HESA Ababil
HESA Ababil | |
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![]() | |
AHezbollahAbabil-2 UAV, twin-tail variant with surveillance payload, on display atMleeta,Lebanon. This specific drone is described as aMirsad-1. | |
Role | Ababil-1:Loitering munition
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National origin | ![]() |
Manufacturer | HESA Isfahan factory |
Design group | Iran Aircraft Manufacturing Industrial Company |
First flight | 1986[1] |
Introduction | disputed |
Status | In service |
Primary user | ![]() |
Produced | 1980s–present |
Number built | Unknown (Hundreds) |
TheHESA Ababil(Persian:ابابیل) is an Iranian family of single-engine multirole tacticalunmanned aerial vehiclesmanufactured byIran Aircraft Manufacturing Industrial Company(HESA). The Ababil comes in four main lines, the Ababil-2,3, 4 and 5, of which the Ababil-2 has a number of variants. It is considered a long-range, low-technology drone.[2]
The Ababil program was begun during theIran–Iraq War.The Ababil-2, developed in the 1990s, has rudimentary surveillance capabilities and can be used as aloitering munition,but is mainly used as atarget drone.The larger and more capable Ababil-3, introduced in the 2000s, was designed forIntelligence, surveillance and reconnaissanceuse and has improved surveillance capabilities.[citation needed]We have little information about Ababil-4 but it was seen in the 2022 Army Day for the first time. Ababil-5 is the most recent member of this family. It has a greater range and carries more ammunition. Overall, the Ababil has been described "a pretty rough-and-ready system" because of its "cheap, simple, and ease of use."[3]
The Ababil-2 and Ababil-3 have been widely exported to governments and paramilitaries in the Middle East and elsewhere.[citation needed]The Ababil has been used in the2006 Lebanon War,theIraq War,and theSudanese,Syrian,Iraqi,andYemenicivil wars.[citation needed]Ababil-4 and Ababil-5 (Both unveiled in 2022) are only seen in Iranian service.
Development
[edit]The early history of the Ababil is unclear.Jane'sreports that the Ababil program was begun atQods Aviation Industriesin 1986 and the first delivery was in 1993.[4]Iranian military expert Galen Wright writes that the program began atIran Electronics Industriesin the mid-1980s and began mass production in 1986, with possible use in theIran–Iraq War.[citation needed]
Variants
[edit]The Ababil is built in a number of poorly documented variants.[a]
Ababil-1
[edit]The Ababil-1 was an obscureloitering munitionbuilt in the 1980s. Its specifications are not known, there are no known photographs, and it is unknown if it was ever used in combat. It is believed to be out of service.[citation needed]
One source writes that the Ababil-1 was essentially a prototype or preproduction version of the Ababil-2. It is described as asuicide dronewith 40 kg of explosives.[5]
Ababil-2
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ababil.png/220px-Ababil.png)
The Ababil-2 has an improved flight-control system.Jane'sreports that the Ababil-2 had its first flight in 1997 while Galen Wright writes that it entered production in 1992. Both sources agree the Ababil-2 was publicly revealed in 1999.[4]Some sources also designate the Ababil-2 as theAbabil-II.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/AbibilUAV.png/220px-AbibilUAV.png)
The Ababil-2 has a cylindrical fuselage, a sweptback vertical fin, and a pusher engine.[4]It is powered by a simple two-bladed pusher propeller with a rear-mounted wing and a front canard for good stall, stability and maneuverability characteristics. All variants have a range of over 100 km[citation needed]and all variants have all-metal construction, except for the Ababil-T, which is composite (fiberglass).[4]
The Ababil-2 can be launched from azero-lengthJATOplatform or a Mercedes Benz 911 pneumatic truck launcher.[4]The rocket launch system can be used from a ship deck and can be assembled or broken down for portability. For recovery, a parachute provides a descent rate of 4 m/s, or skids can be used for conventional landings on a runway or field. Some airframes have also been seen with landing gear.[citation needed]
