Jump to content

HMSNelson(28)

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other ships with the same name, seeHMS NelsonandHMS Lord Nelson.

Aerial view ofNelson,17 May 1937
History
United Kingdom
NameNelson
NamesakeVice-AdmiralHoratio Nelson
Ordered1 January 1923
BuilderArmstrong-Whitworth,South Tyneside
Cost£7,504,055
Yard number991
Laid down28 December 1922
Launched3 September 1925
Commissioned15 August 1927
DecommissionedFebruary 1948
In service27 October 1927
Out of service20 October 1947
Stricken19 May 1948
IdentificationPennant number:28
Motto
  • Palmam qui meruit ferat
  • Latin:"Let him bear the palm who has deserved it"
Nickname(s)Nelsol
Honours and
awards
FateSold forscrap,5 January 1949
BadgeA rearing lion facing back clasping apalm frond
General characteristics (as built)
Class and typeNelson-classbattleship
Displacement
Length709 ft 10 in (216.4 m)o/a
Beam106 ft (32.3 m)
Draught30 ft 4 in (9.2 m) (mean standard)
Installed power
Propulsion2 shafts; 2 gearedsteam turbines
Speed23knots(43 km/h; 26 mph)
Range7,000nmi(13,000 km; 8,100 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph)
Complement
Armament
Armour

HMSNelson(pennant number:28) was thename shipofher classof two battleships built for theRoyal Navyin the 1920s. They were the first battleships built to meet the limitations of theWashington Naval Treatyof 1922. Entering service in 1927, the ship spent her peacetime career with theAtlanticandHome Fleets,usually as the fleetflagship.During the early stages ofWorld War II,she searched for Germancommerce raiders,missed participating in theNorwegian Campaignafter she was badly damaged by aminein late 1939, and escorted convoys in theAtlantic Ocean.

In mid-1941Nelsonescorted severalconvoys to Maltabefore being torpedoed in September. After repairs she resumed doing so before supporting the British invasion ofFrench AlgeriaduringOperation Torchin late 1942. The ship covered the invasions ofSicily(Operation Husky) and Italy (Operation Avalanche) in mid-1943 while bombarding coastal defences duringOperation Baytown.During theNormandy landingsin June 1944,Nelsonprovidednaval gunfire supportbefore she struck a mine and spent the rest of the year under repair. The ship was transferred to theEastern Fleetin mid-1945 and returned home a few months after theJapanese surrenderin September to serve as the flagship of the Home Fleet. She became atraining shipin early 1946 and was reduced toreservein late 1947.Nelsonwasscrappedtwo years later after being used as a target for bomb tests.

Background and description

[edit]
Profile drawing ofNelsonas built

TheNelson-class battleship was essentially a smaller, 23-knot(43 km/h; 26 mph) battleship version of theG3 battlecruiserwhich had been cancelled for exceeding the constraints of the 1922Washington Naval Treaty.The design, which had been approved six months after the treaty was signed, had a main armament of 16-inch (406 mm) guns to match the firepower of the AmericanColoradoand JapaneseNagatoclassesin thebattlelinein a ship displacing no more than 35,000long tons(36,000t).[1]

Nelsonhad alength between perpendicularsof 660 feet (201.2 m) and anoverall lengthof 709 feet 10 inches (216.4 m), abeamof 106 feet (32.3 m), and adraughtof 30 feet 4 inches (9.2 m) at meanstandard load.Shedisplaced33,300 long tons (33,800 t) at standard load and 37,780 long tons (38,390 t) atdeep load.Her crew numbered 1,361 officers andratingswhen serving as a flagship and 1,314 as aprivate ship.[2]The ship was powered by two sets ofBrown-Curtisgearedsteam turbines,each driving one shaft, using steam from eightAdmiralty 3-drum boilers.The turbines were rated at 45,000shaft horsepower(34,000kW) and intended to give the ship a maximum speed of 23 knots. During hersea trialson 26 May 1927,Nelsonreached a top speed of 23.6 knots (43.7 km/h; 27.2 mph) from 46,031 shp (34,325 kW). The ship carried enoughfuel oilto give her a range of 7,000nautical miles(13,000 km; 8,100 mi) at a cruising speed of 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph).[3]

