- ^Sveriges statskalender(in Swedish), 1905, p. 525,retrieved6 January2018– via runeberg.org
- ^Almanach de Gotha(in French). Justus Perths Publishers. 1 January 1909.Retrieved5 January2022.
- ^"Supplement 28192 in the London Gazette".The Gazette.Retrieved5 January2022.
- ^Sveriges statskalender(in Swedish), vol. 2, 1950, p. 5,retrieved6 January2018– via runeberg.org
- ^Sveriges och Norges statskalender(in Swedish), 1870, p. 690,retrieved6 January2018– via runeberg.org
- ^"The Order of the Norwegian Lion",The Royal House of Norway.Retrieved 10 August 2018.
- ^abBille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1944) [1st pub.:1801].Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1944[State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1944](PDF).Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. p. 16.Retrieved1 May2020– viada:DIS Danmark.
- ^Levin, Sergey (15 June 2018)."Order of the Dannebrog (Dannebrogordenen). Denmark".Tallinn Museum of Orders of Knighthood.Retrieved6 September2019.
- ^"A Szent István Rend tagjai"Archived22 December 2010 at theWayback Machine
- ^Italia: Ministero dell'interno (1898).Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia.Unione tipografico-editrice. p.54.
- ^"Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro",Guía Oficial de España(in Spanish), 1887, p. 147,retrieved21 March2019
- ^Royal Thai Government Gazette(9 March 1898)."พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ ทีประเทศยุโรป"(PDF)(in Thai). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 4 March 2016.Retrieved8 May2019.
- ^"No. 27286".The London Gazette.19 February 1901. p. 1226.
- ^"No. 27806".The London Gazette(Supplement). 13 June 1905. p. 4249.
- ^"Garter Knights Meet in Splendid Ceremony... King Haakon is Invested,"New York Times.25 November 1906
- ^"No. 28134".The London Gazette.5 May 1908. p. 3311.
- ^"Kolana Řádu Bílého lva aneb hlavy států v řetězech"(in Czech),Czech Medals and Orders Society.Retrieved 2018-08-09.
- ^"Cross of Liberty: Gustav V of Sweden".Estonian State Decorations(in Estonian).Retrieved22 June2020.
- ^"Order of the White Star: Gustav V of Sweden".Estonian State Decorations(in Estonian).Retrieved22 June2020.
- ^"The Imperial Orders and Decorations of EthiopiaArchived26 December 2012 at theWayback Machine",The Crown Council of Ethiopia.Retrieved 7 September 2020.
- ^"Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun Suurristi Ketjuineen".ritarikunnat.fi(in Finnish).Retrieved7 May2020.
- ^ab"Königlich Preussische Ordensliste",Preussische Ordens-Liste(in German),1,Berlin:7,936,1886
- ^Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden(1896), "Großherzogliche Orden"pp. 62,76
- ^Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Bayern(1908), "Königliche Orden"p. 7
- ^Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen(1883), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen",p. 14
- ^Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach(1900), "Großherzogliche Hausorden"p. 16Archived6 September 2020 at theWayback Machine
- ^Sachsen (1901). "Königlich Orden".Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1901.Dresden: Heinrich. p.4– via hathitrust.org.
- ^Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg(1907), "Königliche Orden"p. 28
- ^Hình Bộ phương tắc (2017).Minh trị thời đại の huân chương ngoại giao nghi lễ(PDF)(in Japanese). Minh trị thánh đức kỷ niệm học được kỷ yếu. p. 143.
- ^Sovereign Ordonnance of 6 April 1875
- ^Odznaczenie króla szwedzkiego[Awards of the King of Sweden] (in Polish), Gazeta Lwowska, 15 June 1928, p. 3,retrieved1 May2020
- ^"Gemensamt ordenstecken för de tre förnämsta portugisiska ordnarna, Kristus-, S:t Bento d'Aviz- och S:t Jakobsorden"(in Swedish).
- ^Article 2009-10-02Om två uteblivna Nobelprisby Ivo Holmqvist inDixikon(sponsored by theSwedish Arts Council)
- ^Hadenius, Stig (2005).Gustaf V: en biografi(in Swedish). Lund: Historiska media. p. 18.ISBN978-91-85057-20-7.
- ^SirGustaf von PlateninBakom den gyllene fasadenBonniersISBN91-0-058048-1p 35
External links[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Gustaf V profile at the International Tennis Hall of Fame website
- . .1914.
- Encyclopædia Britannica(11th ed.). 1911. .
- Newspaper clippings about Gustaf Vin the20th Century Press Archivesof theZBW
- 1858 births
- 1950 deaths
- 20th-century Swedish monarchs
- People from Ekerö Municipality
- Dukes of Värmland
- House of Bernadotte
- Swedish anti-communists
- Swedish Lutherans
- Swedish male tennis players
- International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees
- Uppsala University alumni
- World War II political leaders
- Swedish people of French descent
- Swedish monarchs of German descent
- Crown princes of Sweden
- Crown princes of Norway
- Burials at Riddarholmen Church
- Grand Masters of the Order of Charles XIII
- Knights of the Order of Charles XIII
- Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword
- Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star
- Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa
- Knights of the Order of the Norwegian Lion
- Recipients of the Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog
- Grand Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog
- Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
- Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
- Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
- Extra Knights Companion of the Garter
- Collars of the Order of the White Lion
- Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
- Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
- Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz
- Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
- Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)
- Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
- Recipients of the Order of Propitious Clouds
- Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 1st Class
- Grand Crosses with Diamonds of the Order of the Sun of Peru
- Sons of kings
- Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
- Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles
- Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Ethiopia