Target drone
[edit]The most common Ababil-2 variant is atarget dronevariant used for training air-defense crews. The name of Ababil variants is unclear, but Jane's reports that this variant is called theAbabil-B.[4]The Ababil-B's mission payloads are acoustic miss-distance-indicators,Infrareddevices, and radar reflectors.[4]This variant is the oldest Ababil-2 variant and it apparently entered service in 2001.[6]
Surveillance
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ababil-B_2006.jpg/220px-Ababil-B_2006.jpg)
The name of the Ababil-2 surveillance variant is similarly unclear,[citation needed]but Jane's reports that this is called theAbabil-S.[4]Some sources may also designate this theAbabil-R.[7]Galen Wright assesses it as having "only rudimentary" surveillance capabilities in contrast to other intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance UAVs.[citation needed]
Twin-tail variant
[edit]The Ababil-2 also exists in a twin-tail variant, which some (but not all) sources name theAbabil-T.[4]This variant can be fitted with surveillance, target drone, or disposable strike munition payloads.[citation needed]It is probably coterminous with the "Mirsad-1"UAV operated by Hezbollah[4]and may have been renamed "Qasef-1" in Houthi service.[8]
Ababil-CH
[edit]The Ababil-CH has two rear tails, like the Ababil-T, but is used as a target drone like the Ababil-B.[4]It is slightly larger than the Ababil-T.[8]
Qasef-1
[edit]The Qasef-1 and Qasef-2Kloitering munitionversions are based on the Ababil-2 airframe and has a 30-kg warhead.[9]It has been solely operated byYemeniHouthis,who have mostly used it to attack the radar components ofMIM-104 Patriotsurface-to-air missiles.[8]The Qasef-1 has been in use since late 2016 and some examples have been intercepted in transit to Yemen.[8]It is possibly a renamed or modified Ababil-T with an installedexplosivecharge or awarhead.[8]
The Houthis claim that they manufacture Qasef-1s themselves, but this claim has been disputed and there is widespread suspicion that it is Iranian-built.[8]
Ababil-3
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chitgar_Naval_Exhibition_-_Ababil-3.jpg/220px-Chitgar_Naval_Exhibition_-_Ababil-3.jpg)
The Ababil-3 is a complete redesign of the Ababil with an improved airframe used solely for surveillance: it carries better equipment and can stay aloft for longer.[citation needed]Some sources also designate the Ababil-3 as theAbabil-III.The Ababil-3 is thought to be based on theSouth AfricanDenel Dynamics Seeker,and possibly the Seeker-2D model in particular.[citation needed]It is more widely exported than the Ababil-2, and is known to have entered production by 2008, with specific parts manufactured by 2006.[citation needed][10][11]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ababil_III_video_sample.jpg/220px-Ababil_III_video_sample.jpg)
The Ababil-3 has a cylindrical body, with wings mounted on top while at the end of the body is an H-shaped twin boom. The wing design is a rectangle which after half its lengths tapers toward the wing tips. The Ababil-3's wingspan is about 7 meters, compared to 3 meters for the Ababil-2.[12]It uses an engine from German companyLimbach Flugmotoren.[13]Other sources suggest the Ababil-3 is powered by Chinese or Iranian clones of the L550.[14]Other particular parts inside the Ababil-3 were sourced from Irish defense contractors.[15]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Qasef-1_composition.jpg/220px-Qasef-1_composition.jpg)
Analysis of an Ababil-3 downed over ISIS-held territory in Iraq, apparently due to mechanical failure, finds that the Ababil-3 is built out of composite materials.[16]The powerplant had plain-surfaced cylinder heads; it was unclear if the engine was manufactured in Iran or China. Overall, the manufacture was "very economical" and the Ababil-3 was designed for low cost.[16]There were also a number of defects in the downed Ababil-3 model, which could suggest poor manufacture or handling in the field.[16]
Ababil-3s are based at an airstrip outside of Minab, a town nearBandar Abbas.[17]Ababil-3s are also known to be based atBandar Abbas International Airport.[17]The Ababil-3 is comparable with theRQ-2.[17]