Armament and fire control

[edit]
Sailors of theSouth African Royal Naval Volunteer Reservesitting on one ofNelson's 16-inch gun barrels during the Second World War

Themain batteryof theNelson-class ships consisted of ninebreech-loading(BL)16-inch gunsin three turrets forward of thesuperstructure.Designated 'A', 'B' and 'C' from front to rear, 'B' turretsuperfiredover the others. Theirsecondary armamentconsisted of a dozenBL 6-inch (152 mm) Mk XXIIguns in twin-gun turrets aft of the superstructure, three turrets on eachbroadside.Theiranti-aircraft(AA) armament consisted of sixquick-firing (QF)4.7-inch (120 mm) Mk VIIIguns in unshielded single mounts and eightQF 2-pounder (40-millimetre (1.6 in)) gunsin single mounts. The ships were fitted with two submerged24.5-inch (622 mm)torpedo tubes,one on each broadside, angled 10° off thecentreline.[4]

Nelsonfiring her 16-inch guns during a practice shoot; theirmuzzle blastchurns up water tostarboard

TheNelsons were built with twodirector-control towersfitted with 15-foot (4.6 m)rangefindersto control the main guns. One was mounted above thebridgeand the other was at the aft end of the superstructure. Each turret was also fitted with a 41-foot (12.5 m) rangefinder. A back-up director for the main armament was positioned on the roof of theconning towerin an armoured hood. The secondary armament was controlled by four directors equipped with 12-foot (3.7 m) rangefinders. One pair were mounted on each side of the main director on the bridge roof and the others were abreast the aft main director. The anti-aircraft directors were situated on a tower abaft the main-armament director with a 12-foot high-angle rangefinder in the middle of the tower. A pair of torpedo-control directors with 15-foot rangefinders were positioned abreast thefunnel.[5]

Protection

[edit]

The ships'waterline beltconsisted ofKrupp cemented armour(KC) that was 14 inches (356 mm) thick between the main gunbarbettesand thinned to 13 inches (330 mm) over theengineandboiler roomsas well as the six-inchmagazines,but did not reach either the bow or the stern. To improve its ability to deflectplunging fire,its upper edge was inclined 18° outward.[6]The ends of thearmoured citadelwere closed off by transversebulkheadsofnon-cemented armour8 and 12 inches (203 and 305 mm) thick at the forward end and 4 and 10 inches (102 and 254 mm) thick at the aft end. The faces of the main-gun turrets were protected by 16-inch of KC armour while the turret sides were 9 to 11 inches (229 to 279 mm) thick and the roof armour plates measured 7.25 inches (184 mm) in thickness. The KC armour of the barbettes ranged in thickness from 12 to 15 inches (305 to 381 mm).[7]

Nelsonentering port in 1945

The top of the armoured citadel of theNelson-class ships was protected by an armoured deck that rested on the top of the belt armour. Its non-cemented armour plates ranged in thickness from 6.25 inches (159 mm) over the main-gun magazines to 3.75 inches (95 mm) over the propulsion machinery spaces and the secondary magazines. Aft of the citadel was an armoured deck 4.25 inches (108 mm) thick at the level of the lower edge of the belt armour that extended almost to the end of thesternto cover the steering gear. The conning tower's KC armour was 12 to 14 inches (305 to 356 mm) thick with a 6.5-inch (170 mm) roof. The secondary-gun turrets were protected by 1–1.5 inches (25–38 mm) of non-cemented armour.[7]

Underwater protection for theNelsons was provided by adouble bottom5 feet (1.5 m) deep and atorpedo protection system.It consisted of an empty outerwatertight compartmentand an inner water-filled compartment. They had a total depth of 12 feet (3.7 m) and were backed by atorpedo bulkhead1.5 inches thick.[8]

Modifications

[edit]