The Ababil-3's max airspeed is 200 km/h (120 mph), its range is 100 km (62 mi) (roundtrip), and it has a service ceiling of 5,000 m (16,000 ft). It has an endurance of 4 hours. An estimated 217 Ababil-3s have been built as of July 2019.[citation needed]
In 2014 Iran announced that they had developed night vision capabilities for the Ababil-3.[18]Previous Ababil variants were most effective in daytime. As of 2020, Iran has armed versions of the Ababil-3 drone.[19]
Ababil-3s have been extensively used in theSyrian Civil War.[20]The heterogeneity ofSyrian Armed Forcesforces makes it difficult to determine who operates or controls their use.[20]An Ababil-3 crashed or was brought down in Pakistani territory in July 2019.[citation needed]
Ababil-4
[edit]By 2022, Iran was using Ababil-4 in military exercises andmilitary paradesbut released little information about it. This drone has longer range and duration than Ababil-3 and is used inreconnaissanceandsurveillanceor combat roles.[21]
Ababil-5
[edit]Ababil-5 was first unveiled on April 18, 2022 during theIran Army Day.It has aRotax-914engine (similar toMohajer-6) with 115 horsepower and has a range of 480 km. It can carry fourguided anti-tank missiles(Almas series) with a range of 8 kilometers or sixprecision-guided bombs(Qaem series) weighing 2.4 kilograms with a range of 6 kilometers. The drone is used inreconnaissanceandsurveillanceor combat roles.[22][23]
Operational history
[edit]Lebanon
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Hezbollah_UAV.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Hezbollah_UAV.jpg)
Hezbollah acquired Ababil-2 drones (twin-tail variant) in 2002,[24]and operated them under theMirsad-1designation. Israel has said thatHezbollahreceived at least 12 Ababils before the2006 Lebanon War.[25]Three Ababils were launched during the conflict.
The first Ababil was shot down by an Israeli F-16 on 7 August 2006 off the coast of Northern Israel. The second Ababil crashed inside Lebanon on 13 August. The third Ababil deployed by Hezbollah was shot down by another F-16 hours later just inside Israel's northern border.[25]Hezbollah was assessed as having several Ababil UAVs in 2009,[26]although other estimates have ranged from 12 to 24–30.[citation needed]By 2018, Hezbollah stated that the Mirsad-1 had been retired from service.[27]
Hezbollah has also built a large airstrip in Lebanon'sBekaa Valley.There is speculation that the airstrip could support larger, runway-launched Ababil-3 UAVs.[28]Hezbollah is not definitively known to operate the Ababil-3.
Sudan
[edit]The Ababil-3 is in service with Sudan. In 2008, an Ababil-3 crashed or was shot down while on a surveillance mission.[29]
On March 13, 2012, another Sudanese Ababil was lost in action near Toroji,South Kordofan.[30]Sudanese rebels of theSPLA-Nsaid they downed it using ground fire, while the Sudanese government said it was due to mechanical failure.[31]
Iraq
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ababil_UAV.jpg/220px-Ababil_UAV.jpg)
On 16 March 2009, an American F-16 operating inIraqshot down an Iranian Ababil 3 drone on 25 February 2009 that had been flying through Iraqi airspace for "almost an hour and 10 minutes."[32]The drone crashed about 60 miles northeast of Baghdad, 12 miles inside Iraqi territory near the town ofBalad RuzinDiyala Governorate.Officials at Iraq's Defence and Interior ministries suggested that the drone might have been scouting for routes to smuggle Iranian weapons into the country.[33]The New York Times,however, speculated that the drone was monitoring Iranian dissidents in Iraq, such as those atCamp Ashraf,which is located near where the drone crashed.[34]Abdul Aziz Mohammed Jassim, head of military operations at the Iraqi defence ministry stated that since the drone, "crossed 10 km into Iraq, it's most likely that its entrance was a mistake."[35]
More recently, Ababil-3 UAVs have been used extensively in the Iraqi Civil War.[20]Their use began in summer 2014, shortly after theFall of Mosul,fromRasheed Air Base.[36]
Iran