The high-angle directors and rangefinder and their platform were replaced by a new circular platform for theHigh Angle Control System(HACS) Mk I director in May–June 1930. By March 1934, the single two-pounder guns and the starboard torpedo director were removed and replaced by a single octuple two-pounder "pom-pom" mount on thestarboardside of the funnel. It was provided with a Mk I director mounted on the bridge roof. In 1934–1935,Nelsonwas fitted with a pair of quadruple mounts forVickers 0.5 in (12.7 mm)anti-aircraft machine guns that were positioned on the forward superstructure. The ship was also fitted with acraneto handle aSupermarine Seagullbiplaneamphibian aircraftcarried for test purposes; the crane was retained after the end of the trials. Sometime in 1936–1937, she received her portside "pom-pom" and its director. In additiongun shieldswere fitted to the 4.7-inch guns although they were removed by March 1938. During her refit from June 1937 to January 1938,Nelsonhad her high-angle director tower reinforced and enlarged to accommodate a pair of HACS Mk III directors and new non-cemented deck armour was installed. Like the aft deck armour, it was at the level of the bottom of the armour belt, and extended forward from the front of the citadel almost to thebow;ranging in thickness from 4 inches (102 mm) close to the citadel to 2.5 inches (64 mm) near the bow.[9]

While under repair from January–August 1940 after being mined in December 1939,Nelsonhad her aft 6-inch directors replaced by a pair of octuple 2-pounder "pom-pom" mounts and another was added on thequarterdeck.She was also fitted with aType 279early-warning radar.Gun shields were reinstalled on the 4.7-inch guns and a pair of four 20-tube 7-inch (178 mm)UP rocketlaunchers were mounted on the roofs of 'B' and 'C' turrets. These changes increased the size of her crew to 1,452.[10]

During her repairs after being torpedoed in October 1941,Nelsonhad her torpedo tubes and UP rocket launchers removed and an octuple 2-pounder "pom-pom" mount was installed on the roof of 'B' turret. A pair of20-millimetre (0.8 in) OerlikonAA guns were installed on the roof of 'C' turret and eleven more were mounted in various places on the superstructure; all of which were in single mounts. The existing "pom-pom" directors were replaced by Mk III models and three additional directors were fitted. Each of these directors was equipped with aType 282gunnery radar.The HACS directors receivedType 285gunnery radars while the forward main-armament director was fitted with aType 284gunnery radar. The ship was also equipped with aType 273surface-search radarand fourType 283 radarsfor using the 16- and 6-inch guns in barrage (anti-aircraft) fire. Another Oerlikon gun was added to the roof of 'C' turret during a refit in September–October 1942. The 0.5-inch Vickers machine guns were removed and 26 single Oerlikon guns were added in May–June 1943; five of which were on the roof of 'C' turret and the other were mounted on the deck and the superstructure.[11]

While refitting in the United States in late 1944 to prepare her for operations in the Pacific Ocean, her anti-aircraft armament was augmented with 21 more Oerlikon guns for a total of 61 weapons. The back-up director and its armoured hood were replaced by a new platform for a pair of quadruple mounts for40 mm BoforsAA guns; another pair of quadruple mounts were addedabaftthe funnel. Most of the "pom-pom" directors were replaced by four Mk 51 directors for the Bofors guns. These additions increased the ship's deep displacement to 44,054 long tons (44,761 t) and her crew to 1,631–1,650 men.[12]

Construction and career

[edit]

Nelson,named afterVice-AdmiralHoratio Nelson,[13]was the third ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy.[14]She waslaid downon 28 December 1922 as part of the 1922 Naval Programme atArmstrong Whitworth's Low WalkershipyardinNorth Tyneside,Newcastle upon Tyne[15]and waslaunchedon 3 September 1925. After completing her preliminary sea trials, she wascommissionedon 15 August 1927 at a cost of£7,504,055.[16]TheNelson-class ships received several nicknames:NelsolandRodnolafter theRoyal Fleet Auxiliaryoil tankerswith a prominent amidships superstructure and names ending in "ol",The Queen's Mansionsafter a resemblance between her superstructure and theQueen Anne's Mansionsblock of flats,thepair of boots,theugly sistersand theCherry Tree classas they were cut down by the Washington Naval Treaty.Nelson's trials resumed after she was formally commissioned and continued in October; the ship entered service on 21 October as the flagship of the Atlantic Fleet (renamed as Home Fleet in March 1932) and remained so, aside from refits or repairs, until 1 April 1941.Prince George,the fourth son ofKing George VandQueen Mary,served aboard her as a lieutenant on the Admiral's staff until his transfer to the light cruiserHMSDurbanin 1928.[17]In April 1928, the ship hostedKing AmanullahofAfghanistanduring exercises offPortland.[18]

On 29 March 1931, she collided with thesteamshipSSWest Wales,ofCardiff,Wales,in foggy conditions off Cape Gilano,Spain,although neither vessel was badly damaged.[19]Nelson's damage was repaired in July.[20]In mid-September, the crew ofNelsontook part in theInvergordon Mutinywhen they refused orders to go to sea for an exercise, although they relented after several days when the Admiralty reduced the severity of the pay cuts that prompted the mutiny.[21]On 12 January 1934, she ran aground on Hamilton's Shoal, just offSouthsea,as she was about to depart with the Home Fleet for the spring cruise in theWest Indies.After removing some supplies and equipment, the ship floated off during the nexthigh tide,undamaged. The subsequent investigation did not find any of the ship's officers at fault, attributing the incident to her poor handling at low speed.Nelsonparticipated inKing George V's Silver JubileeFleet ReviewinSpitheadon 16 July 1935 and thenKing George VI's Coronation Fleet Review on 20 May 1937. After a lengthy refit later that year, the ship visitedLisbon,Portugal,together with her sisterRodneyin February 1938.[22]

Second World War

[edit]

When Great Britain declared war on Germany, on 3 September 1939,Nelsonand the bulk of the Home Fleet were unsuccessfully patrolling the waters betweenIceland,NorwayandScotlandfor Germanblockade runnersand then did much the same off the Norwegian coast from 6–10 September. On 25–26 September, she helped to cover the salvage and rescue operations of the damaged submarineHMSSpearfish.A month later, the ship covered aniron oreconvoy fromNarvik,Norway. On 30 October,Nelsonwas unsuccessfully attacked by theGerman submarineU-56near theOrkney Islandsand was hit by two of the three torpedoes fired at a range of 870 yards (800 m), none of which exploded. After the sinking of thearmed merchant cruiserRawalpindioff the coast of Iceland on 23 November by the GermanbattleshipsScharnhorstandGneisenau,Nelsonand her sister participated in the futile pursuit of them. On 4 December 1939, she detonated amagnetic mine(laid byU-31) at the entrance toLoch Eweon the Scottish coast and was under repair inHM Dockyard, Portsmouth,until August 1940. The mine blew a 10-by-6-foot (3.0 by 1.8 m) hole in the hull forward of 'A' turret which flooded the torpedo compartment and some adjacent compartments. The flooding caused a smalllistand caused the ship totrimdown by the bow. No one was killed, but 74 sailors were wounded.[23]

Nelsonin the Firth of Forth, September 1940; theUnrotated Projectilemounts are visible on the roofs of two of her main-gun turrets

After returning to service in August,Nelson,Rodneyand thebattlecruiserHoodwere transferred fromScapa FlowtoRosyth,Scotland, in case of invasion. When the signal from the armed merchant cruiserJervis Baythat she was being attacked by the Germanheavy cruiserAdmiral Scheeron 5 November was received by the Admiralty,NelsonandRodneywere deployed to block the gap between Iceland and theFaroe Islands,althoughAdmiral Scheerheaded for the South Atlantic afterwards. When the Admiralty learned thatGneisenauandScharnhorstwere attempting to break out into the North Atlantic to resume commerce raiding operations,Nelson,Rodneyand the battlecruiserRenownwere ordered on 25 January 1941 to assume a position south of Iceland where they could intercept them. After spotting a pair of British cruisers on 28 January, the German ships turned away and were not pursued.[24]