[edit]Iran is the primary operator of Ababil UAVs. Iran operates large numbers of Ababil-2 UAVs, mostly for training air defense crews, and operates Ababil-3 UAVs for surveillance use.[citation needed]
Syria
[edit]Ababil-3 UAVs have been used in theSyrian Civil Warsince 2012.[37]They have been used bySyrian Armyand are some of the most commonly used UAVs in the war.[38]They are especially commonly seen over Damascus.[39]
Gaza
[edit]On 14 December 2014, Hamas militants flew an unmanned air vehicle over a parade in the Gaza Strip marking the 27th anniversary of the organization's establishment. Israeli sources identified the aircraft as an Iranian-made Ababil.[40]Also used in the 2021 conflict.[41]
Yemen
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Qasef-1.jpg/220px-Qasef-1.jpg)
Houthirebels have operated Ababil-T loitering munitions under the name "Qasef-1" to target Saudi and Emirati radar batteries. According to the Houthis, a new variant of the drone named "Qasef-2K" has been designed to explode from a height of 20 meters in the air and rain shrapnel down on its target and has been used tokill 6 peoplein the coalition controlledAl Anad Air BaseinYemen.[42]Najran, 840 km southwest of Riyadh on the Saudi-Yemen border also has been receiving Houthi drone attacks.[43]
After theHouthi attack on Saudi oil infrastructure on 14 September 2019,Saudi Arabia taskedF-15fighter jets armed with missiles to intercept low flying drones, difficult to intercept with ground based high altitude missile systems like theMIM-104 Patriot[44]with several drones being downed since then.[45]On 7 March 2021, during a Houthi attack at several Saudi oil installations, Saudi F-15s shot down several attacking drones shot down using heatseekingAIM-9 Sidewindermissiles, with video evidence showing at least twoSamad-3UAVs and one Qasef-2K downed.[46][47] On 30 March 2021, a video made by Saudi border guards showed a Saudi F-15 shooting down a Houthi Quasef-2K drone with an AIM-120 AMRAAM fired at short range.[48]
Operators
[edit]Current state operators
[edit]Iran[49]
- Aerospace Force of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps:Ababil-1, Ababil-2, and Ababil-3, Ababil-4, Ababil-5[citation needed]
- Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force:Ababil-3, Ababil-4, Ababil-5[citation needed]
- Islamic Republic of Iran Army:Ababil-2[citation needed]
Iraq:Ababil-3[50]
Sudan:Ababil-3, rebranded as "Zagil III-B"[38]
Syria
- Syrian Arab Army:Ababil-2, Ababil-3 with license production[49]
TajikistanAbabil-2, with license production[51]
Non-state operators
[edit]Hamas
Houthis:Ababil-T, rebranded as "Qasef-1".
Hezbollah:Ababil-2, rebranded as "Mirsad-1".
Kataib Hezbollah:Ababil-3, rebranded as "Basir-1".[citation needed]
Libyan National Army:Ababil-2.[52]
Specifications (Ababil-2)
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ababil-2_silhouette.jpg/220px-Ababil-2_silhouette.jpg)
Data fromJane's[4]
General characteristics
- Crew:none
- Capacity:40 kg payload
- Length:2.88 m (9 ft 5 in)
- Wingspan:3.25 m (10 ft 8 in)
- Height:0.91 m (3 ft 0 in)
- Wing area:1.76 m2(18.9 sq ft)
- Empty weight:30 kg (66 lb) approx.
- Max takeoff weight:83 kg (183 lb)
- Fuel capacity:16 liters
- Powerplant:1 × WAE-342 twin-cylinder piston engine, 19 kW (25 hp)
- Propellers:2-bladed
Performance
- Maximum speed:370 km/h (230 mph, 200 kn) in level flight
- Cruise speed:250–305 km/h (155–190 mph, 135–165 kn)
- Combat range:120 km (75 mi, 65 nmi)
- Endurance:1 ¼ – 2 hr
- Service ceiling:3,000 m (9,800 ft) or higher
See also
[edit]Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
- Qods Mohajer[b]
- SAGEM Crecerelle
- Altec MART/Altec S-MART
- Aerosonde Mk 4.7
References
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- ^Davis, Lynn E., Michael J. McNerney, James S. Chow, Thomas Hamilton, Sarah Harting, and Daniel Byman (2014)."Armed and Dangerous? UAVs and U.S. Security".Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
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Attribution:
This article incorporatespublic domain materialfromIran Unveils Night Vision Drone, by Foreign Military Studies Office OE Watch.United States Government.
External links
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