Nelsonbecame a private ship on 1 April[15]and she was detached to escort Convoy WS.7 from the UK toSouth Africa,visitingFreetown,Sierra Leone,on the 4th.[25]On the return voyage, she and theaircraft carrierEaglepassed theGerman auxiliary cruiserAtlantisat a range of 7,700 yards (7,000 m) during the night of 18 May in theSouth Atlanticwithout spotting the German ship. After theBattle of the Denmark Straiton 24 May, theGerman battleshipBismarckwas spotted two days later heading for France andNelsonandEaglewere ordered to join the pursuit from their position north of Freetown.Bismarckwas sunk the following day well beforeNelsonand her consort could reach her.[26]On 1 June, the battleship was assigned to escort Convoy SL.75 to the UK. After the German supply shipGonzenheimwas able to evade the armed merchant cruiserEsperance Bayon 4 June,Nelsonwas detached to intercept the German ship, which wasscuttledby her crew when they spottedNelsonapproaching later that day. After arriving in the UK, the ship rejoined the Home Fleet.[27]

Mediterranean service

[edit]
Map of the western Mediterranean, whereNelsonspent much of her wartime career

On 11 July,[15]the ship was assigned to escort Convoy WS.9C[28]that consisted of merchantmen that were to pass into the Mediterranean to deliver troops and supplies to Malta. Once they passedGibraltar,the escorts were designated as Force X and they were to be reinforced by Force H while in the Western Mediterranean. The ships entered the Mediterranean on the night of 20/21 July and they were attacked by Italian aircraft beginning on the morning of the 23rd.Nelsonwas not engaged and joined Force H later that day as the merchantmen and their escort continued onwards to Malta. The cruisers from Force X rejoined them two days later and the combined force arrived back in Gibraltar on 27 July.[29]On 31 July–4 August, Force H provided distant cover to another convoy to Malta (Operation Style).[30]Vice-AdmiralJames Somerville,commander of Force H, transferred his flag toNelsonon 8 August.[15]Several weeks later, the ship participated in Operation Mincemeat, during which Force H escorted aminelayertoLivornoto lay its mines whileArk Royal's aircraft attacked NorthernSardiniaas a diversion. On 13 September, Force H escortedArk Royaland the aircraft carrierFuriousinto the Western Mediterranean as they flew off 45Hawker Hurricanefighters to Malta.[31]

As part of a deception operation whenOperation Halberd,another mission to convey troops and supplies to Malta, began on 24 September, Somerville's flag was transferred toRodneywhileNelsonand some escorting destroyers departed Gibraltar heading westwards as if the former ship had relieved the latter.Rodneyand the rest of Force H headed eastwards withNelsonand her escorts joining the main body during the night. The British were spotted the following morning and attacked byRegia Aeronautica(Royal Italian Air Force) aircraft the next day. ASavoia-Marchetti SM.84torpedo bomberpenetrated the screen and dropped a torpedo at a range of 450 yards (410 m). It blew a 30-by-15-foot (9.1 by 4.6 m) hole in the bow, wrecked the torpedo compartment and caused extensive flooding; there were no casualties amongst the crew. Although she was down at the bow by eight feet (2.4 m) and ultimately limited to a speed of 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) to reduce the pressure on her bulkheads,Nelsonremained with the fleet to so that the Italians would not know that she had been damaged. After emergency repairs were made in Gibraltar, the ship proceeded to Rosyth where she was under repair until May 1942.[32]

Nelsonwas assigned to theEastern Fleetafter she finished working up and departed 31 May,[15]escorting Convoy WS.19P from theClydeto Freetown[33]and its continuation WS.19PF toDurban,South Africa,en route. She was recalled on 26 June[34]to participate inOperation Pedestal,a major effort to resupply Malta. Reaching Scapa Flow exactly a month later, she became the flagship of Vice-AdmiralEdward Syfret,commander of the operation, the following day. The convoy departed the Clyde on 3 August and conducted training before passing through the Strait of Gibraltar on the night of 9/10 August. The convoy was spotted later that morning and the Axis attacks began the following day with the sinking ofEagleby a German submarine. Despite repeated attacks byAxisaircraft and submarines,Nelsonwas not damaged and made no claims to have shot down any aircraft before the convoy'scapital shipsturned back before reaching theSkerki BanksbetweenSicilyandTunisialate in the day on the 12th. The ship returned to Scapa Flow afterwards.[35]

NelsoninMers-el-Kebir,French Algeria, 20 November 1942

She was transferred to Force H in October to support Operation Torch, departing on the 30th and she arrived in Gibraltar on 6 November. Two days later, Force H provided cover against any interference by theRegia Marinafor the invading forces in the Mediterranean as they began their landings. Syfret, now commander of Force H, hoisted his flag aboardNelsonon 15 November. Force H covered a troop convoy from Gibraltar toAlgiers,French Algeria, in January 1943. Syfret temporarily transferred his flag to the battleshipKing George Vin May asNelsonreturned to Scapa Flow to train for Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily. The ship departed Scapa on 17 June and arrived at Gibraltar on the 23rd.[36]

1943–1949

[edit]

On 9 July, Force H, withNelson,Rodneyand the carrierIndomitable,rendezvoused in theGulf of Sirtewith the battleshipsWarspite,Valiantand the carrierFormidablecoming fromAlexandria,Egyptto form the covering force for the invasion. The following day, they began patrolling in theIonian Seato deter any attempt by theRegia Marinato interfere with the landings in Sicily. On 31 August,NelsonandRodneybombardedcoastal artillerypositions betweenReggio Calabriaand Pessaro in preparation for Operation Baytown, the amphibious invasion ofCalabria,Italy. The sisters covered the amphibious landings atSalerno(Operation Avalanche) on 9 September withNelsonusing her main guns in "barrage" mode to deter attacking German torpedo bombers. TheItalian armisticewas signed between GeneralDwight Eisenhowerand MarshalPietro Badoglioaboard the ship on 29 September.[37]

Nelson,1945

Nelsondeparted Gibraltar on 31 October for England to rejoin the Home Fleet. She provided naval gunfire support during the Normandy landings in June 1944, but was badly damaged after hitting two mines on the 18th. Temporarily repaired in Portsmouth, the ship was sent to thePhiladelphia Naval Shipyardin the United States on 22 June for repairs. She returned to Britain in January 1945 and was then assigned to the Eastern Fleet, arriving inColombo,Ceylon,on 9 July. The ship became the fleet flagship three days later.Nelsonwas used on the western coast of theMalayan Peninsulafor three months, taking part inOperation Livery.The Japanese forces there formally surrendered aboard her atGeorge Town, Penang,on 2 September 1945. Ten days later, the ship was present when the Japanese forces in all ofSouth-east Asiasurrendered in Singapore.[38]

Nelsonwas relieved as flagship on 20 September and departed for home on 13 October. She arrived at Portsmouth on 17 November and became the flagship of the Home Fleet a week later.King George Vreplaced her as flagship on 9 April 1946 andNelsonbecame a training ship in July. When the Training Squadron was formed on 14 August, the ship became flagship of theRear-Admiralthat commanded the training battleships. She was relieved as flagship by the battleshipAnsonin October and became a private ship.Nelsonwas slightly damaged by a collision with the submarineSceptrein Portland on 15 April 1947. The ship was placed in reserve on 20 October 1947 at Rosyth and was listed for disposal on 19 May 1948. From 4 June to 23 September, she was used as a target ship for 2,000-pound (910 kg) armour-piercingaerial bombsto evaluate their ability to penetrate the ship's armoured deck.Nelsonwas turned over to theBritish Iron & Steel Corporationon 5 January 1949 and was allocated toThos. W. Wardfor scrapping. The ship arrived atInverkeithingon 15 March to begin demolition.[39]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Raven & Roberts, p. 109
  2. ^Burt, p. 348
  3. ^Raven & Roberts, pp. 114, 125
  4. ^Burt, pp. 345, 348
  5. ^Raven & Roberts, p. 122
  6. ^Burt, pp. 346–348
  7. ^abRaven & Roberts, pp. 114, 123
  8. ^Raven & Roberts, pp. 123–124
  9. ^Burt, pp. 348, 359–364; Raven & Roberts, p. 264
  10. ^Burt, pp. 362–365; Raven & Roberts, p. 264
  11. ^Brown & Brown, pp. 97–98
  12. ^Brown & Brown, p. 98; Burt, pp. 366, 377
  13. ^Silverstone, p. 253
  14. ^Colledge & Warlow, p. 240
  15. ^abcdeBurt, p. 381
  16. ^Parkes, p. 654
  17. ^Our London Letter,Page 13, The Gloucester Journal, Gloucester, England. 21 July 1928
  18. ^Burt, pp. 349, 358, 381
  19. ^"Evening Star".Chronicling America.Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress. 30 March 1931. p. 1.Retrieved6 December2019.
  20. ^Burt, p. 382
  21. ^Bell, pp. 147–148
  22. ^Ballantyne, pp. 80, 83; Burt, pp. 357–358, 381–382
  23. ^Ballantyne, p. 88; Burt, pp. 366, 368–370, 374, 381; Haarr, pp. 121, 208, 313; Rohwer, pp. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9–10
  24. ^Burt, p. 381; Rohwer, pp. 40, 48, 56
  25. ^Hague, Arnold."Convoy WS.7".Convoyweb.Retrieved7 December2019.
  26. ^Rohwer, pp. 73–74
  27. ^Burt, p. 381; Rohwer, p. 77
  28. ^Hague, Arnold."Convoy WS.9C".Convoyweb.Retrieved7 December2019.
  29. ^Admiralty Historical Section, pp. 15–21; Rohwer, p. 88
  30. ^Rohwer, p. 89
  31. ^Rohwer, pp. 94, 98
  32. ^Admiralty Historical Section, pp. 23–32; Brown & Brown, p. 26; Burt, pp. 374–376, 381
  33. ^Hague, Arnold."Convoy WS.19P".Convoyweb.Retrieved8 December2019.
  34. ^Hague, Arnold."Convoy WS.19PF".Convoyweb.Retrieved8 December2019.
  35. ^Admiralty Historical Section, pp. 83–90; Burt, p. 381
  36. ^Burt, p. 381; Rohwer, pp. 209, 223
  37. ^Ballantyne, pp. 205–206; Brown & Brown, p. 27; Burt, p. 381; Rohwer, pp. 255, 262, 269, 272
  38. ^Burt, p. 381; Brown & Brown, p. 28; Rohwer, pp. 331–332, 424, 429
  39. ^Burt, pp. 377–382

References

[edit]
  • Admiralty Historical Section (2007).The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean Convoys: A Naval Staff History.Naval Staff Histories. Milton Park, UK, and New York: Whitehall History Publishing in association with Routledge.ISBN978-0-415-39095-8.
  • Ballantyne, Iain (2008).H.M.S.Rodney.Ships of the Royal Navy. Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword.ISBN978-1-84415-406-7.
  • Bell, Christopher M. (2003)."The Invergordon Mutiny, 1931".In Bell, Christopher M.; Elleman, Bruce (eds.).Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth Century: An International Perspective.London: Frank Cass. pp.140–158.ISBN0-7146-5460-4.
  • Brown, David K.(1987). Lambert, Andrew (ed.). "Ship Trials".Warship(44): 242–248.ISSN0142-6222.
  • Brown, Robert & Brown, Les (2015).RodneyandNelson.Shipcraft. Vol. 23. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing.ISBN978-1-84832-219-6.
  • Burt, R. A. (2012).British Battleships, 1919–1939(2nd ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.ISBN978-1-59114-052-8.
  • Colledge, J. J.;Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969].Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy(Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing.ISBN978-1-86176-281-8.
  • Haarr, Geirr H. (2013).The Gathering Storm: The Naval War in Northern Europe September 1939 – April 1940.Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.ISBN978-1-59114-331-4.
  • Jordan, John (2020). "Warship Notes: The 6in Turrets ofNelsonandRodney".In Jordan, John (ed.).Warship 2020.Oxford, UK: Osprey. pp. 184–188.ISBN978-1-4728-4071-4.
  • Parkes, Oscar(1990) [1966].British Battleships,Warrior1860 toVanguard1950: A History of Design, Construction, and Armament(New & rev. ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.ISBN1-55750-075-4.
  • Raven, Alan & Roberts, John (1976).British Battleships of World War Two: The Development and Technical History of the Royal Navy's Battleship and Battlecruisers from 1911 to 1946.Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.ISBN0-87021-817-4.
  • Rohwer, Jürgen(2005).Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two(Third revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.ISBN978-1-59114-119-8.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1984).Directory of the World's Capital Ships.New York: Hippocrene Books.ISBN978-0-88254-979-8.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toHMS Nelson (ship, 1925).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Nelson_(28)&oldid=1246729667"